Chinese characters : Query result

Character: 艾

Modern (Beijing) reading: ài

Preclassic Old Chinese: ŋhāts

Classic Old Chinese: ŋhāć

Western Han Chinese: ŋhāś

Eastern Han Chinese: ŋhāś

Early Postclassic Chinese: ŋhāś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ŋhā̀j

Late Postclassic Chinese: ŋhā̀j

Middle Chinese: ŋầj

English meaning : Artemisia, mugwort

Russian meaning[s]: 1) полынь (Artemisia vulgaris); 2) седой, с проседью; 3) красавица; 4) прекратить, окончить; [yì] 1) косить траву; 2) упорядочить; порядок

Comments: Another meaning: to be white-haired, aged. Standard Sino-Viet. is nga`i; Viet. nghệ is the word for 'saffron, crocus' and may be considered as a colloquial loan if the two plants indeed have something in common. For *ŋh- cf. Min forms: Xiamen hĩã⁶, Chaozhou hĩã⁶, Fuzhou ŋie⁵, Jianou ŋai⁶.

Used also as a loan for 刈 q.v.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 140

Four-angle index: 6369

Karlgren code: 0347 c

Vietnamese reading: nghệ

Character: 虫

Modern (Beijing) reading: chóng

Preclassic Old Chinese: Łhuŋ

Classic Old Chinese: Łhuŋ

Western Han Chinese: Łhǝuŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: lhǝuŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: dhɨuŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: dhuŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: dhuŋ

Middle Chinese: ḍüŋ

Russian meaning[s]: сокр. вм. 蟲; [huǐ] древн. вм. 虺

Radical: 142

Four-angle index: 8702

Character: 血

Modern (Beijing) reading: xuè

Preclassic Old Chinese: swīt

Classic Old Chinese: w̥īt

Western Han Chinese: w̥jǝ̄t

Eastern Han Chinese: w̥iǝ̄t

Early Postclassic Chinese: hwiēt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: hwiēt

Late Postclassic Chinese: hwiēt

Middle Chinese: xwiet

English meaning : blood

Russian meaning[s]: 1) кровь; кровавый, окровавленный; кровопролитный; 2) кровное родство; кровный

Comments: Viet. also has tiết 'animal blood' - an archaic loan (with t- regularly representing OC *s-, which was already lost in MC).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 143

Four-angle index: 734

Karlgren code: 0410 a-c

Vietnamese reading: huyết

Jianchuan Bai: sua6

Dali Bai: sua6

Bijiang Bai: sua6

Character: 行

Modern (Beijing) reading: xíng háng

Preclassic Old Chinese: grāŋ ghāŋ

Classic Old Chinese: grāŋ

Western Han Chinese: grāŋ

Eastern Han Chinese: grēŋ

Early Postclassic Chinese: gẹ̄ŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: gẹ̄ŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: gẹ̄ŋ

Middle Chinese: ɣạ̈iŋ ɣâŋ

English meaning : to go, march, travel; road

Russian meaning[s]: 1) идти, ходить; продвигаться; отправляться; проходить (о времени); 2) заставить идти; гнать (лодку); вести (дело); 3) пускать в дело (в ход); ходячий; ходовой; 4) действовать, поступать; проводить; 5) идет!, годится, сойдет; можно; быть способным (годным); 6) стихия (в китайской космогонии); 7) передвигать; подвижной, переносный; 8) скорописный; скоропись; 9) хватит; достаточно; 10) походное снаряжение; вещи, багаж; 11) дорога; 12) в будущем, вм. 將; 13) в вэньяне оформляет наречие (обычно перед двусложным сказуемым); [xìng] поступок; поведение; [háng] 1) ряд, шеренга; строка; обозначение порядка родства в одном поколении; 2) рынок; фирма; лавка; 3) профессия, специальность; 4) рынок; рыночная цена; курс

Shuowen gloss: 人之步趨也.從ぉぅ.凡行之屬皆從行. [78]

Comments: For initial *g- in *grāŋ cf. Min forms: Xiamen kiã², Chaozhou kĩã², Fuzhou kiaŋ², Jianou kiaŋ⁹.

