Akkadian:(?) h_uṣannu 'sash' NB [CAD h_ 259], SB on [AHw 361].
Little doubt this is a semantic shift from the unattested anatomical term (for the semantic shift, cf. *ḥi/aḳʷ- or *ḥayḳʷ-, No. ); another meaning shift from 'bosom, lap' is very likely represented by h_aṣānu 'to shelter, receive in a friendly way' SB on [CAD h_ 129], 'in den Arm nehmen' [AHw 331] (note h_ corresponding to SEM *ḥ)
Hebrew:ḥōṣän 'bosom', also 'fold of garment' [KB 344].
Attested with pronominal suffixes as ḥoṣn- (<*ḥuṣn-) and ḥiṣn- (< *ḥiṣn-)
Judaic Aramaic:ḥēnā 'lap, bosom' [Ja 481]
Arabic:ḥiḍn- 'sein, toute la partie du corps comprise entre les bras, les aisselles, les côtes' [BK 1 449].
East Ethiopic:SEL WOL ZWY č̣ǝn 'back of body, thigh, hip' [LGur 183]
Gurage:MUH č̣ǝnä do. [LGur 183]
Notes:Note that SYR ḥannā 'sinus; penis; cunnus, vagina' [Brock 242], ḥannūtā 'uterus' [ibid.] and MND hana 'privy parts; lap, loins, embrace' [DM 124] are placed under <*ḥann- (No. ), unlike JUD ḥēnā 'lap, bosom' [Ja 481] interpreted as <*ḥayn- <*ḥaʔn- <*ḥaʕn- <*ḥaṣ̂n-.
Cf. SOQ ḍánaḥ (ḍanḥ) 'giron' [LS 363], very likely related with metathesis; cf. also zánḥ do. [ibid. 154] (on an occasional shift ḍ > z, see [ibid. 31]. Cf. also źānaʕ 'porter (un enfant) dans les bras' [SSL 1480, apud Johnstone mss.].
Of interest is Leslau's remark [LGur 183] that S. ETH č̣ǝn(ä) comes the closest to SOQ ḍanaḥ 'hip' with metathesis, which implies S. ETH *č̣ǝnaH; he further compares the latter to EAST and GUR č̣äññä (et al.) 'to bear young, give birth to a child' [ibid. 185].
Though this term is attested in LL only and its exact meaning is not quite clear, its equation with such terms as ipu 'membrane, afterbirth' [CAD i 173] and ibah_u 'womb, uterine membrane' [CAD i 1] makes the comparison with the ARB word highly plausible (on AKK h_ < *ḥ see Introduction)
Arabic:ḥiwalāʔ-, ḥūlāʔ-, ḥīlāʔ- 'seconde membrane qui sort de l'utérus à la parturition et qui est remplie d'eau (chez les chamelles)' [BK 1 519] (the origin of -āʔ- remains obscure)
Notes:Only AKK and ARB; problematic both phonetically and semantically
Number:2102
Proto-Semitic:*h_ilb-
Meaning:fatty tissue
Ugaritic:(?) h_lb 'die Haut oder die Gedärme bedeckende Fette' [Aist 112].
Otherwise translated as 'macizo, promontorio' in [DLU 191]
Phoenician:ḥlb 'fat' [T 104].
Distinguished from ḥlb 'milk' by an unknown vocalic pattern, cf. ʔl ḥlb wʔl ḥlb 'for milk and for fat' (or vice versa) [ibid.]
Hebrew:ḥēläb 'fat (covering the entrails, kidneys and liver, breast, etc.)' [KB 315].
Compared [ibid.] to ARB ḥilb- 'midgriff' which is likely a misprint for h_ilb-
Judaic Aramaic:ḥlb 'fat' [Sok 201]
Syrian Aramaic:ḥelbā 'omentum' [Brock 233]
Arabic:h_ilb- 'chair qui est entre les côtes; foie, lobe de foie, membrane de foie' [BK 1 609].
