еврейский (иврит):PB zubbān 'the bag which contains a male animal's member' [Ja 383].
<*zubb-ān; according to Jastrow, from zānāb, which is unlikely
арабский:zubb- 'verge, pénis (de l'homme ou d'un autre mâle); bout de la barbe; nez' [BK 1 968].
Cf. zanbūr 'membrum virile' [ibid. 1015] (dissimilation <*zabbūr-, with the -r suffix?) for which see ARM JUD zǝmōrā 'membrum virile, phallus' [Ja 402] (a variant root with b/m?)
мандейский арамейский:zma 'blood' [DM 168]; also ʕzma (with the *ʔa-prefix?).
While a doublet of dma do. [ibid. 111], represents the main term for 'blood' in MND
арабский:zaʔama 'presser une plaie de manière que le pus en sorte, le sang se dessèche et forme une croûte' [BK 1 967]
современные арабские языки:SYR zūm 'blood; juice'
геэз (древнеэфиопский):zam 'blood' [LGz 638].
Other meanings 'broth; impurity left in broth by boiled meat' [ibid.], if in fact referring to zam, are likely to be due to contamination with zom, zomo (from GREEK zōmos 'soup, sauce, broth' [ibid.])
NOTES:Debatable. Attested only in MND, GEZ and, as a verb, in ARB, looks an original SEM root to differentiate from a loan of GREEK zōmos 'soup, sauce, broth' (but not 'blood'!) in some of SEM: HBR PB zōm 'juice, brine' [Ja 387], zāmīt, zōmīt '[foam]; name of a brine' [ibid. 403]; JUD zōmā 'juice, brine, broth, pulp' [ibid. 387], SYR zūmā, zūmūs 'jus; liquor' [Brock 192]; GEZ zom, zomo 'blood; broth; impurity left in broth by boiled meat' [LGz 638] (the meaning 'blood', if not a confusion, must be due to contamination with zam, see above).
The vocalic reconstruction is highly tentative based on the presumption that GEZ zam (unlike zom, from GREEK) retains the old vowel.
Note AFRAS: CHAD and HAMER
NUMBER:2243
PROTO:*zar-at- {} *ʒar-at-
MEANING:(spread) hand; span
угаритский:(?) drt 'a span' [Gordon 387].
Translated as 'Hirse' in [Aist 83], 'salvado, ahechadura' in [DLU 138]
еврейский (иврит):zärät 'span' [KB 283]; PB 'distance from the little finger to the thumb of a spread hand' [Ja 415]
иудейский арамейский:zartā, zērǝtā 'distance from the little finger to the thumb of a spread hand; fist, hand' [ibid.]; zrt 'span' [Sok 183]
мандейский арамейский:zirta 'a span (space between thumb and little finger when extended)' [DM 168]
NOTES:Problematic. The UGR term may have a different meaning and be unrelated; even if it means 'span', d- can be explained from *d_- or *d-, and not *z-. In case of SEM *d_-, the ARM examples (expected to be rendered with d-, not z-) could be interpreted as loans from HBR, if not for the fact that it is only in ARM (JUD and SYR) that strictly anatomic meanings ('hand' and 'fist'), likely to be the primary ones, are attested. The most plausible explanation wouldprobably be a common HBR-ARM root with *z-.
Note a variant stem with -w- in SYR.
[KB 283]: HBR, ARM, UGR (all thought to be from EGYPT d_rt 'hand'); [Brock 208]: SYR, JUD, MND, HBR, GEZ (sǝzr); [DM 168]: MND, JUD, SYR, HBR
NUMBER:2244
PROTO:*zīz- {} *ʒiʒ-
MEANING:teat
аккадский:zīzu 'breast' NA [CAD z 149], [CAD z 149]
d_d 'pecho, seno' [DLU 139]; found in some UGR texts in place of a more common t_d
еврейский (иврит):zīz 'udder, nipple' [KB 268]
современные арабские языки:zīz-at- 'sein, mamelle' [BK 1 1032] marked as ALG (so also [Dozy 1 619]: "en Barbarie")
NOTES:*zīd_- {} *ʒīǯ- is an alternative reconstruction based on UGR. Since UGR d may represent SEM *d_, Gordon is probably right in assuming *zīd_ as the proto-form [Gordon 388, 393]; in this case, the ARB example is to be treated as a form with *-d_ > -z with a full assimilation to the initial z-. Such interpretation of the contradiction between UGR zd and ARB zīz- would look more convincing than the reconstruction *zīz- leaving no coherent explanation of UGR zd, if not for low compatibility of z and d_ in SEM making their combination in the same root questionable. Note that, in any case, UGR d_d remains unexplained.
геэз (древнеэфиопский):ʕarḳa 'to be orphaned, to be childless' [LGz 70] (metathesis).
Note that the first meaning of the word is 'to be naked', which, in view of comparative data, has to be treated as metaphoric from 'to be childless'; otherwise to be regarded as homonymous
NOTES:[KB 874], [Brock 544]: HBR, ARM, ARB. In both dictionaries a connection with SEM *ʕḳr/*ʕrḳ 'to eradicate' is proposed; the meaning shift is doubtful (the latter ones are in fact deverbal from *ʕa/irḳ- 'root' and probably *ʕi/aḳār- 'root; medicine', see in *ʕarḳ- 'tendon, muscle, vein, nerf', No. ).
