Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 笑

Modern (Beijing) reading: xiào

Preclassic Old Chinese: shaws

Classic Old Chinese: shawh

Western Han Chinese: shawh

Eastern Han Chinese: shjawh

Early Postclassic Chinese: shjèw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: shjèw

Late Postclassic Chinese: shjèw

Middle Chinese: sjèw

English meaning : to laugh, smile

Russian meaning[s]: смеяться, улыбаться; высмеивать, насмехаться

Comments: For *sh- cf. Min forms: Xiamen chio⁵, Chaozhou chie⁵, Fuzhou chieu⁵.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 118

Four-angle index: 5020

Karlgren code: 1150 a

Jianchuan Bai: so3

Dali Bai: so3

Bijiang Bai: sü2

Shijing occurrences: 30.1_, 57.2, 58.2

Character: 粉

Modern (Beijing) reading: fěn

Preclassic Old Chinese: pǝnʔ

Classic Old Chinese: pǝ́n

Western Han Chinese: pǝ́n

Eastern Han Chinese: pwǝ́n

Early Postclassic Chinese: pwɨ́n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: pwɨ́n

Late Postclassic Chinese: pwɨ́n

Middle Chinese: pǘn

English meaning : peeled grain

Russian meaning[s]: 1) пудра, мука (рисовая, картофельная, бобовая); порошок; 2) известка; 3) пудрить; 4) белить; штукатурить; 5) непристойный, неприличный; 6) дециметр

Comments: The later (and usual) meaning is 'flour'. The word is also used in compounds meaning 'noodles', thus it seems possible that Viet. bún 'vermicelli' is an independent loan from the same source.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 119

Four-angle index: 4197

Karlgren code: 0471 d

Vietnamese reading: phấn

Character: 紡

Modern (Beijing) reading: fǎng

Preclassic Old Chinese: phaŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: pháŋ

Western Han Chinese: pháŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: phwáŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: phwáŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: phwáŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: phwáŋ

Middle Chinese: phwáŋ

English meaning : twist, spin

Russian meaning[s]: прясть; плести; вить, сучить

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 120

Four-angle index: 4231

Karlgren code: 0740 r

Character: 紗

Modern (Beijing) reading: shā

Preclassic Old Chinese: srāj

Classic Old Chinese: srāj

Western Han Chinese: ṣāj

Eastern Han Chinese: ṣǟ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ṣạ̄

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṣạ̄

Late Postclassic Chinese: ṣạ̄

Middle Chinese: ṣạ

Russian meaning[s]: 1) газ, флер; тюль-вуаль; 2) некрученая нить, пряжа

Comments: See 沙.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 120

Four-angle index: 4066

Character: 紋

Modern (Beijing) reading: wén

Russian meaning[s]: 1) узор, орнамент; татуировка; 2) шрам; трещина; 3) чистый (о металле)

Comments: See 文.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 120

Four-angle index: 6400

Character: 紊

Modern (Beijing) reading: wèn

Preclassic Old Chinese: m(h)ǝns

Classic Old Chinese: m(h)ǝnh

Western Han Chinese: m(h)ǝnh

Eastern Han Chinese: m(h)wǝnh

Early Postclassic Chinese: m(h)wɨ̀n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: m(h)wɨ̀n

Late Postclassic Chinese: m(h)wɨ̀n

Middle Chinese: mǜn

English meaning : tangled, confused

Russian meaning[s]: путаный, беспорядочный; сумбур; вносить путаницу (беспорядок)

Radical: 120

Four-angle index: 8285

Karlgren code: 0475 j

Character: 素

Modern (Beijing) reading: sù

Preclassic Old Chinese: sās (~ sāks)

Classic Old Chinese: sāh

Western Han Chinese: sāh

Eastern Han Chinese: sāh

Early Postclassic Chinese: sṑ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: sṑ

Late Postclassic Chinese: sṑ

Middle Chinese: sò

English meaning : (not be colored): be white, plain

Russian meaning[s]: 1) некрашеный шелк; некрашеный, суровый; 2) белый; перен. чистый; честный; скромный; простой; 3) траурный; 4) основа; основной, элементарный; элемент (напр. химический); 5) первоначальный, природный; 6) издавна, исстари; исконный; 7) обычный, повседневный, будничный; 8) растительная пища; постный; вегетарианский; 9) пустой, ненастоящий; 10) бедный; 11) теперь, в настоящее время

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 120

Four-angle index: 8257

Karlgren code: 0068 a

Shijing occurrences: 18.1, 18.2, 18.3, 53.1, 53.2, 53.3

Character: 索

Modern (Beijing) reading: suǒ

Preclassic Old Chinese: sāk

Classic Old Chinese: sāk

Western Han Chinese: sāk

Eastern Han Chinese: sāk

Early Postclassic Chinese: sāk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: sāk

