арабский:fart_- 'excrements dans l'intérieur des intestines' [BK 2 561]
тиграй (тигринья):färsi 'chimo, cio che si trova nello stomaco dei ruminanti' [Bass 989]; färräsä 'sventrare, aprire il ventre a una bestia uccisa' [ibid.]
амхарский:färs 'the contents of the stomach, chyme' [K 2280].
Kane seems to regard this word as an Arabism
мехри:fart_ 'undigested food in the stomach and intestines of a slaughtered animal' [JM 101]
джиббали:fɔ́rt_ do. [JJ 62]
харсуси:fōret_ do. [JH 35]
сокотри:fórt 'excréments' [LS 343]
NOTES:Borrowing from ARB in ETH and, especially, MSA is possible.
These forms seem to have ʔaleph quiescens though there is no "linea occultans" above it
арабский:riʔat- [BK 1 798]
мехри:rǝyēʔ [JM 554].
In English-Mehri Word-List; the form wǝyeʔ quoted [ibid. 311] looks a misprint; ḥǝryēʔ (def.) [ibid.]
джиббали:rɔ̄t, pl. rói [JJ 201]; EAST JIB pl. rīʔ [JMhr 311]
харсуси:reyī [JH 101]
NOTES:Usually compared to AKK irtu, UGR ʔirt 'breast'; reconstruction of two different roots probably related by metathesis (cf. *ʔir-at-, No. ) is preferable; cf. AFRASIAN.
Cf. ARB wāriy-at-, waran 'maladie des poumons' [BK 2 1526], which can be related to this root with w- as a triconsonantizer. Comparison to BERB and C. CHAD terms in w- (above), however, makes one suppose this ARB example to be a vestige of the old AFRASIAN form *wVray/ʔ-; SEM *riʔ-at- then is to be interpreted as a secondary stem with a lost *wa-.
[Brock 705]: SYR, HBR PB, ARB, AKK (irtu; also ruʔtu, apud [Holma 43], which is translated as 'Speichel' in [AHw 997], see in *ru/iɣ(V)w/y-at-, No. ).
NUMBER:2185
PROTO:*raʔ(i)š- {} *raʔ(i)s-
PRNUM:PRNUM
MEANING:head
аккадский:rāšu 'Kopf, Haupt' OAkk, rēšu OB on [AHw 973]
сокотри:réy, reʔ, réh, pl. ʔírʔeš [LS 390] (cf. also [SSL LS 1468; SSL 4 96])
NOTES:In UGR rʔiš (pl. rʔašm) the graphic sign for ʔi does not necessarily point to the vocalization *riʔš-, but may also be a way of indicating ʔ + 0; ʔa in the pl. form suggests a normalization *[raʔašūma] with -a- as an apophonic plural marker (cf. the same picture in HBR rā(ʔ)šīm).
Note ARM MAʕLULA rayša implying that ARM -ē- generally viewed as evolved from *-i- may in fact be a result of the contraction *-ay- > ē; the shift ʔ > y in a syllable-closing position is almost universal in ARM.
GEZ and TNA -ǝ- of the first syllable are likely to reflect *-i-, though the possibility of ǝ < *a before a laryngeal with a front vowel cannot be ruled out.
Note ETH forms with the *ʔV- prefix: AMH ǝras, HAR urūs (below) and GUR examples with a meaning shift: SOD ǝrs bä-ras-kǝnnäm 'one another (they)' [LGur 527], GYE äʔärās 'only, alone' [ibid.].
Cf. different meaning shifts in ESA: QAT rʔs1 'spout' [Ricks 150] and MIN rʔs1 'lui-même, sa propre personne' [LM 75]. Cf. ETH *tǝrʔas 'head of the bed, head support, pillow' [LGz 458; 578-9], [LGur 603]; a derived form with a *tV- prefix?
арабский:ʔurbiyy-at- 'aine; racine de fémur' [BK 1 814] (placed under the root rbw; in fact a stem with the *ʔV- prefix).
