Akkadian:enzu (ezzu, inzu) 'she-goat, goat (gen.term)' OB on [CAD e 180].
Ugaritic:ʕz 'res caprina, chivo, cabra' [DLU 95]. // In 127:31-32 (bt bn bnš yḳḥ ʕz wyḥdy mrḥḳm 'the family of a man takes a goat and looks afar'; also in a similar passage 127:25, v. [Del Olmo Religión 69-72]) and 1.80:4 (b bz ʕzm ṭ!bh̊ šh 'he slaughtered a kid from the udder of goats').
Phoenician:ʕz 'goat' [T 240], [Krah. 362]. // In the Punic inscriptions KAI 69:7 (bybl ʔm bʕz 'for a ram or a goat') and KAI 74:4 (ʕrt hʕzm 'skins of goats').
Hebrew:ʕēz 'goat' [KB 804], pB. [Ja. 1060] (also ʕizzā 'she-goat' [ibid. 1068]). // While clearly denoting she-goat in the singular (cf. the symmetrical opposition (ʕizzīm ~ tǝyāšīm // rǝḥēlīm ~ ʔēlīm in Gn 32.14), ʕ. may have a collective meaning in the plural.
Aramaic:Off. ʕnz, ʕz 'goat' [HJ 875, 1245]. // Outside administrative texts, found in Aḥiq 118-119 (nmrʔ pgʕ lʕnzʔ why ʕryh ʕnh nmrʔ wʔmr lʕnzʔ ... 'A leopard met a goat and she was naked; and he said to the goat...'), v. [PY XLVIII], [Kott. 225]. // Plm. ʕz 'goat' [HJ 875] (v. [PAT 395]).
Biblical Aramaic:ʕizzīn (pl.) 'goat' [KB 1945]. // In Ezr 6.17 (ṣǝpīrē ʕizzīn 'billy goats' in a list of sacrifices).
Syrian Aramaic:ʕezzā 'capra' [Brock. 535], [PS 2934]. // -n- reappears in st. const. ʕǝnez as well as in ʕannāzā 'caprarius' [ibid.].
Mandaic Aramaic:ʕnza 'goat, nanny-goat' [DM 353].
Arabic:ʕanz(-at)- 'chèvre' (also 'femelle de gazelle, d'aigle et de vautour, d'outarde') [BK 2 383], [Fr. III 231], [Lane 2173], [LA V 381-2] (cf. [Hommel 247]).
Epigraphic South Arabian:Sab. ʕnz 'goats' (coll.) [SD 17]. // Attested in three passages. In Ry 507/8 and Ry 508/4 ʕ. is used as a collective (ʔʔblm wbḳrm wʕnzm 'camels, large cattle and goats', as tribute). On the contrary, in DAI Barʔān 1/2 one single goat is mentioned (ʔyt ʕnz thwkb wrdt brʔt brʔm lrʕy wl tɣrṣ̂ 'jede Ziege, die man an der Mauer von Brʔm zum Weiden herabgestiegen vorfindet, soll geschlachtet werden' according to [Sima 29]).
