Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 寧

Modern (Beijing) reading: níng

Preclassic Old Chinese: nēŋ

Classic Old Chinese: nēŋ

Western Han Chinese: nēŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: niēŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: niēŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: niēŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: niēŋ

Middle Chinese: nieŋ

English meaning : be tranquil, at ease

Russian meaning[s]: 1) спокойный, тихий; покой, тишь; 2) уйти на покой, вернуться в родные места; 3) сокр. г. Нанкин, вм. 甯; [nìng] 1) лучше, лучше уж; предпочитать; 2) разве, неужели

Shuowen gloss: 願詞也.從**甯聲. [203]

Comments: For *n- cf. Min forms: Xiamen liŋ², Chaozhou leŋ², Fuzhou niŋ².

The meaning 'be calm, tranquil' is often related to 'soul, spirit, heart' (cf. e.g. the development of the Turkic root *tɨ̄n or ST *nV̄m). This makes it possible to derive the Chinese word from PST *niŋ (Tib. sńiŋ 'spirit, mind' etc.)

The character 寧 is also used for a homonymous OC *nēŋ 'why (in rhetorical questions)'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 2939

Karlgren code: 0837 a-f

Shijing occurrences: 2.3, 29.1, 29.2

Character: 寡

Modern (Beijing) reading: guǎ

Preclassic Old Chinese: kʷrāʔ

Classic Old Chinese: kwrā́

Western Han Chinese: kwrā́

Eastern Han Chinese: kwrǟ́

Early Postclassic Chinese: kwạ̄́

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kwạ̄́

Late Postclassic Chinese: kwạ̄́

Middle Chinese: kwạ́

English meaning : be single, resourceless, alone; unique

Russian meaning[s]: 1) вдова; старая дева; бобыль; одинокий; жить одиноко; 2) мало, редко, немного; меньшинство; быть в меньшинстве; сокращать, уменьшать; 3) древн. вежл. я, мой

Comments: Regular Sino-Viet. is qua`.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 4190

Karlgren code: 0042 a-b

Vietnamese reading: goá

Shijing occurrences: 28.4

Character: 寥

Modern (Beijing) reading: liáo

Russian meaning[s]: 1) пустой, пустынный, уединенный, безлюдный; 2) редко, мало

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 4120

Karlgren code: 1069 n

Character: 實

Modern (Beijing) reading: shí

Preclassic Old Chinese: lit

Classic Old Chinese: lit

Western Han Chinese: ljǝt

Eastern Han Chinese: źǝt

Early Postclassic Chinese: źɨt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: źɨt

Late Postclassic Chinese: źɨt

Middle Chinese: źit

English meaning : be solid, true; actually, really

Russian meaning[s]: 1) истинный, подлинный, действительный, достоверный; конкретный; реальный; настоящий; факт; поистине, в самом деле; 2) материя; тело; полный, цельный; солидный; 3) мат. делимое, числитель; 4) осуществлять, проводить в жизнь; 5) плод (растения); урожай; доход; обильный; богатства; плоды, результат; 6) Ши (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 富也.從**貫.貫為貨物. [340]

Comments: Used also for *lit 'fruit'; *lit 'be rich'. The three meanings of 實 are probably one and the same word: 'fruit' > 'to be fruitful = rich'; 'to bring fruits > be effective, true'. Viet. has also a colloquial loanword thiệt 'real, genuine'.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 7989

Karlgren code: 0398 a-c

Vietnamese reading: thật

Shijing occurrences: 6.2_, 20.1, 20.2, 27.4, 28.3, 33.2, 40.1, 40.2, 40.3, 45.1, 45.2

Character: 寨

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhài

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʒ́(h)rēj

Classic Old Chinese: ʒ(h)rē

Western Han Chinese: ʒ̣(h)ē

Eastern Han Chinese: ʒ̣(h)iē

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣(h)iẹ̄j

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣(h)iẹ̄j

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʒ̣(h)iẹ̄j

Middle Chinese: ʒạ̀j

Russian meaning[s]: 1) частокол; блокгауз; баррикада из деревьев; 2) лагерь

Comments: See 柴.