Also read *grāŋ-s, MC ɣạ̈̀iŋ (FQ 下孟), Mand. xìng, Viet. hạnh; Schüssler glosses this derivate (for E.Zhou) as 'to go round on inspection tour'; in later times it is used as a deverbative 'conduct, behaviour'. The character is also used for *ghāŋ, MC ɣâŋ (FQ JY 寒岡), Mand. háng, Viet. hàng 'row, rank' (hence also 'row of goods, wares' > 'merchandise, market'; for initial *gh- here cf. Fuzhou auŋ⁶, Jianou ɔŋ⁶ 'row of trees' from a related form, MC � ɣầŋ).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 144

Four-angle index: 2962

Karlgren code: 0748 a-d

Vietnamese reading: hành

Shijing occurrences: 3.1_, 15.1, 17.1, 31.1_, 33.4_, 35.2, 39.2, 41.1_, 51.1, 51.2, 54.3_, 54.4, 58.4_

Character: 衣

Modern (Beijing) reading: yī

Preclassic Old Chinese: ʔǝj

Classic Old Chinese: ʔǝj

Western Han Chinese: ʔǝj

Eastern Han Chinese: ʔǝj

Early Postclassic Chinese: ʔɨj

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ʔɨj

Late Postclassic Chinese: ʔɨj

Middle Chinese: ʔɨj

English meaning : clothes, garment, gown

Russian meaning[s]: 1) одежда, платье; костюм; 2) внешний покров; кожица, шелуха (плода); покрышка, чехол; околоплодный мешок; [yì] 1) надевать, носить (платье); одеваться; 2) одевать (кого-л.)

Shuowen gloss: 依也.上曰衣.下曰常.象覆二人之形.凡衣之屬皆從衣. [388]

Comments: Also read *ʔǝj-s, MC ʔɨ̀j (FQ 於既), Pek. yì 'to wear'. Sometimes the character is also used for the homonymous 依 *ʔǝj q.v.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 145

Four-angle index: 5672

Karlgren code: 0550 a-e

Vietnamese reading: y

Jianchuan Bai: ji4

Dali Bai: ji5

Bijiang Bai: ẽ4-

Shijing occurrences: 2.3_, 26.5_, 27.1, 27.2, 57.1_

Character: 西

Modern (Beijing) reading: xī

Preclassic Old Chinese: sǝ̄r

Classic Old Chinese: sǝ̄n

Western Han Chinese: sǝ̄n

Eastern Han Chinese: sǝ̄n

Early Postclassic Chinese: sǝ̄n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: sǝ̄n

Late Postclassic Chinese: sǝ̄n

Middle Chinese: siej

Fanqie: 息鷖

Rhyme class: 齊

English meaning : West

Russian meaning[s]: 1) запад; западный; идти на запад; западного образца, европейский, иностранный; 2) сокр. Испания; 3) сокр. г. Сиань

Shuowen gloss: 鳥在巢上. 象形. 日在西方而鳥棲. 故因以為東西之西. 凡西之屬皆從西.

Comments: Etymologically = 先 *sǝ̄r q.v. (with a dialectal development *-r > -j). Note the nasalisation in Jianchuan.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 146

Four-angle index: 1921

Karlgren code: 0594 a-e

Vietnamese reading: tây

Jianchuan Bai: sẽ4

Dali Bai: se5

Shijing occurrences: 38.4, 51.2

Character: 阡

Modern (Beijing) reading: qiān

Preclassic Old Chinese: shīn

Classic Old Chinese: shīn

Western Han Chinese: shjǝ̄n

Eastern Han Chinese: shiǝ̄n

Early Postclassic Chinese: shiēn

Middle Postclassic Chinese: shiēn

Late Postclassic Chinese: shiēn

Middle Chinese: chien

English meaning : north-south going path between fields [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) межа (с севера на юг); 2) меридиан; 3) см. 芊

Radical: 170

Four-angle index: 2331

Karlgren code: 0365 e

Character: 串

Modern (Beijing) reading: chuàn

Preclassic Old Chinese: kʷrāns

Classic Old Chinese: kwrānh

Western Han Chinese: kwrānh

Eastern Han Chinese: kwrānh

Early Postclassic Chinese: kwạ̄̀n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: kwạ̄̀n

Late Postclassic Chinese: kwạ̄̀n

Middle Chinese: kwạ̀n

English meaning : custom, usage

Russian meaning[s]: 1) пронизывать, нанизывать; связанный, непрерывный; ряд; 2) связать(ся); сообща; 3) пролезть; добиваться (чего-л.) нечестным путем; 4) родственные отношения; родня; 5) играть (на сцене); 6) переливать

Comments: *kʷrāns is the oldest reading of the character attested. Later for the meaning 'custom, to be accustomed' one got to use another character, 慣, while 串 acquired the reading *thons, MC ćhwèn, Mand. chuàn (Sino-Viet. xuyến), Go, Kan sen 'to bore, string' ( = 穿 q.v.). Standard Sino-Viet. for 'custom, to be accustomed' is quán. See 貫, 慣.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 2