Cf. warb-, warb-at- 'derrière, cul' [ibid. 2 1516]; a variant root with ʔ/w? Cf. ʔirb- 'membre du corps, surtout la main ou la verge' [ibid. 1 23] and wirb-, warb- 'membre du corps' [ibid. 2 1516] (see *(ʔi-)bur- 'membrum virile; membrum, limb', No. )
амхарский:reb 'anus, buttocks' [K 392]
гураге:MUH äribä 'abdomen below the navel, hip' [LGur 84].
Cf. CHA EŽA neba, ENN GYE neb_ä, END nēwä do. [ibid.]; Leslau places these forms under äribä, comparing them to AMH reb (above; on n < *r in initial position cf. [LGur LI])
мехри:rǝbbūt 'groin; (knee-)cap; pain in the groin, armpit' [JM 312]; cf. arǝbbūt d_-abárk 'knee-cap' [ibid.]
джиббали:rɔ̄t, pl. rub 'groin; knee-cap; pain in the groin, armpit' [JJ 202]
харсуси:(?) erbīyet 'groin; pain in the groin' [JH 101] (the form suggests an Arabism)
сокотри:ʔerbéboh 'rein, cuisse, giron, genou' [LS 73], rebóboh 'genou' [ibid 391], QALAN-V ʔǝríbbǝh 'haut de la cuisse' [SSL LS 1451]; cf. also [SSL 4 94] and [SSL 2 230].
Cf. ʔérbeb 'dont le ventre a des rayures blanches' [LS 73]
NOTES:See stems with the ʔa- prefix in SYR, ARB, GUR (MUH) and SOQ; stems with reduplicated -b-, in SYR (?) and MSA
эблаитский:ra/la-ʔà-tum /raḥ(a)tum/ [Kr 19; Bl E No. 83]
угаритский:rḥt [Aist 290]
арабский:rāḥat- 'paume de la main' [Belot 277].
Strangely enough, this word is translated 'parure de la main' [BK 1 947]. Cf. raḥaḥ- 'largeur du sabot chez le cheval ou le mulet' [BK 1 835], obviously related raḥrāḥat- is also quoted without reference; not to be found in available dictionaries of ARB
геэз (древнеэфиопский):ʔǝrāḥ 'palm of hand' [LGz 38]
тигре:räḥat 'palm of hand, sole of foot' [LH 147].
According to Leslau, borrowed from ARB [LGz 38]
тиграй (тигринья):raḥ ʔid 'palma della mano' [Bass 150]
мехри:rǝḥāt 'palm of hand' [JM 333]
джиббали:irɔ́ḥɔ́t 'palm of hand' [JJ 218]
харсуси:ǝrḥāt, rīḥet 'palm of the hand' [JH 107]
сокотри:ríḥoh 'paume' [LS 399] (cf. also [SSL LS 1470; SSL 496])
NOTES:In the reconstructed proto-form, *-ā- relies on HBR (below), ARB, ETH and EBL data, and -i-, on ARM JUD (below), MSA and probably AKK. The -at- ending, likely of common SEM origin, is probably lost in GEZ and TNA.
Cf. variant stems with what looks like an *ʔi- prefix in GEZ, HRS and JIB (to be reconstructed as PSEM?).
Note a meaning shift in HBR raḥat 'winnowing shovel' [KB 1222] < *raḥt-, with shortening of *ā in a closed syllable, a process common in HBR; the meaning of JUD riḥătā 'winnowing shovel' [Ja 705] is likely to be influenced by HBR (see however CHR PAL ARM rḥt 'vanna' [Schulthess 193]).
Cf. JUD liḥătā, luḥătā 'the splint-bone, the outer small bone of the leg' [Ja 1470] and SYR laḥtā 'vola manus' [Brock 363] to be compared to *riḥat- as a variant root.
