Kannada meaning :to enclose, cover, overspread, prevail, fall upon
Kannada derivates :vb. n. aḷurke
Number in DED :0307
Proto-South Dravidian :*aḷ-Vk-
Meaning :to prick, throb
Kannada :aḷaku, aḷuku
Kannada meaning :to prick, throb (as a thorn in the flesh); n. the pricking of a thorn, state of being pricked as with a thorn, state of being distressed or annoyed
Number in DED :0304
Proto-South Dravidian :*am-
Meaning :to dissemble
Tamil :ammu (ammi-)
Tamil meaning :to dissemble, act with reserve and duplicity
Tamil derivates :ammu-kkaḷḷan_ thievish person, dissembling rogue; amukkan_, amukkuṇi dissembler
Malayalam :amma-kkaḷḷam
Malayalam meaning :sagacity and roguery
Malayalam derivates :amma-kkaḷḷan deep fellow; amukkan a deep rogue
Notes :A Tamil-Malayalam isogloss with no reliable parallels.
Tamil meaning :to sink, be pressed down, crushed (as by a weight), mashed (as ripe fruit)
Tamil derivates :amukku (amukki-) to crush, press, squeeze (as a fruit, a boil), press down, press in or under (as a vessel into water), overcome, repress; n. pressure (as in a nightmare), thing that compresses, incumbent weight; amukkan_, amukki nightmare
Malayalam :amuŋŋuka
Malayalam meaning :to sink, settle, be squeezed (as hand in hand)
Malayalam derivates :amukkuka, amakkuka to press down, squeeze, knead, turn food in mouth; amaŋŋuka to be pressed down; amukkam, amukkal, amukku, amakku the act of pressing down, squeezing, compressing; ampikkuka to press down; ammuka to be pressed, subside
Kannada :amugu, avugu
Kannada meaning :to yield to pressure (as the surface of a ripe fruit or tumour)
Kannada derivates :amuku, amiku, avuku, avuŋku to press or hold firmly, squeeze, trouble; avuŋku pressing or holding firmly; amucu, avacu, avucu to press, hold firmly, confine, embrace
Tulu :avuŋkuni, auŋkuni
Tulu meaning :to press down
Tulu derivates :amepuni, amaṭupattuni to press, hold in the arms, hug; avumpuni to press
Notes :In DEDR 169 this stem is frequently confused with *amai- ~ *amar- 'to be united, join, crowd together', right down to several forms included in both entries at the same time. Nevertheless, although some semantic contamination is possible, and both stems may be related on some higher level, they are clearly distinguished in SDR at least, and I prefer to only include forms with final -ŋ- (-k- in the corresponding transitive stem) here, as well as the possibly archaic monosyllabic suffixless variant (as seen in Mal. ammuka).
Number in DED :0169
Proto-South Dravidian :*amai
Meaning :purification; impurity
Kannada :amE
Kannada meaning :purification after childbirth (Gowda)
Tulu :amè
Tulu meaning :ceremonial impurity or defilement in case of birth
Notes :In DED compared with PNDR (Kurukh) emsnā 'to allow (oneself) to be defiled by someone of a different taste'. According to Grignard, however, the actual meaning is rather just 'to let touch' (cf. emsrnā 'to touch'); considering the highly irregular vocalic correspondence, I would reject the etymology. In SDR, if, however, the meaning 'purification' is primary, cf. perhaps Tamil am 'water'?
Tamil meaning :to abide, remain, become tranquil, rest, be deposited (as a sediment), become close and hard (as sand by rain), be engaged (as a house), become established (as in a work)
Tamil derivates :amarttu (amartti-) to make quiet, restrain, engage (as a house, servant), establish (as one in life); amarvu abode; amarikkai quietness, tranquillity; amai (-v-, -nt-) become still, quiet, subside, be satisfied, acquiesce, be settled, fixed up, abide, remain; (-pp-, -tt-) cause to be still, patient, control; amaiti calmness, humility; amaivan_ a sage; amaivu rest
Malayalam :amaruka
Malayalam meaning :to subside, settle, be seated, rest on, be allayed, calmed, quiet
Malayalam derivates :amaral abating of wind or fire, peace; amarcca calmness, self-government; ameyuka to be subject, agree; amekka to subject, join, rule
Tamil meaning :to get close to, resemble, be suitable, wish, desire, do, perform
Tamil derivates :amai (-v-, -nt-) to crowd together, be close, be attached, connected, joined, suffice, prepare (oneself), be suitable, appropriate, be complete, prepare; (-pp-, -tt-) to effect, accomplish, create, appoint, institute, bring together, prepare, get ready; n. fitness, beauty; amaiti being attached, joined, nature of a thing, abundance, occasion, opportunity, deed, action; amaippu structure, constitution, destiny, fate; amaivu being acceptable, suitable, fitting
Malayalam :amarkka
Malayalam meaning :to press down, subdue
Malayalam derivates :amarttu piṭikka to grasp tightly; amarcca subjection, severity
Kannada :amar (amard-)
Kannada meaning :to be closely united, gather in a mass, be connected with, be produced, arise, appear, be fit or agreeable, be nice or becoming, be known or famous, fit, agree with, seize firmly, embrace
Kannada derivates :amarike, amarke fitness, agreeing with (as a ring with the size of the finger), state of being closely joined; amarisu, amarcu to cause (a person) to join or stick by, prepare, do fitly, make ready
Tulu :amarige
Tulu meaning :heap
Tulu derivates :amariyuni, amaryuni to cleave to; amaruni to seize, touch, hold; amāruni to suit, fit, embrace, hold, a plant to twine; amarāvuni to hold fast
Notes :Some of the forms (notably all the Malayalam entries) have been entered a second time or relocated to PSDR *amu- by Burrow & Emeneau.