Late Postclassic Chinese: sāk

Middle Chinese: sâk

English meaning : rope

Comments: Used also for homonymous *sāk '(perhaps): be frightening, disquieting'; *sāk 'to search, demand, press'. Also read *srāk, MC ṣạ̈ik (FQ 山戟) id.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0770 a

Jianchuan Bai: so6

Dali Bai: so6

Bijiang Bai: so6

Character: 純

Modern (Beijing) reading: chún

Preclassic Old Chinese: d(h)un

Classic Old Chinese: d(h)wǝn

Western Han Chinese: d(h)wǝn

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ́(h)wǝn

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́(h)win

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́(h)win

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ́(h)win

Middle Chinese: ʒ́win

English meaning : be complete, perfect, generous, abundant

Russian meaning[s]: 1) чистый, без примеси; простой; 2) чистосердечный, искренний; непорочный; 3) великий, полный (напр. о счастье); 4) древн. выделанный шелк; [zhǔn] кромка, бордюр; обшивать кромкой

Comments: Also read *d(h)ūn, MC don (FQ JY 徒渾), Pek. tún) 'to tie together, wrap up' (thus in Shi 23.2); *tunʔ, MC ćwín (FQ 之尹), Pek. zhǔn 'border'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 120

Four-angle index: 7248

Karlgren code: 0427 n-o

Vietnamese reading: thuần

Shijing occurrences: 23.2

Character: 紐

Modern (Beijing) reading: niǔ

Preclassic Old Chinese: nruʔ

Classic Old Chinese: nrú

Western Han Chinese: ṇǝ́w

Eastern Han Chinese: ṇǝ́w

Early Postclassic Chinese: ṇíw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṇǝ́w

Late Postclassic Chinese: ṇǝ́w

Middle Chinese: ṇǝ́w

English meaning : knot; to tighten (rope) [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) узел; ручка (ушко) предмета; фон. гнездо слогов с одинаковым начальным звуком; 2) завязать, связать; 3) ново-, нео-, нью- (в географических названиях); 4) см. 鈕

Comments: Standard Sino-Viet. is nũ'u. For *n cf. Xiamen liu³, niu³, Chaozhou, Jianou, Fuzhou niu³.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 120

Four-angle index: 534

Karlgren code: 1076 g

Vietnamese reading: néo

Character: 紕

Modern (Beijing) reading: pí

Preclassic Old Chinese: b(h)ej

Classic Old Chinese: b(h)e

Western Han Chinese: b(h)e

Eastern Han Chinese: b(h)je

Early Postclassic Chinese: b(h)je

Middle Postclassic Chinese: b(h)je

Late Postclassic Chinese: b(h)je

Middle Chinese: be

English meaning : braid

Russian meaning[s]: 1) убирать, украшать, обставлять (напр. комнату); 2) бахрома; каемка, бордюр; оторочка, обметка; 3) ошибочный, неверный; [pī] грубый, небрежный

Comments: Also read *b(h)ij-s (MC bjì) id. During LZ used also for *phij (MC phji, Pek. pī) 'inferior silk stuff'; *phij / *phej (MC phje) / *pīj (MC piej, Pek. bī) 'error'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 120

Four-angle index: 6930

Karlgren code: 0566 t

Shijing occurrences: 53.1_

Character: 級

Modern (Beijing) reading: jí

Preclassic Old Chinese: kǝp

Classic Old Chinese: kǝp

Western Han Chinese: kǝp

Eastern Han Chinese: kǝp

Early Postclassic Chinese: kip

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kip

Late Postclassic Chinese: kip

Middle Chinese: kip

English meaning : class, grade, rank [Han]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) ступень, степень, класс; 2) порядок, постепенность, иерархия; 3) год обучения, класс (в школе)

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 120

Four-angle index: 6354

Karlgren code: 0681 i

Vietnamese reading: cấp

Character: 紜

Modern (Beijing) reading: yún

Russian meaning[s]: в беспорядке, вперемешку

Radical: 120

Four-angle index: 8665

Character: 納

Modern (Beijing) reading: nà

Preclassic Old Chinese: nǝ̄p

Classic Old Chinese: nǝ̄p

Western Han Chinese: nǝ̄p

Eastern Han Chinese: nǝ̄p

Early Postclassic Chinese: nǝ̄p

Middle Postclassic Chinese: nǝ̄p

Late Postclassic Chinese: nǝ̄p

Middle Chinese: nʌp

English meaning : bring in, take in, put into; bring in tribute; bring in reports