Notes:Akk. azzatu (ḫazzatu) 'she-goat' [CAD a2 531], [AHw. 339] with -zz- instead of -nz- is of interest (attested in OB texts from Chahar Bazar and in Nuzi where according to [CAD] it is used as "a word for an age category of she-goats"). It is tempting to consider these peripheral terms as WS borrowings but note that in none of the known ancient WS languages forms with the fem. marker -at- are common. On the other hand, cf. Arb. ʕazzat- 'petite gazelle femelle' [BK 2 241], [Fr. III 149], [Lane 2032], [LA V 389]. // Akk. ḫazzu (ARM 2 37:8,10) and ḫanzu 'goat' (Malku V 36, = enzu) are obvious WS loans (v. [CAD ḫ 83], [Streck 96]). ʔ instead of ʕ in MSA is unusual and requires an explanation. // Cha. Eža End. anž Enm. Msq. ãnž End. Gyt. añž Cha. Enm. Gyt. ãž 'heifer, calf' [LGur. 78] probably belong to the present root with a meaning shift (cf. Leslau's remark "Perhaps from Arb. ʕanz 'goat' unless it is common with Arabic ʕanz, Heb. ʕēz"). Note also Wol. anzat 'cattle that conceived' [LGur. 78], End. Enm. Gyt.. azay 'cow before she bears young' [ibid. 122]. // Tgr. ʕasäs, f. ʕasasit 'goats' [LH 464] may be of interest (a variant root with -s instead of -z?). Note also Tna. ʕǝnšu 'specie di gazzella molto piccola' [Bass. 692]. // [Fron. 29]: *ʕanz- 'capra' (ESA, Arb., Syr., Hbr., Ugr., Akk.); [KB 804]: Hbr., Arm., Pho., Arb., Akk., Eth. (with reference to [Leslau Contributions 39]); [DLU 95]: Ugr., Hbr., Pho., Arm., Akk., Arb.; [Brock. 535]: Syr., Arm., Pho., Hbr., Arb., Akk.; [LS 55]: Soq., MSA, Arb., Hbr., Arm., Akk.; [Firmage 1152]: Akk., Hbr., Ugr., Arm., Arb.; [Hommel 246]: *ʕizzu 'Ziege' (Arb., Hbr., Pho., Arm.).
Eblaitic:ù-gi-l[um] = ALI[M?] [MEE 4 1192] (compared to Hbr. ʕēgäl in [Civil Ebla 90]).
Ugaritic:ʕgl 'ternero, novillo' [DLU 75], ʕglt 'novilla' [ibid.]. // Well attested in mytho-poetical texts (e.g. ʔarh̊ tzɣ lʕglh 'the cow lows for its calf' 1.15 I 5); in the administrative context in 4.783.2 (ʔrbʕ ʕglm 'four calves'). The fem. form is found only in 1.5 V 18-19 (yʔuhb ʕglt bdbr 'he loved a heifer in the steppe').
Phoenician:ʕgl 'calf' [T 238], [Krah. 359]. // In KAI 69:5 (bʕgl ʔš ḳrny lmbmḥsr 'for a calf whose horns are lacking').
Arabic:ʕiǯl- 'veau', ʕiǯlat- 'génisse', ʕuǯǯāl-, ʕiǯǯawl- 'veau' [BK 2 181], [Fr. III 114], [Lane 1964], [LA XI 49]. See further [Hommel 226].
Geʕez (Ethiopian):@ ʔǝgʷǝl (ʕǝgʷal,ʕǝgʷl) 'the young of any animal or fowl' [LGz. 11], ʔǝgʷalt,ʔǝgʷǝlt 'claf, heifer' [ibid.], ʔǝgʷāl 'the young of any animal, fowl, or human child, offspring, pro- geny' [ibid.]