Formed after the well-known ḳittēl pattern for adjectives denoting physical defects
мандейский арамейский:ALG 'to be dumb, or have impaired or stammering speech' [DM 19]; alga 'dumb, tongue-tied, stammered' [ibid.]
тигре:täʕalaǯäǯä 'to stammer' [LH 454]
NOTES:Cf. ARB ʕalǧ- 'tout barbare; non arabe, qui ne pas musulman; rustique dans ses manières' [BK 2 339] and ETH EAST: HAR aläga 'stranger, who does not belong to the family or tribe', SEL aläga, WOL ZWY alägä 'one who is not a member of the family; stranger' [LGur 39], GUR: MSQ GOG aläga, SOD alägga, END alaggä do. [ibid.]. According to Leslau [ibid.], from E. CUSH (KAM HAD alagga, OROMO alagä); in view of ARB, the ETH examples are either Arabisms or make, together with the ARB example, SEM *ʕal(a)g- 'stranger' (in both cases the E. CUSH terms are SEM loan-words). A third explanation implies an independent similar semantic shift in both ARB and MOD ETH. To the meaning 'stranger' very likely developed from 'stammering, mute', cf. ARB ʕǧm (X) 'balbutier', (VIII) 'être inintelligible pour quelqu'un, sonner à l'oreille comme un jargon, une langue barbare' [BK 2 183] and ʕaǧam- 'peuples non arabes' [ibid. 184].
See TGR ʕalǯäǯä 'to act foolishly' [LH 454], very likely a meaning shift, but strangely attested in the main stem, with the presumed original meaning preserved in a derived stem only.
Note that AMH algum 'silent, mute, taciturn' [K 1112] is rather from läggʷämä 'to be silent' [ibid. 115], possibly contaminated with, or related to, the present root.
Cf. MSA: MHR ʕōlǝg 'to try and persuade so. difficult to convince' [JM 20], JIB oʕólg 'to try hard to get so. to do or accept st.', aʕtélég 'to be very fussy' [JJ 12]. A semantic development 'to be dumb' > 'to be stubborn, difficult to convince'?
Note that in the only context quoted the verb refers to the eye and may be interpreted as 'you became blind': amamit aina mṣuṣtia d_-libat 'thou art extinguished, peeping eye of Libat (Venus)' [ibid.]
арабский:ʕmy 'être aveugle, être affligé de la cécité' [BK 2 373]
тиграй (тигринья):ʕammätä 'bendare, coprire gli occhi' [Bass 675]
NOTES:[Brock 529]: SYR, ARB; [LH 456]: TGR, ARB
NUMBER:2248
PROTO:*ʕwr (-i-)
MEANING:to be blind
аккадский:(?) tūrtu 'Umwendung (part.); Umwendung der Augen als Krankheit' OB on [AHw 1373].
According to Soden, derived from *twr; alternatively <*ta-ʕur-t-u. The form h_ummuru, attested from OB on and often compared to this root, means 'shrunken, crippled' [CAD h_ 235] and hardly belongs here
Cf. also bǝḥǝm bälä 'fiatare, parlare sottovoce' [ibid. 311]
NOTES:Only ARB and N. ETH.
Traditionally compared with this root are terms for '(domestic) animals', 'cattle' (as "speechless"), such as: UGR bhmt 'cattle' [Gordon 371], HBR bǝhēmā 'animals, beasts' [KB 112], ARB bahmat- 'agneau, chevreau, veau, ou petit de chameau' [BK 1 173] (bahīmat- 'animal, bête, brute' [ibid. 174] is most probably a Hebraism).
Cf. MIN bhm [LM 20], with an obscure meaning (in a fragmentary context:...]ybhm tʔmnh).
Note MSA: MHR hǝbhōm 'not to make up one's mind' [JM 45], JIB bɛhɛ́m 'to be ashamed, hangdog' [JJ 24], with possible meaning shifts.
[Maizel 170]: ARB, GEZ; [LGz 89]: ETH, ARB, HBR; [DRS 48]: ARB, ETH (a connection with bhm 'cattle' is assumed)
Note that bǝrč̣ǝḳ bälä 'spit out' quoted in [LGur 131] is not found in [Bass], while comparison with bäč̣äḳ bälä 'scolare da una piaga (pus, marcia)' [Bass 342] made by Leslau [LGur 131] is questionable semantically
амхарский:tän/mborač̣č̣äḳä 'to spray, splatter (water being poured into a container)' [K 894]
Note a variant stem with a secondary (?) -r- in most ETH (and CUSH examples with no -r- [LGur 131]); cf. a possible variant root with m- in [LGur 390].
[DRS 77] (ARB only); [LGur 131]: ETH, ARB
NUMBER:2252
PROTO:*dbš/t_
MEANING:to be hump-backed
еврейский (иврит):dabbäšät 'hump (of a camel)' [KB 213]
амхарский:(?) dännäḳä 'to be admirable, wonderful, marvellous; to astonish, surprise' [K 1793]
восточноэфиопские:HAR SEL dōnḳa, WOL donḳä 'deaf' [LGur 214].
