Notes :Some of the forms in this root can only be traced back to *pas- (cf. Mal. paśakan and esp. Kan. pasuḷa, etc.). However, external data does not seem to indicate *-s- as the original variant in this case. We have to suppose a contamination with *pas- 'green, raw, young'.
Tamil meaning :to practise, become initiated; become acquainted, be familiar; become fitted, tempered, wholesome (as a utensil or tool), become broken or trained (as an animal)
Tamil derivates :paẓakku (paẓakki-) to train, domesticate; paẓakkam training, exercise, use, habit, practice, custom; tameness, domesticity; puẓaŋku (puẓaŋki-) to practice, exercise, put to use; be conversant or acquainted, associate with; puẓakkam familiarity, practice, use
Malayalam :paẓakuka
Malayalam meaning :to be accustomed, acquainted
Malayalam derivates :paẓakkam long habit, acquaintance, experience; paẓakkuka to practise anything, inure oneself to
Kannada :paẓaka
Kannada meaning :use, practice, habit, custom
Kannada derivates :paẓagu to become used to, be trained; be in use; paẓakisu, paẓagisu to accustom, make familiar by use, train; practice; use
Tamil derivates :paẓacu that which is old or damaged by time; paẓam very aged person; paẓamai, paẓaimai oldness, antiquity, that which is ancient, that which is old-fashioned, what is obsolete, old saying, long-established intimacy, decay from age, ancient history, long-established custom; paẓaitu, paẓaiyatu that which is old; paẓaiya old; paẓaiyar the ancients; paẓaku (paẓaki-) to be old; paẓutu anything rotten, state of being a corpse; paṇṭu, paṇṭai antiquity, former time
Malayalam :paẓa
Malayalam meaning :old
Malayalam derivates :paẓama oldness, old age, old times, acquaintance with customs, history; paẓaya ancient, stale; paẓavan old man, ancestor; paẓakuka to grow old, be worn out, delay; paẓakkam oldness, delay; paṇṭu antiquity
Kannada :paẓa, paẓe
Kannada meaning :old, worn-out, ancient
Kannada derivates :paẓatu that is old, worn out, faded or decayed; paẓasu to become old or worn out, decay, go to ruin, be spoiled; paẓeyaṃ old man
Kodagu :paḷe
Kodagu meaning :old, old-fashioned (of a person)
Kodagu derivates :paḷēdɨ an old thing; paḷañ-jollɨ old saying; paṇḍɨ antiquity, years past, former time; (Shanmugam) paḷayë an old man
Tulu :para, paratụ
Tulu meaning :old, worn out
Tulu derivates :parkụ, parkaṭṭụ, parkatè, parkaṭṭè id., ragged; paraŋguni to become stale, musty, decay; paraŋgelụ, paraŋgụ staleness, decay; stale, decayed, decrepit; paraṇṭè an old buffalo; paḍeŋgi old; (B-K) parab(b)é old man; parab(b)u old woman; ? paré, parayé, palayé, paḷayé elder brother; paḷi, pardi elder sister; alasụ old, worn out
Notes :Tamil, Mal. paṇṭu, Kod. paṇḍɨ 'antiquity' hardly belong here, as the regular reflexes for *-ṛ-nd- are different (see *paṛ- 'to ripen' for that).
Tamil meaning :to ripen (as fruits, grain), grow mature, arrive at perfection (as in knowledge, piety), become old, come to a head (as a boil), change colour by age, become pale or yellowish (as the body by disease), become flexible, pliant; n. (also paṛuppu) ripeness, yellowness (of fruits), leaf turned yellow with age
Tamil derivates :paẓunu (paẓuni-), paẓun_u (paẓun_i-) to grow ripe, become mellow, mature, be full or perfect; paẓam ripe fruit; paṇṭam fruit
Malayalam :paẓukka
Malayalam meaning :to grow ripe, become well-tempered, suppurate, decay; n. fruit put to ripen
Malayalam derivates :paẓuppu ripening of fruit; paẓuppikka to ripen artificially; paẓam ripe fruit, ripe plantains
Kannada :paṇ
Kannada meaning :to be produced (ripe fruit); n. (also paṇṇu) ripe fruit, ripeness
Kodagu :paṇṇɨ
Kodagu meaning :fruit
Tulu :palkuni, paḷkuni
Tulu meaning :to be very soft (as an overripe fruit), be pliant, flexible
Tulu derivates :parnduni to be ripe, mature, (hair) turns grey; parndāvuni to ripen (tr.); parndụ ripeness, ripe fruit, ripe plantains; ripe, grey; palu ripening (as of fruit), half-ripe; pandaḍè fructification, productiveness of a tree
Notes :Apart from the suffixless form *paṛ-, present in most SDR languages except for Kannada and Kodagu, we have to reconstruct a suffixal form *paṛnd- with a vowel-less -nd- suffix. The ensuing cluster *-ṛnd- resulted in: Tamil -ṇṭ- (paṇṭam), Irula -m- (pammu), Kota -ṇ- (paṇ), Toda -m- (pum), Kan. -ṇ- (paṇ), Kod. -ṇ- (paṇṇɨ). Only in some Tulu dialects the old cluster is preserved (parndụ, etc.).
Number in DED :4004
Proto-South Dravidian :*paẓ-paẓ-
Meaning :[expr.] rattling, pattering
Kannada :paẓa, paẓapaẓa (?)
Kannada meaning :sound in imitation of the rattling or pattering of the fall of loose or single things, as of hail-stones
Kannada derivates :paẓapaẓane with the repeated sound paẓa; paḷa, paḷapaḷa sound of rain or tears falling in big drops, of fruits falling in numbers when shaking a tree, of leaves agitated by wind; paḷapaḷane with the repeated sound paḷa