Tigre:ʔǝgal 'calf' [LH 386] @
Notes:Sab. ʕglt 'calf' quoted in [Biella 351] is very uncertain (presupposing an emendation ʕgmt > ʕglt in R 3167/1); left without translation in [SD 14]. Hrs. ʔáyyel 'calf' [JH 13] is no doubt an Arabism. // Almost certainly related are Gez. ʔǝgʷǝl (ʕǝgʷal, ʕǝgʷl) 'the young of any animal or fowl' [LGz. 11], ʔǝgʷalt, ʔǝgʷǝlt 'claf, heifer' [ibid.], ʔǝgʷāl 'the young of any animal, fowl, or human child, offspring, progeny' [ibid.] and Tgr. ʔǝgal 'calf' [LH 386] though ʔ- instead of the expected ʕ- in most Gez. forms and especially in Tgr. requires an explanation. Note also a considerably wider scope of meanings in Gez. // Cf. further reduplicated forms with no ʕ- attested throughout Eth.: Tgr. gǝlgäl 'foal (mule, horse)' [LH 564], Tna. gǝlgǝl 'puledro di cavallo o mulo non ancora domato' [Bass. 815], Amh. gǝlgäl 'the young of domestic animals (goat, cheep, horse, donkey)' [K 1898], Har. gīgi 'young of animals' [LHar. 70], Gog. Sod. Sel. Wol. gǝlgǝl Msq. gǝlagǝl Gog. Sod. Sel. gilgil Cha. Eža End. Enm. Gyt. grangǝr End. Enm. gängär Muh. giyangi, gege 'the young of an animal, lamb' [LGur. 273]. // According to many scholars, Akk. agālu, agallu 'an equid' OAkk. on [CAD a1 141], 'Reitesel' [AHw. 15] (now also Ebl. ag-lum = ANS̆E.NITA.KUR [MEE 4 039] and monolingual [MEE 4 003]), is related to the present root (cf. references below and, from recent works, [Sjöberg 10]). This comparison seems to us semantically improbable (note in particular that in Ebl. an exact phonetic and semantic parallel is actually attested, cf. above). The following parallels somewhat irregular phonetically (metathesis, loss of ʕ- etc.) are of interest: // - Arb. ʕulǯūm- 'taureau vieux' [BK 2 339], [TA old VIII 408]; // - Mhr. ʔēlīg 'camel-calf about two years old' [JM 21], Jib. ʕiźɔ́g, dim. ʕálgɛn '2-4 year old camel' [JJ 12]; // - Tgr. läga 'male calf (from it's first year until it is tamed), bullock' [LH 48]. // [Fron. 30]: *ʕigl- 'vitello' (Gez., Arb., Syr., Hbr., Ugr.); [DLU 75]: Ugr., Pho., Hbr., Arm., Ebl., Arb.; [KB 784]: Hbr., Arm., Ugr., Pho., Arb., Gez., Tgr.; [Brock. 509]: Syr., Arm., Hbr., Gez., Akk.; [LGz. 11]: Gez., Eth. (also reduplicated), Hbr., Arm., Arb., Ugr., "perhaps also Akk. agalu 'donkey')"; [Firmage 1152]: Akk. (agalu), Hbr., Ugr., Arm., Gez. (ʔǝgʷǝlt), Arb.; [Hommel 226]: Arb., Gez. (ʕǝgʷǝl, ʕǝgʷǝlt), Sab., Hbr., Pho., Akk. (agalu), Arm.
Arabic:faʕfaʕ- 'chevreau' [BK 2 614], [Fr. III 359], [TA XII 505] (= ǯady-, naḳalahu ṣ-ṣāɣānī), [Q III 64]. // Much scepticism about the attestation of the present term is expressed in [Sima 88-9] (f. does not appear in [LA VIII 255] where only the verbal root fʕfʕ 'to produce sounds (about the shepherd)'. In our opinion, Sima's remarks deserve full consideration but hardly invalidate completely the Arb. evidence for the present root.
Epigraphic South Arabian: Min. fyʕ 'chevreau' [LM 35]. // Hapax in the difficult passage MAFRAY-Darb aṣṢabī 1/7: wlygb bt_wr wḳtbs1w wfyʕ ṣlf (translated by the editors as 'qu'il soit redevable d'un taureau avec son double harnais et d'un chevreau (?) blanc (?)', but cf. criticism in [Sima 88-9]).
Soqotri:ʕéyfif (ʕífef) 'chevreau, en général petit de certaines animaux' [LS 319].
Notes:Probably an areal Arabian term, evidence for the reconstruction is scarce and not fully reliable. // Cf. Arb. ʕafw-, ʕifw-, ʕufw- 'ânon', ʕifwat-, ʕufwat- 'petit d'âne femelle' [BK 2 305], [Fr. III 188], [Lane 2094], [LA XV 79] (more forms quoted, discussion). // [LM 35]: Min., Arb.