Four-angle index: 2632

Karlgren code: 0159 e

Go-on: kuwen

Kan-on: kuwan

Japanese reading: ken;kan;tsuranuku;ugatsu;kushi

Vietnamese reading: quen

Character: 亨

Modern (Beijing) reading: hēng

Russian meaning[s]: получать выгоду; преуспеяние; [pēng] варить, вм. 烹

Radical: 8

Four-angle index: 3033

Character: 位

Modern (Beijing) reading: wèi

Preclassic Old Chinese: wrǝts (< *-ps)

Classic Old Chinese: wrǝć

Western Han Chinese: wrǝś

Eastern Han Chinese: wrǝś

Early Postclassic Chinese: wiś

Middle Postclassic Chinese: wìj

Late Postclassic Chinese: wì

Middle Chinese: wì

English meaning : position, place, seat; high position, throne

Russian meaning[s]: 1) место; позиция; пост; 2) титул, ранг; 3) помещать(ся); занимать должность; 4) лицо, особа, персона; 5) счетный суффикс уважаемых лиц; 6) грам. падеж

Comments: A rather unique case of prefixed *w- (for the root cf. 立 *rǝp). Standard Sino-Viet. is vị.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 541

Karlgren code: 0539 a

Vietnamese reading: vai

Character: 住

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhù

Preclassic Old Chinese: tro(ʔ)s

Classic Old Chinese: troh

Western Han Chinese: ṭoh

Eastern Han Chinese: ṭoh

Early Postclassic Chinese: ṭò

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ṭò

Late Postclassic Chinese: ṭò

Middle Chinese: ṭǜ

English meaning : to stay, dwell, reside [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: 1) проживать, жить, квартировать; 2) останавливаться (напр. на ночлег); 3) остановить(ся), стать; прекратиться; 4) глагольный видовой суффикс, подчеркивающий переход действия в устойчивое состояние

Comments: Also read *dro(ʔ)-s, MC ḍǜ id.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 356

Karlgren code: 0129 g

Vietnamese reading: trú

Character: 佇

Modern (Beijing) reading: zhù

Preclassic Old Chinese: d(h)raʔ

Classic Old Chinese: d(h)rá

Western Han Chinese: ḍ(h)á

Eastern Han Chinese: ḍ(h)á

Early Postclassic Chinese: ḍ(h)ó

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ḍ(h)ó

Late Postclassic Chinese: ḍ(h)ó

Middle Chinese: ḍö́

English meaning : to stand

Russian meaning[s]: 1) долго ждать; 2) остановить свой взор, уставиться

Comments: Perhaps related to 處 *thaʔ 'to stay' q.v.

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 2952

Karlgren code: 0084 c-d

Shijing occurrences: 28.2

Character: 佗

Modern (Beijing) reading: tuó

Preclassic Old Chinese: slājs

Classic Old Chinese: l̥ājh

Western Han Chinese: l̥ājh

Eastern Han Chinese: l̥ǟh

Early Postclassic Chinese: thā̀

Middle Postclassic Chinese: thā̀

Late Postclassic Chinese: thā̀

Middle Chinese: thầ

English meaning : to put the blame on, put a curse on

Russian meaning[s]: нести на спине; [tā tuō] см. 他

Comments: Written as ** in Yin inscriptions. Also read *lāj (MC dâ, Pek. tuó) in the diesheng 委佗 *ʔʷaj-lāj 'easy, elegant'.

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 7016

Karlgren code: 0004 h

Shijing occurrences: 47.1_

Character: 佞

Modern (Beijing) reading: nìng

Preclassic Old Chinese: n(h)ēŋs

Classic Old Chinese: n(h)ēŋh

Western Han Chinese: n(h)ēŋh

Eastern Han Chinese: n(h)iēŋh

Early Postclassic Chinese: n(h)iḕŋ

Middle Postclassic Chinese: n(h)iḕŋ

Late Postclassic Chinese: n(h)iḕŋ

Middle Chinese: nièŋ

English meaning : eloquent, clever, specious

Russian meaning[s]: 1) талант, способности; 2) краснобай; красноречивый; 3) льстивый; угождать, льстить

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 8791

Karlgren code: 0838 a

Vietnamese reading: nịnh

Character: 伴

Modern (Beijing) reading: bàn

Preclassic Old Chinese: bhānʔ

Classic Old Chinese: bhā́n

Western Han Chinese: bhā́n

Eastern Han Chinese: bhā́n

Early Postclassic Chinese: bhā́n

Middle Postclassic Chinese: bhā́n

Late Postclassic Chinese: bhā́n

Middle Chinese: bwấn

English meaning : friend, comrade [LZ]

Russian meaning[s]: товарищ, компаньон, партнер; составлять компанию; водиться с...; сопровождать, сопутствовать

Comments: For *bh- cf. Min forms: Xiamen phuã⁶, Fuzhou phuaŋ⁶, Chaozhou phuã⁴, Jianou phuiŋ⁶. In Early Zhou attested only (in Shi) in the combination 伴渙 pàn-huàn, MC phwần-xwần, OC *phāns-swāns 'be relaxed, slack' (where 伴 is used instead of 判 q.v.; note, however, that Guangyun lists for this reading MC bwần, FQ 蒲半).