Cf. ETH EAST: HAR ḥarda 'sole of the foot, track, trace' [LH 85]; according to Leslau, from CUSH (CUSH examples are not quite convincing). Alternative, though no more solid, explanations are a metathesis from *raḥ + ʔǝd(a) (cf. TNA raḥ ʔid) 'hand' with a subsequent shift of meaning (note that 'hand' is iǧi in HAR; cf. also iǧi ḥarda 'the palm of the hand' [ibid.]); or a metathesis <*raḥda <*raḥat, with an unexplained change t > d incorporated into the stem.
[Fron 48] (*rāḥ-at- 'mano aperta' /GEZ,TGR, ARB,SYR,CHRPAL ARM,HBR,UGR,AKK/); [Brock 363]: SYR, HBR, ARB (rāḥat-; also raḥrāḥat- quoted without reference--not to be found in available dictionaries of ARB), GEZ, AKK, SOQ (quoted as rih_ôti, not confirmed by [LS]); [Holma 119]: AKK, ARB (rāḥat- and raḥrāḥat-), HBR, GEZ; [KB 1222]: HBR, ARM, UGR, AKK, GEZ, TGR, ARB; [LGz 38]: GEZ, TGR (considered an ARB loan), ARB, SOQ, HBR, UGR, AKK, SYR; [LS 399]: SOQ, MSA, ARB, GEZ, AKK
NUMBER:2191
PROTO:*rVk(u)b-at-
PRNUM:PRNUM
MEANING:knee
арамейские:BIB du. suff. ʔark_ubbātēh 'Knie' [KB deutsch 1674]
иудейский арамейский:rǝkūbā, rǝkūbtā 'part of the leg' [Ja 1479]; ʔarkūbtā do. [Ja 121], ʔrkwbh, det. ʔrkwbth [Sok 75]
арабский:rukbat- 'genou' [BK 1 914].
Cf. rakab- 'pubis (tant chez l'homme que chez la femme, mais particulièrment chez la femme); parties naturelles de la femme' [BK 1 914]; probably related with a current meaning shift 'knee' > 'genitals' (see, however, Verb, *rkb, No. )
современные арабские языки:SYR ríkbe [Maʕṣarānī-Segal 230]
[Holma 53], [Brock 741]: AKK, SYR, ARB (note that ARB rafš- quoted in both sources means 'pelle pour enlever les ordures' [BK 1 895] which correlates with the second meaning of SYR 'ventilabrum'; ARB is considered a loan from SYR by Brockelmann)
арабский:rayr-, rīr- 'bave d'un enfant' [BK 1 964].
Note also rār- 'moelle qui a peu de consistance, qui est presque liquide'; cf. ruwāl-, rāwūl-, rāʔul- 'bave des bestiaux' [BK 1 956], with dissimilation of liquids
NOTES:C. SEM only.
AKK līru 'a mineral colour' [CAD l 147], [AHw 546] sometimes compared with this root ([Brock], [DM] ad l.) is hardly related.
восточноэфиопские:WOL sambä, SEL ZWY sāmba 'lung' [LGur 546].
Cf. also WOL sǝnäbäbä, SEL sinäbäbä 'to have a cold combined with coughing, cough' [ibid. 550]
гураге:CHA EŽA GYE MUH MSQ sämba, ENN MUH GOG sambʷä, SOD sambo, END sambä 'lung' [ibid. 546]
NOTES:Probably <*sinṗ-
Note SYR sabbōlā (<*san/mb-āl- ?) 'arteria trachealis' [Brock 455] (according to Brockelmann, the primary meaning is 'portator' < sbl 'portare'); can sabbōlā be a contamination, a kind of folk etymology, of *sVmb- 'lung' and a verbal noun derived from sbl 'to carry' ? One wonders whether this SYR term can be alternatively compared to ETH EAST: SEL šǝmbinnä, WOL čǝmbillä; GUR: MUH čǝmbilla, CHA čǝmbina, EŽA čǝmbinna, END šǝppitnä, GYE šǝmpǝna, ENN šǝmpǝnʔa t- 'vein of the leaf of the äsät' [LGur 173]; all < *šǝmpill/nn- (on alternance č:š see [ibid. LXII]).