Akkadian:bibbu 'wild sheep' SB [CAD b 217], 'eine Art Mufflon' [AHw. 124]. // In lexical lists (= Sum. UDU.IDIM) and a limited number of literary texts. It is assumed that b. was also used to denote planets and comets as well as a kind of epidemic disease. For more details see [Salonen Jagd 191ff.], [Landsberger Fauna 95].
Akkadian:būru (pūru) 'young calf (without regard to sex; male calf just before full maturity'; foal, kid (the young of quadrupeds)' OB on [CAD b 340], [AHw 141], burtu (purtu) 'cow, heifer calf' OB on [CAD b 334], [AHw 141]
Ugaritic:cf. ibr 'caballo' + 'toro' /ʔa/ib(b)īru/ DLU, 5 ("de animal corpulento macho" does not follow from the contexts quoted) @
Hebrew:ʔabbīr 'bull' = 'strong, powerful' and 'stallion' HAL, 6. The only passage (the other , Jr. 46:15 is obscure) is Is 34:7 where nothing points to any strength@
Akkadian:bīru 'bull (for breeding); young cattle (up to three years, regardless of sex) MB on [CAD b 266], [AHw 130]
Canaanite:Amm. bʕr 'ox (beast of burden?)' [HJ 185]. // On the ostracon Heshbon 2:3, context fragmentary (bʕrm 'beasts of burden' according to [Jackson 93]).
Hebrew:bǝʕīr 'livestock, cattle' [KB 142]. // A rare term found only in the Pentateuch (Gn 45.17, Ex 22.4, Nu 20.4,8,11) and Ps 78.48. The meaning 'beast of burden' is clear for the first passage (ṭaʕănū ʔät-bǝʕīrǝkäm 'load your b.') whereas in the remaining passages b. likely denotes the household animals in general.
Judaic Aramaic:bǝʕīr(ā) 'grazing animal, cattle' [Ja. 182], [Levy WT I 107], [Levy WTM I 250], bǝʕīr 'cattle' [Sok. 109]
Mandaic Aramaic:bira 'domestic cattle' [DM 62], biariata, var. of biriata 'cattle' [ibid. 59]
Arabic:baʕīr- 'chameau; toute bête de charge' [BK 1 142], [Fr. I 136], [Lane 226-7] (also 'ass', cf. [Blachère 714], [TA X 218]), [LA IV 71]. // More details see in [Hommel 143ff.].
Epigraphic South Arabian:Sab. bʕr 'cattle, head of cattle; camel' [SD 26]. // Min. bʕr 'chameau, tête de gros bétail' [LM 19]. // Hdr. bʕr 'wirtschafliche Nutztiere' [Sima 37]. // All relevant passages are discussed in [Sima 33-40]. According to Sima, a general meaning 'wirtschafliche Nutztiere' is always fitting the context. While indeed quite suitable for passages like R 3945/19 (t_ll bʕrhmw ʔʔbl wbḳrm wḥmrm wḳnym 'they plundered their flocks: camels, large cattle, donkeys and small cattle'), the above translation seems less adequate for cases like C 563/3 (kl t_wr wbʕr 'any ox or camel', cf. Sima's 'jeder Stier und jedes wirtschafltiche Nutztier').