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 2464

Karlgren code: 0181 c

Vietnamese reading: bạn

Character: 佛

Modern (Beijing) reading: fó

Preclassic Old Chinese: bǝt

Classic Old Chinese: bǝt

Western Han Chinese: bǝt

Eastern Han Chinese: bwǝt

Early Postclassic Chinese: bwɨt

Middle Postclassic Chinese: bwɨt

Late Postclassic Chinese: bwɨt

Middle Chinese: büt

English meaning : be great

Russian meaning[s]: 1) Будда; буддизм; буддийский; бог; 2) яп. Франция

Comments: Also read *phǝt, MC phüt, Mand. fú in 仿佛 *phaŋʔ-phǝt 'be similar'. After Han the character is most widely used with the meaning 'Buddha' ( < Sanskrit); for *b cf. Xiamen put⁸. Viet. bụt 'Buddha' is an older loanword; regular Sino-Viet. is phật.

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 4661

Karlgren code: 0500 l

Vietnamese reading: bụt

Character: 何

Modern (Beijing) reading: hé

Preclassic Old Chinese: ghāj

Classic Old Chinese: ghāj

Western Han Chinese: ɣāj

Eastern Han Chinese: ɣǟ

Early Postclassic Chinese: ɣā

Middle Postclassic Chinese: ɣā

Late Postclassic Chinese: ɣā

Middle Chinese: ɣâ

English meaning : (be) what?

Russian meaning[s]: 1) что; какой; где; куда; откуда; как, каким образом, почему; почему бы...; насколько же...; универсальное вопросительное слово, часто обозначает риторический вопрос или отрицание; 2) нести, см. 菏; 3) Хэ (фамилия)

Shuowen gloss: 儋也.一曰誰也.從人.可聲. [371]

Comments: Regular Sino-Viet. is hà. Cf. also Viet. ha` 'interrogative particle'. Initial *gh- is reconstructed on analogy with related interrogatives: 胡 *ghā (cf. Xiamen ɔ², Chaozhou ou²), 盍 *ghāp (Xiamen ap⁸). The character is used also for OC *ghājʔ, MC ɣấ (FQ JY 下可), Mand. hè 'to carry, bear', usually written as 荷 q.v.

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 2985

Karlgren code: 0001 f

Vietnamese reading: há

Dali Bai: xa3-

Bijiang Bai: -xã2

Shijing occurrences: 3.4, 17.2, 17.3, 19.1, 19.2, 19.3, 24.1, 24.2, 24.3, 33.4, 35.4, 37.1, 37.2, 40.1_, 40.2_, 40.3_, 47.1_, 52.1, 53.1, 53.2, 53.3

Character: 估

Modern (Beijing) reading: gū

Russian meaning[s]: 1) оценивать; оценка; 2) торговать; 3) измерить, прикинуть; [gù] подержанный, поношенный

Dialectal data: Dialectal data

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 1277

Character: 佐

Modern (Beijing) reading: zuǒ

Preclassic Old Chinese: cājʔs

Classic Old Chinese: cājh

Western Han Chinese: cājh

Eastern Han Chinese: cǟh

Early Postclassic Chinese: cǟ̀

Middle Postclassic Chinese: cǟ̀

Late Postclassic Chinese: cǟ̀

Middle Chinese: cầ

English meaning : to help, assist, aid

Russian meaning[s]: 1) помогать; помощник; вспомогательный; 2) употребляется при обозначении старших офицерских чинов в японской и других иностранных армиях

Comments: Morphologically derived from 左 *cājʔ q.v. (but semantically "assist" seems to be the original meaning).

Sino-Tibetan etymology: Sino-Tibetan etymology

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 105

Karlgren code: 0005 e

Character: 佑

Modern (Beijing) reading: yòu

Preclassic Old Chinese: wǝʔs

Classic Old Chinese: wǝh

Western Han Chinese: wǝh

Eastern Han Chinese: wǝh

Early Postclassic Chinese: wǝ̀w

Middle Postclassic Chinese: wǝ̀w

Late Postclassic Chinese: wǝ̀w

Middle Chinese: ɦǝ̀w

Fanqie: 異舊

Rhyme class: 宥

English meaning : to aid, support, assist, help, wait on; honor, appreciate

Russian meaning[s]: помогать; защищать

Shuowen gloss: ?

Comments: See 右 for etymology.

Radical: 9

Four-angle index: 1109