Cf. h_ulb- 'moelle, coeur du palmier' [ibid.]. Note a variant root h_ilm- 'graisse qui enveloppe les intestins (chez les moutons)' [BK 1 626]
Notes:Cf. HBR PB ḥälbōn 'glaire, white of an egg' [Ja 464], JUD ḥälbōnā 'glaire, white of an egg' [ibid.], MND hilbuna 'glair, the white of the egg' [DM 144] likely representing a meaning shift from 'fat' (less probably related to SEM *ḥalVb- 'milk').
Another instance of a plausible semantic development from 'fat' (or alternatively from 'milk') see in SEM 'galbanum': HBR ḥälbǝnā [KB 316]; ARM: JUD ḥilbǝnētā, ḥälbǝnētā, ḥälbontā [Ja 464], SYR ḥelbānītā; ARB h_albāniyy- [Belot Fr-Ar 559] (neither in [BK] nor in [Belot], [Lane] and [Fraytag]); on GREEK chalbánē, LAT galbanum 'Galbanharz' as an ARM borrowing see [Frisk 1067], [Walde-Hoffman 578].
Akkadian:h_anṣātu 'part of human body, possibly waist', SynList [CAD h_ 81], [AHw 321] (pl. tant.)
Arabic:ʔah_maṣ- 'milieu du corps' [BK 1 633]; also 'mince du milieu du corps'.
Cf. h_mṣ 'être vide (se dit du ventre); désenfler (se dit d'une plaie dont l'enflure se dissipe)' [ibid.] (cf. the latter meaning also in ḥmṣ [ibid. 492])
Notes:Scarcely attested (in AKK and ARB); phonetically and semantically highly problematic. Vocalism based on AKK only, as the ARB example represents a derived pattern.
Cf. SOQ mónḥeṣ 'reins, hanche' [LS 264], likely related with metathesis.
Possibly AFRASIAN, cf. EGYP (Pyr) h_nǯ 'Teil des Vorderschenkels' [EG III 314] (<*h_nc̣ or *h_lc̣).
Relation to *h_im/nṣ- {} *h_im/nc̣- 'fatty tissue, fat' (No. ) is not to be ruled out, though the meaning shift would be difficult to explain.
Note SYR ḥaṣṣā 'lumbus' [Brock 250] and MND haṣa 'hip, back, middle' [DM 122], which may be from either *h_an/mṣ-, i.e. belong to this root, or *ḥalṣ- /cf. *ḥVl(a)ṣ- {} *ḥVl(a)c̣- '(part of the) hip, loin', No. /, or *h_arṣ- (cf. *ḥVrṣ- {} ḥVrc̣- 'hip, loin', No. ), or make a separate ARM root *ḥaṣṣ-.
[LS 264]: SOQ, AKK (h_inṣu, left untranslated, for its meaning see *h_im/nṣ- {} *h_im/nc̣-, No. ), HBR (ḥäläṣ), JUD (ḥarṣā), SYR (ḥaṣṣā), ARB (h_aṣr-) ḥVrṣ-
Number:2104
Proto-Semitic:*h_im/nṣ- {} *h_im/nc̣-
Meaning:fatty tissue, fat
Akkadian:h_imṣu, h_inṣu 'fatty tissue around the intestines' OB on [CAD h_ 192], [AHw 346]
Judaic Aramaic:himṣā, ḥimṣā 'the fat around the large stomach of ruminants' [Ja 347]
Mandaic Aramaic:himṣa 'belly, entrails' [DM 146]
Notes:Highly problematic. Only AKK if, as Kaufman asserts ([Kauf 56]), the ARM forms are Akkadisms (which is difficult either to prove or disprove). There are also SYR ḥannūṣā, ḥǝnayṣā 'porculus' [Brock 244] and UGR h_innīṣu 'piglet' [Huehner 129], which may be related with a metaphoric meaning shift. The latter, however, is the same as ARB h_innauṣ- 'petit de cochon, cochon de lait' [BK 1 640] (cf. also enigmatic h_rnwṣ 'porculus' quoted by Brockelmann apud Fraenkel [Brock 244]) to be regarded as cognate or borrowing of the SYR term if not for the fact that the other, and apparently primary, meaning of this ARB noun is 'petit (se dit de toute chose)', implying that the SYR term should be recognized as Arabism and, anyway, unrelated to the present root.