Cf. ARB sināb-, ṣināb- (ṣ assimilated to *ṗ ?) 'qui a le dos allongé, long' [BK 1 1148; 1374]; cf. also sanbāʔ 'anus' [ibid 1148] (a structural similarity with N. ETH is remarkable); probably related, though in both cases a semantic shift from 'lung' is difficult to prove.
Note an Auslaut in -uʔ/ʕ in N. ETH. Cf. MOD ETH *sVmbVr- 'part of the animal's stomach': TGR sǝmbǝr 'one of the four stomachs of the ruminants' [LH 173], TNA sǝmbǝr 'parte interna dello stomaco dei ruminanti' [Bass 173], AMH sämbär, sǝmbär 'callosity of the internal wall of the animal's stomach'' [K 538-9], GUR: END sämbär 'fat part of the stomach' [LGur 546].
There is SOQ ʕámb 'poumon' [LS 312]; according to [SSL LS 1458] ɣamb, pl. ɣināb. Leslau thinks that SOQ ʕamb 'lung' is perhaps to be connected with the ETH and CUSH roots; in this case s- of the latter ones should be looked at as an agglutinated prefix [LGur 546]. Though this kind of comparison implying prefixed s- in all of the AFRASIAN forms is far-fetched, one cannot help suspecting some kind of connection. Can ɣ in this isolated SOQ example be a result of contamination or some other unique development?
NUMBER:2195
PROTO:*si(n)ṭ-
MEANING:flat hand with wrist
еврейский (иврит):PB *sīṭ in ha-ssīṭ 'the distance between the tip of the thumb and that ofthe index finger when held apart, or between the root of the thumb and the tip of the index finger when the former is leaning against the latter' [Ja 977].
Cf. sēṭ 'handle; swinging the forefinger' [Ja 972]
сирийский арамейский:sīṭā 'palmus' [Brock 469]
арабский:sinṭ- 'poignet, os qui joint l'avant-bras à la main' [BK 1 1151]
NOTES:C. SEM only.
Cf. MHR šēṭǝr 'measure, span between the end of the thumb and the forefinger' [JM 396]; related with -r to be treated as a suffixed element? One also wonders whether this word can be compared to HBR PB sṭr 'to strike sideways, slap' [Ja 973] and JUD sṭr (aph) 'to strike with the flat hand' [Ja 973] to make another SEM root *sVṭ(V)r- {} *cVṭ(V)r- 'flat hand, span'?
NUMBER:2196
PROTO:*šiʔr- {} *siʔr-
PRNUM:PRNUM
MEANING:flesh
аккадский:šīru (šēru, širru) 'flesh, meat, kin' OA, OB on [CAD š 113], [AHw 1248] (cf. also tīru do., with an unexplained t-)
NOTES:Comparison with forms containing *t_- {} *č- (e.g. ARB t_aʔr- 'blood revenge', etc.) hardly holds water both on phonological and semantic grounds.
[Fron 41] (*t_iʔr- 'carne' /ESA t_ʔr 'vendetta del sangue', ARB t_aʔr- do., HBR,UGR,AKK); [Holma 5]: AKK, HBR, ARB (t_aʔr- translated as 'Blut' which is hardly an exact translation for 'talion, sang versé pour le sang' [BK 1 215]), SYR (tē(ʔ)rtā translated as 'Zwerchfell', cf. [Brock 813]); [KB deutsch 1283]: HBR, AKK, UGR (a difference between šʔir 'Fleisch' and t_ʔar 'Terminus für Blutsbande' is rightly stressed)
NUMBER:2197
NUMBER:2198
PROTO:*šaḫw/y-at- {} *saḫw/y-at-
MEANING:armpit
аккадский:šah_ātu OA, OB on [CAD š1 81], [AHw 1129].
Note that the first meaning given in [CAD] is 'side, inside corner'. Cf. suh_ātu 'armpit' OB on [CAD s 347] (translated as 'Unterkinn' in [AHw 1054]) with an unexpected s-
эблаитский:iš/sa-h_a-tum /šah_ātum/ [Kr 21; Bl E No. 85]