Notes: // The MSA forms are likely to be Arabisms. For possible genuine MSA parallels to the present root see below. In Jib. cf. the verb baʕár '(us. animals) to go out at night' [JJ 22]. Only cognates with explicit -ʕ- are listed above. There is a high possibility that a number of forms from languages where the loss of -ʕ- is regular belong to the present root: Akk. bīru 'bull (for breeding); young cattle (up to three years, regardless of sex) MB on [CAD b 266], [AHw. 130], also būru (pūru) 'young calf (without regard to sex; male calf just before full maturity'; foal, kid (the young of quadrupeds)' OB on [CAD b 340], [AHw. 141], burtu (purtu) 'cow, heifer calf' OB on [CAD b 334], [AHw. 141]; Mnd. bira 'domestic cattle' [DM 62], biariata, var. of biriata 'cattle' [ibid. 59]; Amh. bare 'ox, bull' [K 874], Har. bāra 'ox, bull' [LH 44], (also baʔara [ibid. 39]), Cha. Eža Muh. Msq. Gog. Sod. bora Wol. barä Zwy. būrä Gyt. bawra End. bawrä Enm. bawǝra 'ox (for farming)' [LGur. 150], Muh. bäre 'calves' [ibid. 149]; Mhr. hǝ-bɛ̄r 'camels' [JM 41], Hrs. ḥe-byār 'female camels' [JH 14]. // Such terms are not included into the main section for the reason that in Arb. Yem. and Tgr. (languages where -ʕ- is normally preserved) semantically well comparable forms without -ʕ- are attested: bārah 'cow' [Piamenta 44] and Tgr. bara 'ox' [LH 274]. Accordingly, at least some of the above forms may be united with Arb. Yem. and Tgr. to build a separate (though clearly related) root *bV̄r- 'cattle'. // Сf. Arb. baʕr- 'agneau ou chevreau qu'on jette dans la fosse au loup pour l'y attirer' [BK 1 142], [Fr. I 136], coming close to Mnd. bara 'lamb' [DM 50] (the latter is thought to be a Persian loan [ibid.]). // Ugr. bʔur 'junger Stier' [Aist. 46] (still quoted in some comparative lexicographic works) is not supported by modern studies: the sequence bʔurm is now analysed b-ʔur-m (ʔur 'tipo de sacrificio' [DLU 47]). // Cf. terms for 'dung' in Syr. (bǝʕōrā 'stercus' [Brock. 84]) and Arb. (baʕr- 'fiente, surtout orbiculaire de toute bête à sabot' [BK 1 142]), traditionally thought to be the source from which the present faunal term is derived. This view (found as early as in [Hommel 143] and now vigorously defended in [Sima 37-8]) is hardly convincing even as a folk etymology: it is virtually impossible to imagine that such important and widespread terms as Akk. bīru or Gez. bǝʕǝrāy are derived from a nominal root with such a limited attestation as Arb. and Syr. If there is indeed some relationship between the two groups of terms, it must be exactly the reverse one: the nouns meaning 'dung of household animals' are derived from those meaning 'a household animal'. // [DRS 75]: Akk. (bē/īr-), Hbr., Syr., Mnd., Arb., ESA, Gez., Tgr. (-ʕ-), Tna., Amh. (Akk. būru together with Ugr. bʔur are quoted [ibid. 41]); [Fron. 29]: *baʕīr- 'bestiame' (Gez., ESA, Arb., Arm., Hbr., Akk. /bīru/); [KB 142]: Hbr., Arm., Gez., Tgr. (-ʕ-), ESA, Akk. (-ē/ī-), Arb.; [Brock. 85]: Syr., Arm., Hbr., Arb., ESA, Gez.; [LGz. 84]: Gez., Eth. (incl. Tgr. -a-), Arm., Hbr., Arb., Akk. (-ū-), Soq.; [Hommel 143]: Arb., Gez., Sab., Hbr., Syr., Mnd.
Eblaitic:ba-ga-lum = ÁB.UDU [MEE 4 1101], /baḳarum/ [Kreb. 39] (according to Krebernik, the logoram is to be rendered as ÁB.LU).
Phoenician:bḳr 'cattle' [T 54], [Krah. 124]. // In the combination bʕl bḳr 'owner of large cattle' (KAI 24:11-2) opposed to bʕl ʕdr 'owner of small cattle' (cf. [Gibson 35]; note bʕl ʔlpm in a similar passage KAI 26 A III:8-9).