Relationship with *h_am/nṣ- {} *h_am/nc̣- 'waist' (No. ) is not to be excluded, though the meaning shift is difficult to explain.
Cf. what may be related with metathesis in MSA: MHR ṣanh_ 'cooking fat; fat put on fire to melt' [JM 365], HRS ṣōnǝh_ do. [ibid.], JIB ṣonh_ 'fat in an animal; fat put on to melt' [JJ 241].
Cf. ARB nḥṣ 'avoir le corps très-chargé de graisse' [BK 2 1215] and ṣumāḥ- 'graisse fondue que l'on applique aux gerc̣ures des pieds' (also 'sueur fétide des aiselles') [ibid. 1 1369] (variant roots with h_/ḥ and metathesis?).
[Holma 62]: AKK (translated as 'Hüfte, Lende'); also HBR, ARM (forms with -l-, -r- and -ṣṣ-)
Number:2105
Proto-Semitic:*h_i(n)ṣVr- {} *h_i(n)c̣Vr-
Meaning:(little) finger
Hebrew:PB *ḥāṣēr in ḥăṣar ha-kkābēd 'lobe of the liver' [Ja 496].
Placed by Jastrow under ḥāṣēr 'court, yard', i.e. strangely interpreted as "yard of the liver"
Judaic Aramaic:ḥaṣrā (ḥiṣrā) in ḥaṣrā (ḥiṣrā) dǝ-ʕal kabdā 'lobe of the liver' [ibid.].
Lit. 'ḥ. which is on the liver'; ḥṣr kbdh 'lobe of the liver' [Sok 213]
Jibbali:(EAST) h_ǝṣrér do. (quoted with '?') [JM Eng-Meh 527]
Notes:One wonders whether there is any connection with SEM *h_ṣr {} *h_c̣r 'to be short'.
Note the meaning 'lobe of the liver' in HBR PB and ARM (JUD and SYR); for the semantic shift cf. AKK ubānum 'finger' used with the meaning 'processus piramidalis der Leber' (used in particular with ṣeh_erti 'small') and 'etwa Lungenspitze' [AHw 1398-9] (cf. also kappu 'arm, hand; lobe of the lung' [CA D k 185]) and HBR PB ʔäṣbaʕ ha-kkābēd 'the lobe of the liver' [Ja 110], lit. 'finger of the liver'.
To the MSA examples cf. what may be related as a metathetic variant root: MHR miṣ̌h_ǝrrǝ́wh [SSL 2 242] /note also mṣ̌h_ī́rir (d-ŝrɛyn) 'Achilles' tendon'/ and biṣ̌h_ǝrrǝ́wh 'little finger' with enigmatic b-, HRS mṣ̌лh_ǝrrɔ́ʔ, mṣ̌h_ǝrrɔʔ [SSL 2 242] do., JIB mǝnṣǝh_ɔ́rrɔ́t 'little finger' [JJ 243] (mǝn is unclear; for -ncf. ARB forms with -n-, below). At the same time, comparison of these MSA examples with AKK ṣih_ru 'small, young' OAkk on [CAD ṣ 179] (usually compared to SEM *ṣɣr 'to be small') is not to be ignored.
Arabic:h_urṭum-, h_urṭūm- 'nez, bout du nez, tronc de l'élephant, etc.' [BK 1 561]
Notes:Likely derived from *h_uṭm- (No. ) through insertion of -r-; one wonders whether it may be a result of metathesis of -r suffixed or of contamination with some unidentified root.