Radical: 75

Four-angle index: 5249

Character: 寢

Modern (Beijing) reading: qǐn

Preclassic Old Chinese: shimʔ

Classic Old Chinese: shím

Western Han Chinese: shjǝ́m

Eastern Han Chinese: shjǝ́m

Early Postclassic Chinese: shjím

Middle Postclassic Chinese: shjím

Late Postclassic Chinese: shjím

Middle Chinese: chjim

English meaning : to lie down, sleep; a closed room or apartment; living quarters

Russian meaning[s]: 1) спать; лежать; спальня; 2) внутренние покои; внутреннее помещение храма предков; 3) останавливать, прекращать; 4) безобразный

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 6041

Karlgren code: 0661 f-j

Jianchuan Bai: chɛ̃1

Dali Bai: cher1

Character: 寤

Modern (Beijing) reading: wù

Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋās

Classic Old Chinese: ŋāh

Western Han Chinese: ŋāh

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋāh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋṑ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋṑ

Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋṑ

Middle Chinese: ŋò

English meaning : to wake, awake

Russian meaning[s]: 1) пробудиться, проснуться; 2) говорить во сне

Shuowen gloss: 寐覺而有言曰寤從夢省.吾聲.一曰晝見而夜夢也.

Comments: For *ŋ- cf. Min forms: Xiamen ŋɔ6, Chaozhou ŋo4, Fuzhou ŋuo6. = 悟 q.v.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 1218

Karlgren code: 0058 n

Shijing occurrences: 1.2, 26.4, 30.3, 30.4, 56.1, 56.2, 56.3

Character: 察

Modern (Beijing) reading: chá

Preclassic Old Chinese: ćhrēt

Classic Old Chinese: chrēt

Western Han Chinese: c̣hjāt

Eastern Han Chinese: c̣hiāt

Early Postclassic Chinese: c̣hiẹ̄t

Middle Postclassic Chinese: c̣hiẹ̄t

Late Postclassic Chinese: c̣hiẹ̄t

Middle Chinese: c̣hạ̈t

English meaning : to examine

Russian meaning[s]: 1) подробно исследовать; рассматривать; разбираться, выяснять; 2) разыскивать справку, обращаться за справкой (напр. в словарь), справляться; 3) ясный, очевидный; 4) сокр. провинция Чахар

Comments: Another loan from the same source is Viet. xét 'to examine'. Standard Sino-Viet. is sát.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 40

Four-angle index: 8210

Karlgren code: 0337 j

Go-on: seti

Kan-on: satu

Japanese reading: satsu;akiraka

Vietnamese reading: soát

Character: 對

Modern (Beijing) reading: duì

Preclassic Old Chinese: tūts

Classic Old Chinese: twǝ̄ć

Western Han Chinese: twǝ̄ś

Eastern Han Chinese: twǝ̄ś

Early Postclassic Chinese: twǝ̄ś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: twǝ̄̀j

Late Postclassic Chinese: twǝ̄̀j

Middle Chinese: tòj

English meaning : to respond, answer

Russian meaning[s]: 1) пара; парный; симметричный; составлять пару; подходить, быть хорошо подогнанным; 2) соответствовать; согласовываться; соответствовать действительности; 3) сверять, сопоставлять; 4) правильный; верно; да!, совершенно верно!; 5) подходящий (приятный) для...; соответствующий (напр. вкусу, склонности); 6) отвечать; в ответ; 7) противостоять; напротив, против; противоположный; 8) относиться к...; по отношению к...; 9) парные надписи (картины)

Comments: Probably < earlier *tūp-s, cf. 荅 *tǝ̄p ( < *tūp). In Early Chou used also with a meaning 'show appreciation, thank' (Sch.: 'perhaps: respond with gratitude'); later usually used with a more general meaning ('respond, correspond' > ) 'be contrary to, opposite to'.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 41

Four-angle index: 3094

Karlgren code: 0511 a-g

Vietnamese reading: d_ối

Character: 屢

Modern (Beijing) reading: lǚ

Preclassic Old Chinese: rhoʔs

Classic Old Chinese: rhoh

Western Han Chinese: rhoh

Eastern Han Chinese: rhoh

Early Postclassic Chinese: lhò

Middle Postclassic Chinese: lhò

Late Postclassic Chinese: lhò

Middle Chinese: lǜ

English meaning : frequently, constantly, to repeat

Russian meaning[s]: неоднократно, многократно, много раз; часто

Comments: For *rh- cf. Fuzhou löü⁵. Related to 數 *sroʔ, -s q.v.