Arabic:baḳar- 'boeufs et vaches, race bovine', baḳarat- 'pièce de bétail de la race bovine; vache' [ibid.], baḳīr- 'troupeau des boeufs' [ibid.], bāḳūr(-at)- 'troupeau des boeufs' [BK 1 149], [Fr. I 141-2], [Lane 234], [LA IV 73ff.] (more details see in [Hommel 222ff.]).
Epigraphic South Arabian: Sab. bḳr 'bovines, large cattle; head of cattle' [SD 30]. // Min. bḳr 'bovin, gros bétail, tête de gros bétail' [LM 23]. // Hdr. bḳr 'Oryx' [Sima 50]. // All ESA passages are quoted and discussed in [Sima 44-52]. Of special interest are the occurrences listed by Sima under bḳr (II) which proceed from the inscriptions dealing with hunt: here b. obviously denotes something different from the domestic cattle. These are ʕAbadān 1/37 (wṭrdw ʕly ʔfrs1hmw bḳr Rynm 'ils ont chassé sur leurs chevaux les vaches de Rayyānum', translation from [Robin-Gajda 116]) and Ja 949/2 (mt t_brw bn ṣydn whrgw h̊ms1 ws2lt_y bḳrm 'als sie die Jagd abgebrochen haben; und sie haben getötet 35 Oryx', translation from [Sima 50]). According to Sima, b. in such cases denotes the animal called baḳar waḥšī by the Arabs, i.e. Oryx leucoryx.
Notes:Akk. buḳāru 'cattle' [CAD b 323], [AHw. 139] is found in one passage from Mari (ṣābu u buḳāru šalmū 'people and cattle are safe' ARM 2 131:39) and is rightly thought to be a WS loan in both dictionaries (cf. now [Streck 87]). As rightly pointed out in [Duran 1998 78], spelling with -GA- is unusual and probably implies the reading bugārum (but see [Streck 87] against this view). // WS backgound is to be supposed also for baḳru 'Kuh' in ARM 24 42:1' (1 AMAR GA ša ba-aḳ-ri-im 'Ein Milchkalb von einer Kuh (?)' according to [Streck 85]) and bu-ḳà-ri 'cattle' in the Akk. texts from Emar ([Zadok Emar 116]). // Comparison with Eža Enm. bäxar, Gyt.. baxar 'fat cow or ox' [LGur. 137] is tempting but phonologically difficult (see discussion [ibid.]). // [Fron. 30]: *baḳar- 'mandria (di bovini)' (ESA, Arb., Syr., Hbr.); [DRS 80]: *baḳar- 'gros bétail' (Akk., Pho., Hbr., Arm., Arb., ESA); [KB 151]: Hbr., Pho., Arm., Arb., ESA, Akk.; [Brock. 88]: Syr., Arm., Arb., Hbr., ESA; [Firmage 1152]: Hbr., Arm., Arb.; [Kreb. 39]: Ebl., Hbr., Arb.; [Hommel 222]: *baḳaru 'rindvieh' (Arb., Hbr., Arm.); [Sima 47]: ESA, Arb., Pho., Hbr., Arm. (CЮЯ and Akk. Mari also mentioned and discussed).
Akkadian:gadû 'male kid' [CAD g 9] (NB), [AHw. 273] (LB). // Widely used in economic texts instead of earlier urīṣu and mašgallu. Thought to be borrowed from WS by both sources.
Ugaritic:gdy (gd) 'cabrito' [DLU 144-5]. // A rare term found in a small number of cultic and administrative texts. Supposedly attested also in two literary passages (rḥ gdm wʔanhbm 'the smell of gd-m and ʔanhb-m' 1.3 II 2 and gd b ḥlb ʔannh̊ b h̊mʔat 'gd in milk, ʔannh̊ in cream' 1.23:14), but rendered as 'coriandro' in [DLU 39]. Cf. further [Renfroe 80, 104], [Sasson 402-3], [Del Olmo Sheep 186-7].