C. SEM only unless AKK h_uṭṭimmu 'snout, muzzle' SB on [CAD h_ 265] is an assimilated form from *h_urṭimmu (otherwise see in *h_uṭm-, No. ).
Cf. JUD ḥarṭūmā 'the knotted straps of the shoe' [Ja 501], related with a meaning shift?
Cf. msḥpʔ 'scaly' [ibid. 805], a participle from a metathetic root
Arabic:h_ašifa 'être rongé par la gâle' [BK 1 576]
Geʕez (Ethiopian):h_ǝŝaf 'itch, a boil' [LGz 266]; h_aŝafa (and ḥasafa) 'to be scabby, scurfy, be covered with rash, itch, peel, scratch' [ibid.]
Jibbali:h_šfɛ́t, pl. h_šfɛ́ʔ 'pimple' [JJ 307]
Notes:In ARB, only a verbal root is attested.
Note that HBR mǝḥuspās 'crackling' (of manna, HapLeg; so in [KB 338]) is translated as 'scaled off, scale-like' in [BDB 341] and compared to this root.
[LGz 266]: GEZ, ARB
Number:2110
Proto-Semitic:*ḫuṭm-
Afroasiatic etymology:Afroasiatic etymology
Meaning:noze, snout, muzzle, beak
Akkadian:h_uṭṭimmu 'snout, muzzle' SB on [CAD h_ 265], [AHw 362] (or < *h_urṭimmu, cf. *h_arṭūm-, No. ). Soden also quotes h_ulṭimmu as a variant of h_uṭṭimmu [ibid.], while [CAD h_ 228] reads h_uldimmu instead of h_ulṭimmu treating it as a separate word translated as 'piece of meat' or 'an internal organ'. Cf. also h_uṭṭimmānu 'person with prominent "snout"' (in PN) MB [CAD h_ 265], [AHw 362]
Ugaritic:h_ṭm 'nariz' [DLU 203]
Hebrew:PB ḥōṭām 'the distinctive feature of the face, nose, nostril' [Ja 431]
Judaic Aramaic:ḥuṭmā do. [ibid.]
Arabic:h_aṭm- 'bec, museau' [BK 1 596].
Cf. h_t_m 'avoir le nez aplati' [ibid. 541]
Notes:Cf. QAT h_ṭm 'top, summit' [Ricks 72] (for the semantic shift cf. MHR dǝḳlayl 'beak (bird); peak (mountain)' [JM 69]; SEM daḳm- 'nose, muzzle', No. , ~ ARB DAT_ daḳm- 'crête de montagne' [GD 826]). Note also JIB h_ɔṭm 'lower part of the mountain area' [JJ 309], with a less evident semantic connection; other MSA forms like MHR h_īṭām 'halter' etc. [JM 453] are most likely Arabisms.
[Kauf 57]; [Maizel 218]; [DLU 203]: UGR, HBR PB, ARB; [Holma 144]: AKK, HBR PB, ARB (also HBR PB and ARB forms with -r-)
Number:2111
Proto-Semitic:*kab(i)d-
Afroasiatic etymology:Afroasiatic etymology
Meaning:liver; stomach, entrails
Akkadian:kabattu (poet. kabtatu), later kabittu 'inside (of the body), liver (?); emotions, thought, mind, spirit' OB on [CAD k 11]; [AHw 416].
In [CAD k 13-14] serious doubts about the meaning 'liver' for kabattu are expressed
East Ethiopic:SEL käbd, WOL häbd 'liver' [LGur 333]
Gurage:MUH MSQ häbǝd, EŽA h_äbǝd, CHA h_äpt do. [ibid.]
