Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 淬

Modern (Beijing) reading: cuì

Preclassic Old Chinese: shūts

Classic Old Chinese: shwǝ̄ć

Western Han Chinese: shwǝ̄ś

Eastern Han Chinese: shwǝ̄ś

Early Postclassic Chinese: shwǝ̄ś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: shwǝ̄̀j

Late Postclassic Chinese: shwǝ̄̀j

Middle Chinese: chòj

English meaning : to temper; to melt [L.Zhou]

Russian meaning[s]: закалка; закаливать (сталь); погружать в воду

Comments: Viet. tr- here is rather enigmatic; standard Sino-Viet. is tôi (also irregular). See also 焠.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 85

Four-angle index: 2313

Karlgren code: 0490 f

Vietnamese reading: trui

Character: 焉

Modern (Beijing) reading: yān

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔan

Classic Old Chinese: ʔan

Western Han Chinese: ʔan

Eastern Han Chinese: ʔan

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔen

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔen

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔen

Middle Chinese: ʔen

English meaning : how; final particle

Russian meaning[s]: 1) вэньянь как?; какой?; что?; где?; откуда?; разве?; 2) в этом, от (из) этого; там; туда; оттуда; 3) древн. конечная частица, выражающая категоричность или сомнение; 4) вм. 然: а) как формант наречий; б) в значении таков же; одинаковый; 5) древн. вм. 也 для выделения члена предложения, иногда с инверсией; 6) древн. то, тогда; поэтому, вм. 則

Comments: In the sense of "(with)in it" usually read as MC ɦen (a quite irregular case of ɦ- without labialisation). MC ʔen (/ɦen) should be derived from *ʔan (although normally MC *ʔǝn would be expected), because the word is clearly derived from 於 *ʔa.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 86

Four-angle index: 4474

Karlgren code: 0200 a

Shijing occurrences: 40.1, 40.2, 40.3

Character: 爽

Modern (Beijing) reading: shuǎng

Preclassic Old Chinese: sraŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: sráŋ

Western Han Chinese: ṣáŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: ṣáŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ṣáŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṣáŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ṣáŋ

Middle Chinese: ṣáŋ

English meaning : be bright, dawn; active, clever

Comments: Used also for a homonymous *sraŋʔ 'be faulty, deviant'. Standard Sino-Viet. is sa`ng. Etymology of *sraŋʔ 'bright' see under 亮.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Karlgren code: 0733 a-b

Go-on: siyau

Kan-on: sau

Japanese reading: sō;shō;sawayaka;akiraka;tagau

Vietnamese reading: sáng

Shijing occurrences: 58.4_

Character: 牽

Modern (Beijing) reading: qiān

Preclassic Old Chinese: khīn

Classic Old Chinese: khīn

Western Han Chinese: khjǝ̄n

Eastern Han Chinese: khiǝ̄n

Early Postclassic Chinese: khiēn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khiēn

Late Postclassic Chinese: khiēn

Middle Chinese: khien

English meaning : to pull by the rope, to lead an animal

Russian meaning[s]: 1) тащить (тянуть) на веревке; 2) затронуть, коснуться; 3) вовлечь; захватить; втянуть; 4) удерживать, не пускать, мковывать; 5) сшить; 6) Цянь (фамилия)

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 93

Four-angle index: 2495

Karlgren code: 0366 k

Jianchuan Bai: khẽ4

Dali Bai: khe4

Bijiang Bai: qhẽr4

Character: 犁

Modern (Beijing) reading: lí

Preclassic Old Chinese: rǝ̄j (~ -īj)

Classic Old Chinese: rǝ̄j

Western Han Chinese: rǝ̄j

Eastern Han Chinese: rǝ̄j

Early Postclassic Chinese: lǝ̄j

Middle Postclassic Chinese: lǝ̄j

Late Postclassic Chinese: lǝ̄j

Middle Chinese: liej

English meaning : to plough; a plough [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) плуг, соха; пахать; 2) пестрый; 3) темный, черный; 4) Ли (фамилия)

Comments: For *r- cf. Xiamen lue², Chaozhou loi², Fuzhou lä², Jianou lai², Jianyang lai², Shaowu lie².

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 93

Four-angle index: 2488

Karlgren code: 0519 g

Character: 猛

Modern (Beijing) reading: měng

Preclassic Old Chinese: mrāŋʔ

Classic Old Chinese: mrā́ŋ

Western Han Chinese: mrā́ŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: mrḗŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: mẹ̄́ŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: mẹ̄́ŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: mẹ̄́ŋ

Middle Chinese: mạ̈́iŋ

English meaning : cruel, fierce, awe-inspiring [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) свирепый, злой, жестокий; хищный; яростный, ожесточенный; строгий; 2) внезапно; 3) Мэн (фамилия)

Comments: For *m cf. Xiamen me³, mi³, Chaozhou me³, Fuzhou meŋ³, Jianou moŋ³.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 94

Four-angle index: 681

Karlgren code: 0761 g

Vietnamese reading: mãnh

Character: 率

Modern (Beijing) reading: shuài

Preclassic Old Chinese: srut

Classic Old Chinese: srwǝt

Western Han Chinese: ṣwǝt

Eastern Han Chinese: ṣwǝt

Early Postclassic Chinese: ṣwɨt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṣwɨt

Late Postclassic Chinese: ṣwɨt

Middle Chinese: ṣwit

English meaning : (perhaps) a leather band, and a sacrifice in which such a band was applied to animals

Russian meaning[s]: 1) вести, предводительствовать, стать во главе; 2) руководствоваться, основываться на...; на основании; 3) небрежный, невнимательный; 4) простой, невзыскательный; 5) в общем, в общих чертах; [lǜ] 1) норма; коэффициент; тариф; 2) закон; 3) мат. отношение; 4) Люй (в именах)

Comments: The original meaning is not attested in texts (and can be guessed only by the graphic structure of the character). Instead, in Early Zhou texts the character is used for homonymous words: *srut 'all (adv.)'; *srut 'to lead; to follow'. Since Late Zhou it was applied also to another word, OC *rut, MC lwit, Mand. lǜ 'portion, rate, proportion'. Standard Sino-Viet. readings are suất (for MC ṣwit) and luật (for MC lwit); suất, however, is used in the meaning 'portion, part', thus actually representing MC lwit. Besides, Viet. colloquial sốt 'at all', suốt 'throughout' (cf. also trót 'entire, whole') most probably go back to the same source (MC ṣwit, OC *srut 'all (adv.)').

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 95

Four-angle index: 2319

Karlgren code: 0498 a-d

Vietnamese reading: sốt

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