Phoenician:gdʔ 'goat' [T 63], [Krah. 136]. // Hapax in KAI 69.9 (bʔmr ʔm bgdʔ 'for a lamb or a kid'). Vocalized as gade in Phoenulus 1017.
Hebrew:gǝdī 'kid (of goat or sheep)' [KB 178], gǝdiyyā 'kid' [ibid.]; pB. 'kid; young animal' [Ja. 211], gǝdiyyā 'she-kid' [ibid. 212]. // Usually in the combination gǝdī ʕizzīm 'kid of the goats'. The fem. form only in Cant 1.8 (cf. [Pope Song 333]).
Aramaic:Anc. gdh 'goat' [HJ 213]. // In KAI 223A:2 (fragmentary) ...nḳn gdh wʔl yš...; a reconstruction wšbʕ ʕzn yhynḳn gdh wʔl yšbʕ 'seven goats will suckle a kid and he will not be sated' can be safely deduced from similar passages in Sefire and Tell Fakhariyye (cf. [Fitzmyer 122-3]). // Off. gdy 'kid' [HJ 1239]. // In Aḥiq 209 (myt gdyky 'your kid is dead'), cf. [PY XXIX].
Judaic Aramaic:gǝdī (det. gadyā) 'kid, in gen. young animal; the Capricorn' [Ja. 211], [Levy WTM I 301]; gǝdī (det. gdyyh) 'kid' [Sok. 121].
Akkadian:parru 'Lamm, Jungschaf' SB on [AHw. 834], parratu 'weibliches Lamm' SB, MA on [ibid.]. Late Babylonian attestations predominate (cf. [Landsberger Shafe 155]) so that a WS (Aramaic) origin of the Akk. term would not be unlikely. Such an assumption becomes much more difficult in view of a secure attestation in the OB letter AbB 9 161:18 (5 UDU pa-ar-ri šāmamma šūbilam 'buy and send here 5 p.'). On the other hand, cf. GU4pa-a-ru-um 'ein Rind?' (SLB 1 184:10), also Old Babylonian [AHw. 836].
Aramaic:Htr. prtʔ 'ewe of sheep' [HJ 936] (uncertain). This is the interpretation proposed by several athors for Hatra 245:3 (cf. [Aggoula 122, 189]). In [HJ] itself, the translation 'portion' is prefered
Mandaic Aramaic:para (f. parta) 'lamb (male or female acc. to gender)' [DM 362]
Arabic:furār-,farūr- 'petit de brebis ou de chèvre ou de buffle' [BK 2 559], farīr- 'petit de buffle, de brebis, de chèvre' [ibid.], furfur- 'petit de brebis, agneau ou petit de chèvre, chevreau ou petit d'antilope', coll. 'agneaux ou chevreaux' [ibid. 582] (см. все формы в [Fr. III 326, 339], [Lane 2356-7], [LA V 52]). Cм. [Hommel 239]
Akkadian:unīḳu 'weibliches Ziegenlamm' OAkk. on [AHw. 1420]. // In OAkk. attested as a logogram only. The earliest syllabic attestation may be the OB incantation Or. 41 344:10 (ana ... ú-niḳí-ya la wa-li-da-tim, according to von Soden, la wa-li-it-tim!).
Arabic:ʕanāḳ- 'petite chèvre qui n'a pas encore un an révolu' [BK 2 388], [Lane 2176], [LA X 274ff.] (ʔal-ʔunt_ā̀ mina l-maʕazi), [Hommel 249] ('(weibliches) zickchen').
Notes:The present comparison, proposed already by F.Hommel, seems to be a sound alternative to von Soden's derivation from еnēḳu 'to suck' (cf. [Landsberger Schafe 159]: "Warum sollte auch gerade das weibliche Tier als "Milkzicklein" bezeichnet werden?"). // [Hommel 435]: Akk., Arb.