Mehri:šǝbdīt [JM 392]
Jibbali:s̃ubdét [JJ 266]
Harsusi:šebdēt [JH 123]
Soqotri:šíbdeh [LS 410]; [SSL LS 1474]
Notes:With various vocalic patterns: *kabid- in AKK, HBR, UGR and ARB, *kabd- in AKK, ARM, ARB and ETH, *kibd- in ARB and, probably, MSA. The meaning 'stomach, entrail' is reconstructed as PSEM, alongside with 'liver', on the evidence of AKK, UGR, MND, ARB and ETH.
Derivation from *kbd 'to be heavy' is typologically tenable (cf. [Dolg 1994 268], [LGz 273].
Note what looks like variant roots likely accounted for by evolution of compatibility rules in the root with three stops: AKK g/kabīdu 'liver' SB, AMARNA [CAD g 6], [AHw 272] and ETH AMH gubbät [K 1981], EAST: ZWY gubbūt, GUR: MUH GOG gǝbbʷät, SOD gǝbbot 'liver' [LGur 258].
Amharic:kubät, kʷǝbät, kǝbot 'dry cow's dung used as fuel' [K 1421]
Gafat:kubät 'excréments secs' [LGaf 208]
East Ethiopic:WOL kǝbot, SEL kǝbōt, ZWY hubut 'dry dung' [LGur 335]
Gurage:GOG kubäta, SOD kǝbota, MSQ xubäta, MUH xubäta, xuwäta, CHA EŽA GYE xǝwäta, ENN xǝwäda, END hǝwäd do. [ibid.]
Mehri:kōbǝn 'dry cow-pat, piece of dry cow-dung' [JM 202].
Note JIB kɔ̄ (below) implying that -ǝn in MHR is suffixal
Jibbali:kɔ̄ 'cow-dung' [JJ 138], ekbé '(cow) to excrete' [ibid.]. Johnstone makes a mistake placing this root under kwV; -b- <*-w- is possible in JIB, but in this case MHR and other SEM data suggest *-b
Notes:This highly specified meaning is implied by a full semantic coincidence in ETH and MSA, while 'excrement' is clearly a secondary development.
Note a meaning shift in ARB kiban, kibat- 'ordures ôtées de la maison et jetées en un tas' [BK 2 857].
Notes:*-u- may be a secondary development due to the influence of *m-. As a nominal anatomic term based on AKK and MOD ETH only.
Very likely related with a meaning shift is ARB kumm-, pl. ʔakmām-, 'manche (d'une robe, d'une chemise)' [BK 2 927]. There is also GEZ kǝmam, pl. ʔakmām, ʔakmāmāt, 'fine vestment worn by officiating priest, embroidered cuffs, maniple' [LGz 28 ], which is, according to Leslau, from ARB kumm- 'sleeve'; this is quite plausible especially in view of a coincidence of plural forms.
Note also what may be a derived verb with a possible meaning shift in JIB ktum (-t- infixed ?) 'to sit crosslegged' [JJ 137]
The meaning 'arm' is likely accounted for by contamination with *kapp- 'hand' (No. )
Arabic:kanaf- 'aile (d'un oiseau)' [BK 2 936]
Geʕez (Ethiopian):kǝnf 'wing; fin (of fish); branch of tree; border (of garment, land)' [LGz 287]
Tigre:kǝnf [LH 418]
Tigrai (Tigriñña):kǝnfi [Bass 608]
Amharic:kǝnf [K 14445]
East Ethiopic:WOL ZWY kǝf [LGur 345]
Gurage:MUH MSQ GOG kanfa, SOD kǝnf [LGur 345]
Notes:Note ETH ǝ instead of the expected a attested, however, in part of the GUR forms.
There is also *kan(a)p- 'side', likely related to, or derived from, the present root, though homonymy is not to be excluded: ARM SML OFF knp 'skirt of a garment' [HJ 519], SYR kenpā 'margo' [Brock 334], MND kanpa 'side' [DM 199, 77]; ARB kanaf- 'сôté' [BK 2 936]; ESA: SAB knf 'border, side' [SD 78], QAT knf 'edge, border, side' [Ricks 86]; GEZ kǝnf 'border (of garment, land)', kanfif 'border, limit' [LGz 287]; SOQ kaf 'côté' [LS 222] (less likely from *kapp- 'palm, flap of hand or foot', No. ).