Number in DED :0162
Proto-South Dravidian :*amaḷ-
Meaning :to bully, repress
Tamil :amaṭṭu (amaṭṭi-)
Tamil meaning :to hector, bully, intimidate; n. threat, menace
Malayalam :amaṭṭuka
Malayalam meaning :to repress, threaten
Malayalam derivates :amaṭṭu a threat
Kannada :amarisu
Kannada meaning :to reprove
Notes :The Tamil-Malayalam stem is causative (*amaḷ-t-). Kan. amarisu can belong here if it is a dialectal variant of *amaḷisu (cf. appaḷisu vs. apparisu "to stroke").
Number in DED :0160
Proto-South Dravidian :*amal-
Meaning :close; full
Tamil :amal (amalv-, aman_r_-)
Tamil meaning :to be close, thickly grown; n. fulness
Tamil derivates :amalai abundance, denseness
Malayalam :amal
Malayalam meaning :fullness
Malayalam derivates :amali Lakṣmī, abundance; amalikka to abound, remain in store
Tamil meaning :tumult, uproar, bustle, press of business
Tamil derivates :amalai noise, din
Malayalam :amaḷi
Malayalam meaning :tumult, affray, cry, wail
Malayalam derivates :amaḷikka to be troubled; aviḷi tumult
Kannada :amakkaḷa
Kannada meaning :tumult
Notes :An expressive form. Dialectal development *-m- > -v- in Malayalam. Kan. amakkaḷa < *amaḷi-kaḷa?
Number in DED :0166
Proto-South Dravidian :*amaḷi
Meaning :bed
Tamil :amaḷi
Tamil meaning :bed, mattress
Malayalam :amaḷi
Malayalam meaning :bed
Number in DED :0165
Proto-South Dravidian :*amanǯi
Meaning :forced labour
Tamil :amañci, amiñci
Tamil meaning :forced labour, unpaid labour
Notes :Cf. also Telugu amanji id.; otherwise isolated.
Number in DED :0159
Proto-South Dravidian :*amara-
Meaning :stern (of vessel)
Tamil :amaram
Tamil meaning :stern of a vessel, oar used to steer a boat
Malayalam :amaram
Malayalam meaning :stern of a vessel, elephant's hind part, abaft
Notes :A Tamil-Malayalam isogloss, also found in Telugu. Burrow & Emeneau tentatively suggest borrowing from Skt. apara-. This is only possible if the actual source (a) contained a fricative instead of stop, e. g. Prakrit avara (with further dialectal 'lenition' in Dravidian), (b) actually meant 'stern', since most Indian dialects have it as simply 'other, another' < Skt. 'posterior'. Nevertheless, there is no proper Dravidian etymology for the root.
Kannada meaning :the hands and knees placed on the ground for crawling
Kannada derivates :(Coorg) ambāḷu to crawl
Tulu :ambekārụ
Tulu meaning :crawling on hands and feet
Notes :The second part of the compound is *kāl 'foot'; the first one, however, does not have a secure inner etymology.
Number in DED :0180
Proto-South Dravidian :*ambala-
Meaning :open space
Tamil :ampalam
Tamil meaning :open space for the use of the public, village assembly for transacting village affairs
Malayalam :ampalam
Malayalam meaning :place devoted for public use, assemblies, etc., a temple
Kannada :ambala
Kannada meaning :an open shed or hall where public affairs are discussed
Kodagu :ambɨla
Kodagu meaning :house on village green for meetings
Tulu :ambila, ambela
Tulu meaning :the place around or in front of a temple
Notes :A SDR cultural term. Cf. Old Indian ámbara- 'circumference' (RV) > Prakrit aṁbara- 'sky', Sinhalese am̆bura 'open space, open air, sky' (Turner 573). The word has no Indo-European etymology and may represent an old borrowing from Dravidian (reflecting PSDR *-l- > RV -r-). The problem is that it has no Dravidian etymology outside SDR either.
Notes :In DEDR Tam. ampali is marked as a borrowing from Telugu ambali. Regardless of whether this is correct, the alternate Tam. form amalai cannot be a regular correspondence, because -ai <> Tel. -i and -m- <> Tel. -mb-; we can only consider it a dialectal irregular variant. Kan. ambakaḷa < *ambal-kaḷa; for the second part of the compound cf., perhaps, Tel. kali (< *kaḷi) 'water in which rice has been washed'. The alternate explanation from *amba-kaḷa, without the final resonant, is much more dubious in the light of external data.