Ugaritic:ʕr 'jumento, asno' [DLU 87]. // The principal term for donkey in literary texts: mdl ʕr ṣmd pḥl 'they harnessed the donkey, saddled the ass' (1.4 IV 9), yštn ʔat_rt lbmt ʕr 'they put ʔat_rt on the back of an ass' (1.4 IV 14), wšḳrb ʕr mšr 'sacrifice the "ass of justice"' (1.40 26), hn ʕr 'here is the ass!' (1.40 34).
Hebrew:ʕayir 'male donkey' [KB 822], pB. ʕayir 'foal, young full-grown ass' [Ja. 1720], ʕīr 'foal of a donkey' [ibid.]. // Well attested in the morphologically interesting plural form ʕăyārīm. The variant ʕīr is a Hapax in Gn 49.11 (ʔōsǝrī laggäpän ʕīrō 'one who ties his ass to a vine'). The meaning 'young ass, foal', typical of the postBiblical language, is most probably attested already in Gn 32.16 (ʔătōnōt waʕyārīm 'donkey mares and foals', following a number of similar word-pairs). In the difficult passage Jb 11.12 ʕ. is probably applied to a wild ass.
Judaic Aramaic:*ʕayir (only in the pl. ʕayrīn) 'foal' [Ja. 1075], [Levy WTM III 643]. // Sam. ʕyr 'young ass' [Tal 634].
Arabic:ʕayr- 'âne domestique, commun; onagre, âne sauvage', ʕayrat- 'ânesse et femelle de l'onagre', ʕuyayr, ʕiyayr- 'ânon, poulain d'âne ou d'onagre' [BK 2 419], [LA IV 620ff.], [Lane 2208] (see [Hommel 127- 132]).
Tigre:ʕayro 'young camel three years old', fig. 'young man' [LH 480].
Notes:The earliest evidence for this root is h̊āru (h̊aʔaru, ayaru) 'donkey foal' [CAD h̊ 118], [AHw. 328] in OB Mari, clearly borrowed from WS. The term is always found in the combination h̊āram ḳatālum 'to kill an ass' in passages dealing with peace treaties, agreements etc. (e.g. h̊a-a-ra-am ša salīmim ḳutul Syria 19 108:18). The growing number of such stereotype contexts (cf. references in [Streck 94]) would point to an idiomatic expression for 'concluding a treaty' but the famous passage from ARM 2 37 shows that a sacrifice was actually implied ([h̊a]-a-ra-am DUMU a-ta-ni-im [a]-na-ku ú-ša-aḳ-ti-il 'I made [them] kill a (young?) ass, offspring of a donkey mare' - having refused the offerings of a goat and a puppy!). // Cf. Arb. ʕīr- 'caravane des chameaux ou d'autres bêtes de somme chargées de vivres' [BK 2 419], [LA IV 624]; Sab. ʕr 'caravan' [SD 24]. // Comparison with Akk. urû 'Hengst' MB [AHw. 1435], though superficially attractive, is hardly tenable since the above quoted meaning for u. is very doubtful (cf. [Deller 312-13]: 'Gespann'). As for urītu 'Stute' [AHw. 1431], its very existence as the reading of the logogram MÍ.ANS̆E.KUR.RA is at best questionable according to von Soden. // [Fron. 31]: *ʕayr- 'asino (maschio)' (Mhr., Arb., Hbr., Jud., Ugr.); [KB 822]: Hbr., Ugr., Akk. (Mari), Arb.; [DLU 87]: Ugr., Hbr., Arb., Akk. (Mari); [Firmage 1152]: Hbr., Ugr., Arb. (what is meant by ʕr in the section "ESA/Ethiopic" remains unclear).
Arabic:ʔumm- 'mère', pl. ʔummāt-, ʔummahāt- ("нек-рые считают, что первая форма применяется к животным, вторая - к людям") [BK 1 50]; (dual) ʔummān- 'les père et mère' [BK 1 50]