Akkadian:kišādu 'neck, throat; necklace' OA on [CAD k 446], [AHw 490]
Mandaic Aramaic:kšada 'throat' [DM 224].
Acc. to [Kauf 64], rather 'a neck ornament'; borrowed from AKK
Geʕez (Ethiopian):kǝsād, kǝŝād, pl. kǝsādāt, ka/ǝsāwǝd 'neck' [LGz 296].
ŝ must be purely graphic as the comparative data point to s (<*š {} *s)
Tigrai (Tigriñña):kǝsad 'collo' [Bass 598]
Amharic:kǝsad 'collar' [K 1411]
Mehri:kǝnsīd, pl. kǝnsōd 'top of shoulder' [JM 212]
Jibbali:kǝnséd, pl. kénábsǝd (<*kǝnawsǝd) 'shoulder' [JJ 133]
Harsusi:kǝnsīd, pl. kǝnsōd 'shoulder' [JH 69]
Notes:-n- is attested in MSA only.
Cf. what may be a related metathetic root based on EBL gi-da-šum 'back of the neck' /kidāšum/ [Kr 37; Bl E 55] and ARB kds 'marcher en agitant les épaules et en portant le haut de la poitrine en avant (se dit d'un hommes ou d'un cheval)' [BK 2 874].
Cf. TGR sǝgad 'neck' [LH 199] (metathetic, *k > g assimilated to d?). Note that in MSA *kǝnsīd (<*kinsīd), which cannot be an ARB loan, *s corresponding to AKK š < SEM *š {} *s speaks against the common assumption that SEM *š {} *s always yields MSA *š, while MSA *s corresponds to SEM *s {} *c.
Modern Aramaic:MAL kaffa 'Handfläche' [Berg 49: "Aram. arab."]
Mandaic Aramaic:kapa 'hand, palm of hand, handful' [DM 200]
Arabic:kaff- 'paume de la main' [BK 2 910]
Geʕez (Ethiopian):(?) kāf 'heel, palm of hand, sole of foot' [LGz 276].
According to Leslau, probably the transcription of HBR kap 'palm of hand'. Cf. kāf 'shoe, sandal' [ibid.], which Leslau considers either an extension of kāf 'sole of foot' or a form confused with kuf 'hoof' (< ARB h_uff-, according to [ibid. 276]). Neither of these hypotheses is provided with any argumentation
Meaning:joint of limb bones; flexion, bend of limbs
Akkadian:kirimmu 'hold, position of the arms of a mother to cradle a small child' MB, SB [CAD k 406] (with a semantic discussion), 'Armbeuge' [AHw 484]
Arabic:karmat- 'tête de l'os du fémur qui tourne dans l'os de la hanche' [BK 2 899]
Amharic:kurma 'elbow' [K 1384], kʷǝrǝmma 'elbow which is very pointed when flexed' [ibid. 1385], tä-kʷärämmätä 'to be flexed, folded up, contracted (limbs, fingers)' [ibid.]
Harari:kurumbāy 'elbow' [LHar 94].
Note -mb < *m. Cf. discussion [ibid.] where the underlying form kurun+bāy is postulated with reservations to compare it to AMH kǝrǝn 'elbow', GOG kǝrrä (cf. *kʷirnāʕ-, No. ); at the same time, a possibility of the HAR term "coming close" to SEL kirmāyo is also admitted
East Ethiopic:SEL kirmāyo do. [LGur 350]
Notes:Note MSA: MHR ʔākǝrmōt 'pelvis' [JM 18], HRS ʔākermōt do. [JH 7], JIB ʕakǝrũt do. [JJ 10] (-ũ- <*-um-); probably related, though prefixed ʕ- has to be explained