Cf. HAR dänäḳä 'to be amazing, surprising' [LHar 57]
гураге:END dǝnuʔ do. [ibid.], donäʔä 'to be deaf' (cf. likely related ENN dǝrõʔä, CHA GYE ṭǝräḳʷä, EZHA ṭǝräḳḳʷä do. [ibid.])
NOTES:Poorly attested: ARB and ETH only.
The meanings 'deaf and 'stupid' are often related in SEM.
Note MOD ETH *dänḳʷärä 'to be deaf, dumb, stupid' [LGur 215] (discussion on the relations with the present root see [ibid.]); very likely related with suffixed -r.
[DRS 285]: ETH, ARB
NUMBER:2255
PROTO:*dwm
MEANING:to be giddy; to have pain in the head
аккадский:dâmu 'to be giddy, to stagger' SB [CAD d 80], [AHw 146].
Not to confuse with damû 'to suffer from convulsions' SB on [CAD d 80], which may be derived either from *dmy/w (and then compared to the present root as a metathesis) or from *dwy 'to be ill' (see No. )
арабский:duwām- 'vertige, tournoiement de la tête' [BK 1 753].
Unless from dwm 'tourner, voltiger, etc.' [ibid. 753-3]
джиббали:(?) edmím 'not to sleep because of ophtalmia pains' [JJ 39]
NOTES:Scarcely attested and not quite reliable: chance coincidence of AKK and ARB (if derived from the verb 'to turn', see above) cannot be ruled out.
Cf. END dām, ENN GYE dām_ 'sick person possessed by a spirit' [LGur 207]; semantically the connection is hard to prove (Leslau tends to connect it with dām 'master' [ibid.]).
Cf. what can be probably regarded as a variant root (with *h- as a triconsonantizer?): ARB hdm 'avoir des vertiges et des nausées, avoir le mal de mer' [BK 2 1402] and GEZ haddama (also ḥaddama) 'to sleep, slumber; tell idle stories', mahaddamt (and maḥaddamt) 'dreaminess, reverie, phantom, idle stories, insanity, imagination, hallucination, etc.' [LGz 214-15].
[DRS 236]: AKK, ARB
NUMBER:2256
PROTO:*d_bb {} *ǯbb
MEANING:to be mad, crazy
аккадский:zabābu 'to be in a frenzy, to act crazily' SB [CAD z 1].
Considered a hapax [ibid.]; in [AHw 1065] united with ṣbb 'unflattern'. This semantic and phonetic ambiguity is, however, irrelevant in view of the widespread SB derivative zabbu 'a type of ecstatic' recognized by both dictionaries ([CAD z 7], [AHw 1501])
арабский:ǧaʕad_̣- 'qui fait le dégoûté, dificile à contenter dans la nourriture' [BK 1 300].
In [DRS 165], LIB ǧaʕʕaṭ 'avoir du dégoût, avoir l'air de vouloir vomir' is also quoted with a remark "sans doute < syriaque"
амхарский:gʷaggʷäṭä 'to stimulate the throat in order to induce vomiting' [K 2058] (partial reduplication)
NOTES:Cf. MND giuṭa 'disgrace, discomfiture, anger, retribution, malediction, anathema' [DM 89], with a plausible meaning shift; note also an ARM variant root *gʕṣ: MND GAṢ 'to loath, reject, vomit, abhore' [DM 78] and SYR gʕṣ 'taeduit eum, contempsit' [Brock 128].
Cf. *gʕŝ, No. .
[DRS 165]: SYR, MND (giuṭa), ARB (examples different from quoted above), AMH
NUMBER:2258
PROTO:*gbh_
MEANING:to be bald (usually on the forehead)
аккадский:gubbuh_u (also ḳubbuh_u) 'bald' OB on [CAD G 117], [AHw 295]
NOTES:All forms attested belong to various deverbal patterns (note the purrus- pattern in AKK and the ḳiṭṭēl pattern in HBR, both typical of adjectives denoting various physical defects).
Semantically and phonetically very likely contaminated with *gabh-(at-) 'forehead' (see Noun, No. ); cf. ARB ʔaǧbah- 'chauve' [BK 1 250] (-h instead of *-h_ through contamination with ǧabhat-?).
[Maizel 174]; [KB 173]: HBR, SYR, AKK (ARB with -h also compared); [Brock 101]: SYR, HBR (ARB with -h also compared); [DRS 95]: AKK, HBR, SYR
NUMBER:2259
PROTO:*g(ʷ)ŝ1ʕ/ʔ {} *g(ʷ)ŝʕ/ʔ
MEANING:to belch, retch, vomit
аккадский:gešû (u) 'to belch' SB [CAD G 64], [AHw 287]
еврейский (иврит):gʕš (hitpo) 'to vomit loudly' [KB 200] (metathesis); cf. PB gʕš 'to cough or sneeze' [Ja 261-2]; gāsā 'to belch; to swallow large quantities at a time, glut; feel inflated, nauseous' [ibid. 260]
