Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 參

Modern (Beijing) reading: cān

Preclassic Old Chinese: shǝ̄m

Classic Old Chinese: shǝ̄m

Western Han Chinese: shǝ̄m

Eastern Han Chinese: shǝ̄m

Early Postclassic Chinese: shǝ̄m

Middle Postclassic Chinese: shǝ̄m

Late Postclassic Chinese: shǝ̄m

Middle Chinese: chʌm

English meaning : be a unit of three, be threefold

Russian meaning[s]: 1) участвовать; принять участие; 2) посетить, явиться на аудиенцию; 3) обвинить, вынести обвинение, осудить, признать виновным (чиновника контрольными органами); 4) испытать, проверить; [shēn] 1) жэньшэнь; 2) трепанги; 3) Орион (созвездие); [sān] три (прописное начертание)

Shuowen gloss: 商星也.從晶.�聲.

Comments: The character is used for three different words:

1) *srǝm, MC ṣim (FQ 所今), Mand. shēn, Viet. sâm 'name of a constellation of seven stars, Orion'. This is the basic meaning of the graph as defined in Shuowen (although Shuowen's considering ** as phonetic is certainly erroneous: the phonetic is most probably 三 *sǝ̄m). (also used in the plant name: 人參 'ginseng').

2) *shǝ̄m, MC chлm, Mand. cān 'be a unit of three, be threefold; to accumulate ( < *'to gather a threesome unit'?)'. This word is most obviously related etymologically to 三 *sǝ̄m 'three' q.v.

3) *shrǝm, MC c̣him (FQ 楚簪), Mand. cēn 'be uneven, irregular'. This reading is used in the compound 參差 *shrǝm-shraj 'be graduated, of different length'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 28

Four-angle index: 4122

Karlgren code: 0647 a-b

Vietnamese reading: tham

Shijing occurrences: 1.2, 21.2

Character: 曼

Modern (Beijing) reading: màn

Preclassic Old Chinese: m(h)ans

Classic Old Chinese: m(h)anh

Western Han Chinese: m(h)anh

Eastern Han Chinese: m(h)anh

Early Postclassic Chinese: m(h)àn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: m(h)ǝ̀n

Late Postclassic Chinese: m(h)ǝ̀n

Middle Chinese: mwǝ̀n

English meaning : be extending, spreading; long, wide; creeping plant

Russian meaning[s]: 1) мягкий; изящный, прелестный; 2) широкий, длинный, долгий (также вм. 漫, 蔓)

Comments: During LZ used for a homonymous *m(h)an-s slender, delicate; for *m(h)ān-s, MC mwần, Pek. màn distant, unlimited.

Radical: 73

Four-angle index: 6024

Karlgren code: 0266 a-e

Character: 商

Modern (Beijing) reading: shāng

Preclassic Old Chinese: taŋ

Classic Old Chinese: taŋ

Western Han Chinese: taŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: ćaŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ćaŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ćaŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ćaŋ

Middle Chinese: śaŋ

Fanqie: 詩央

Rhyme class: 陽

English meaning : to trade; to measure

Russian meaning[s]: 1) обсуждать; совещаться, консультироваться; обоюдно (в дипломатической документации подчеркивает равенство сторон); 2) торговать; торговля, коммерция; купец, коммерсант; 3) местное гражданское население (в противоположность армии); частный, на частные средства (в противоположность правительственному); 4) шан (вторая ступень китайской гаммы); 5) мат. частное; 6) Шан (династия, 1766-1122 гг. до н. э.); 7) Шан (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 從外知內也. 從冏. 章省聲.