Russian meaning[s]: 1) входить; вводить; 2) преподносить; вносить; платить; 3) взимать, собирать; принимать, брать; 4) вежл. суффикс при местоимении второго лица; 5) пришивать (напр. подметку); 6) На (фамилия)

Comments: For *n cf. Xiamen lap⁸, Chaozhou nap⁸, Fuzhou nak⁸, Meixian nap⁸.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 120

Four-angle index: 3963

Karlgren code: 0695 h

Vietnamese reading: nạp

Character: 紙

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhǐ

Preclassic Old Chinese: tej

Classic Old Chinese: te

Western Han Chinese: te

Eastern Han Chinese: će

Early Postclassic Chinese: će

Middle Postclassic Chinese: će

Late Postclassic Chinese: će

Middle Chinese: ćé

English meaning : paper [Han]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) бумага; бумажный; 2) счетный суффикс для писем

Comments: Regular Sino-Viet. is chi`.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 120

Four-angle index: 6688

Vietnamese reading: giấy

Jianchuan Bai: ci1

Dali Bai: ci1

Bijiang Bai: čẽr1

Character: 紛

Modern (Beijing) reading: fēn

Preclassic Old Chinese: phǝn

Classic Old Chinese: phǝn

Western Han Chinese: phǝn

Eastern Han Chinese: phwǝn

Early Postclassic Chinese: phwɨn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: phwɨn

Late Postclassic Chinese: phwɨn

Middle Chinese: phün

English meaning : be mixed, manifold

Russian meaning[s]: 1) смешанный, перепутанный; беспорядок; в беспорядке; 2) массами, толпами; множество

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 120

Four-angle index: 4198

Karlgren code: 0471 h

Character: 缺

Modern (Beijing) reading: quē

Preclassic Old Chinese: khʷet

Classic Old Chinese: khwet

Western Han Chinese: khwjat

Eastern Han Chinese: khjwat

Early Postclassic Chinese: khjwet

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khjwet

Late Postclassic Chinese: khjwet

Middle Chinese: khjwet

English meaning : to break, splinter

Russian meaning[s]: 1) недоставать, нехватать; недостаток, нехватка; изъян; 2) недодать; задолжать; неполный; 3) выщербленный; разбитый, разломанный; 4) отсутствовать, не явиться; 5) вакансия

Comments: Also read *khʷēt, MC khwiet id. Since L.Zhou used also for a homonymous *khʷēt / *khʷet 'to lack, be missing'.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 121

Four-angle index: 5085

Karlgren code: 0312 h

Vietnamese reading: khuyết

Jianchuan Bai: khu4

Dali Bai: khu4

Bijiang Bai: khü4

Character: 罟

Modern (Beijing) reading: gǔ

Preclassic Old Chinese: kāʔ

Classic Old Chinese: kā́

Western Han Chinese: kā́

Eastern Han Chinese: kā́

Early Postclassic Chinese: kṓ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kṓ

Late Postclassic Chinese: kṓ

Middle Chinese: kó

English meaning : net

Russian meaning[s]: сеть; поймать в сети

Radical: 122

Four-angle index: 1294

Karlgren code: 0049 m-n

Character: 羔

Modern (Beijing) reading: gāo

Preclassic Old Chinese: kāw (~ kū)

Classic Old Chinese: kāw

Western Han Chinese: kāw

Eastern Han Chinese: kāw

Early Postclassic Chinese: kāw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kāw

Late Postclassic Chinese: kāw

Middle Chinese: kâw

English meaning : lamb

Russian meaning[s]: ягненок, барашек

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 123

Four-angle index: 8524

Shijing occurrences: 18.1, 18.2, 18.3

Character: 翅

Modern (Beijing) reading: chì

Preclassic Old Chinese: kes

Classic Old Chinese: keh

Western Han Chinese: keh

Eastern Han Chinese: kjeh

Early Postclassic Chinese: kjè

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kjè

Late Postclassic Chinese: kjè

Middle Chinese: śè

English meaning : wing [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) перья; крылья; плавники; 2) только, всего лишь, вм. 啻

Comments: Phonetically difficult: xiesheng points definitely to a velar initial, but *x- can hardly be reconstructed - first, because of an affricate in most modern dialects (although one would rather expect a non-aspirated c- (ć-)), second, because the character is used in Mengzi as a loan for *tek-s (probably pronounced as *t́eh at that time, in MC - also śè) 'only'. If the reconstruction *ke-s is correct, this would be an only known case of the fricativization *k- > *ć- > MC ś-.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 124

Four-angle index: 6076

Karlgren code: 0864 e