Radical: 44

Four-angle index: 8822

Karlgren code: 0123 f

Character: 嶄

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhǎn

Russian meaning[s]: высокий; высоко; [chán] обрывистый, крутой; остроконечный, см. 巉

Radical: 46

Four-angle index: 1995

Character: 嶇

Modern (Beijing) reading: qū

Russian meaning[s]: 崎嶇 неровная горная дорога; перен. трудности

Radical: 46

Four-angle index: 777

Character: 幛

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhang

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Character: 幣

Modern (Beijing) reading: bì

Preclassic Old Chinese: bets

Classic Old Chinese: beć

Western Han Chinese: bjaś

Eastern Han Chinese: bjaś

Early Postclassic Chinese: bjeś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: bjèj

Late Postclassic Chinese: bjèj

Middle Chinese: bjèj

English meaning : a piece of silk, offering of silk, gift

Russian meaning[s]: 1) деньги; монета; валюта; 2) стар. подношения (дань) шелком

Comments: For *b cf. Fuzhou pe⁶, Chaozhou pi⁴.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 50

Four-angle index: 3912

Karlgren code: 0341 d

Character: 幕

Modern (Beijing) reading: mù

Preclassic Old Chinese: mhāk

Classic Old Chinese: mhāk

Western Han Chinese: mhāk

Eastern Han Chinese: mhāk

Early Postclassic Chinese: mhāk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: mhāk

Late Postclassic Chinese: mhāk

Middle Chinese: mâk

English meaning : (Sch.: ) (perhaps) mat

Russian meaning[s]: 1) шатер, палатка; занавес, экран; 2) акт (действие) пьесы; [mò] пустыня, вм. 漠; [màn] орел (оборотная сторона монеты)

Comments: The usual later meaning of the word is 'curtain'. For *mh cf. Meixian mɔk⁷. Note that Mand. mù, as well as Min forms: Xiamen mɔ⁶ and Chaozhou mo⁴ point to a variant *mhāk-s, MC *mò (unattested).

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 50

Four-angle index: 3908

Karlgren code: 0802 o

Vietnamese reading: mạc

Character: 幗

Modern (Beijing) reading: guo

Radical: 0

Four-angle index: 0

Character: 幔

Modern (Beijing) reading: màn

Preclassic Old Chinese: māns

Classic Old Chinese: mānh

Western Han Chinese: mānh

Eastern Han Chinese: mānh

Early Postclassic Chinese: mā̀n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: mā̀n

Late Postclassic Chinese: mā̀n

Middle Chinese: mwần

English meaning : curtain, screen [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: занавес, полог; покрывало

Comments: Sino-Viet. màn points to a MC variant *mwân (OC *mān). For *m- cf. Xiamen ban⁶, Chaozhou maŋ⁴, Fuzhou maŋ⁶, Jianou muiŋ⁶.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 50

Four-angle index: 6030

Karlgren code: 0266 j

Vietnamese reading: màn

Character: 廓

Modern (Beijing) reading: kuò

Preclassic Old Chinese: khʷāk

Classic Old Chinese: khwāk

Western Han Chinese: khwāk

Eastern Han Chinese: khwāk

Early Postclassic Chinese: khwāk

Middle Postclassic Chinese: khwāk

Late Postclassic Chinese: khwāk

Middle Chinese: khwâk

English meaning : wide, large, extravagant

Russian meaning[s]: расширять(ся), увеличивать(ся); просторный, широкий, открытый; пустой

Radical: 53

Four-angle index: 2172

Karlgren code: 0774 g

Jianchuan Bai: khua6

Dali Bai: khua6

Bijiang Bai: qhua6

Character: 廖

Modern (Beijing) reading: liáo

Russian meaning[s]: Ляо (фамилия)

Radical: 53

Four-angle index: 4118

Character: 弊

Modern (Beijing) reading: bì

Preclassic Old Chinese: bets

Classic Old Chinese: beć

Western Han Chinese: bjaś

Eastern Han Chinese: bjaś

Early Postclassic Chinese: bjeś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: bjèj

Late Postclassic Chinese: bjèj

Middle Chinese: bjèj

Russian meaning[s]: 1) вред; зло; недостаток; 2) порок; злоупотребление; 3) усталый; истощенный

Comments: See 敝.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 55

Four-angle index: 2757

Karlgren code: 0341 e