Comments: Both meanings are attested already in Yijing, but not mentioned by Schüssler. In Shujing the character is used as a loan for 賞 *taŋʔ 'to award, reward' (q.v.), and according to Shuowen, 章 *taŋ is phonetic in 商: all this makes the reconstruction of *t- probable, although the normal MC reflex would have been *ćaŋ: this is, therefore, one of the cases of dialectal ś- in MC.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 30

Four-angle index: 3823

Karlgren code: 0734 a-e

Go-on: siyau

Kan-on: siyau

Japanese reading: shō;akinau;akindo;hakaru

Character: 啞

Modern (Beijing) reading: yǎ

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔrāk

Classic Old Chinese: ʔrāk

Western Han Chinese: ʔrāk

Eastern Han Chinese: ʔrāk

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔẹ̄k

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔẹ̄k

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔẹ̄k

Middle Chinese: ʔạ̈ik

English meaning : be laughing, go ha-ha

Russian meaning[s]: немой; [yā è] звукоподражание смеху, карканью, плачу

Comments: Also read (irregularly) MC ʔạik (FQ 於革) id.; during Late Zhou used for *ʔrāʔ, MC ʔạ́ (FQ 烏下), Pek. yǎ, Go e, Kan a 'mute' and *ʔrā(k)-s (MC ʔạ̀, FQ 衣嫁, Pek. yà) 'sigh (interjection)'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 30

Four-angle index: 512

Karlgren code: 0805 f

Go-on: yaku

Kan-on: aku

Japanese reading: e;a;yaku;aku;oshi

Jianchuan Bai: ɛ1- (<ʔạ́)

Dali Bai: ja3- (<ʔạ́)

Character: 問

Modern (Beijing) reading: wèn

Preclassic Old Chinese: mhǝns

Classic Old Chinese: mhǝnh

Western Han Chinese: mhǝnh

Eastern Han Chinese: mhwǝnh

Early Postclassic Chinese: mhwɨ̀n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: mhwɨ̀n

Late Postclassic Chinese: mhwɨ̀n

Middle Chinese: mǜn

English meaning : to ask, inquire

Russian meaning[s]: 1) спрашивать; осведомляться; допрашивать; 2) навестить, справиться о здоровье; 3) выговаривать; спрашивать (с кого-л.); 4) интересоваться, касаться; 5) приговорить, присудить; обвинить; 6) остаиить в подарок; 7) тронуть, убедить действовать; 8) от, у; 9) 13-е число (в телеграммах)

Comments: For *mh- cf. Xiamen mŋ⁶, Chaozhou muŋ⁶, Fuzhou muoŋ⁵, Jianou moŋ⁶.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 30

Four-angle index: 3376

Karlgren code: 0441 g-h

Shijing occurrences: 39.2

Character: 唯

Modern (Beijing) reading: wéi

Preclassic Old Chinese: wij

Classic Old Chinese: wij

Western Han Chinese: wjǝj

Eastern Han Chinese: źwǝj

Early Postclassic Chinese: źwɨj

Middle Postclassic Chinese: jwɨj

Late Postclassic Chinese: jwɨj

Middle Chinese: jwi

English meaning : equational copula: to be, it is

Russian meaning[s]: 1) только, лишь; да, но; 2) междометие эй!, вм. 喂; 3) употребляется наравне с 惟, 維 в эмфатических конструкциях; [wěi] почтительно поддакивать, соглашаться; да

Comments: Written during the Zhou period as 唯,惟,維 or simply 隹. The delimitative meaning ('only, solely') appears already in L.Chou.

Radical: 30

Four-angle index: 858

Karlgren code: 0575 i-l

Vietnamese reading: duy

Character: 售

Modern (Beijing) reading: shòu

Preclassic Old Chinese: dhus

Classic Old Chinese: dhuh

Western Han Chinese: dhǝwh

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒhǝwh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒhìw

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒhǝ̀w

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒhǝ̀w

Middle Chinese: ʒ́ǝ̀w

English meaning : to sell

Russian meaning[s]: 1) продавать; 2) кончиться успехом

Comments: Viet. thầu 'to bargain, contract' is a colloquial loan (together with Chaozhou chiu² pointing to an unattested MC variant *ʒ́ǝw, OC *dhu); standard Sino-Viet. is thụ.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 30

Four-angle index: 1243

Karlgren code: 1091 e

Vietnamese reading: thầu

Shijing occurrences: 35.5_

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