Ugaritic:ʕḳrb 'Skorpion' [Tropper UG 284]. // In the recently published incantation RS 92.2014:5-7 (ʕlk l tʕl bt_n w tḥtk l tḳnn ʕḳrb 'may the serpent not rise over you, may the scorpion not make a nest beneath you').
Hebrew:ʕaḳrāb 'scorpion' [KB 875], pB. [Ja. 1109]. // As the animal name only in Dt 8.15. In Ez 2.6 an idiomatic expression yāšab ʔäl-ʕaḳrabbīm 'to sit on scorpions' is found while in 1R 12.11,4 // 2C 10.11,14 ʕ. is used to denote a kind of scourge.
Aramaic: Anc. ʕḳrb 'scorpion' [HJ 883]. // Only in KAI 222A 31 (pm ʕḳrb 'mouth of a scorpion'). // Off. ʕḳrbʔ 'scorpion' [HJ 883]. // In Ahiq 180, in a poorly preserved context (cf. [PY 3 48], [Kott. 229]).
Jibbali:ʕaḳréb 'Skorpion' [Bittner IV 16] (not in [JJ]).
Notes: Akk. aḳrabu 'scorpion' SB [CAD a2 207], [AHw. 62] is rightly thought to be a WS loan in both sources (equated to the standard Akk. term for 'scorpion' zuḳaḳīpu in Malku V 54). See further [von Soden 1957-8 393]. // Amh. aḳrab 'Scorpio' [K 1185] is borrowed from Gez. (in its turn, most probably an Arabism, at least as the constellation name). // In a number of languages ʕ. forms part of word combinations denoting various kinds of crustaceans (Arb. ʕaḳrab-al-māʔ- 'écrevisse' [BK 2 317], Tgr. ʕarḳäb bäḥar 'crab' [LH 459], Tna. ʕǝnḳǝrbit baḥri 'granchio' [Bass. 692]). // The Proto-MSA term for 'scorpion' (*ḳibīn-: Mhr. ḳǝbáyn [JM 220], Hrs. ḳebáyn [JH 72], Jib. iṣ̃īn [JJ 313]) exhibits a certain similarity to the present root but a direct relationship is difficult to assume (note, on the other hand, Gez. ḳobni 'bedbug' [LGz. 419]). Any connection with Soq. ḳaʕnínhin 'scorpion' [LS 380] seems unlikely. // Cf. Arb. ḳaranbā 'sorte d'insecte aux pieds longs et semblable au scarabée' [BK 2 705], [TA 4 30] as well as ʕanḳafīr- 'scorpion; chameau très-vieux et courbé vers la terre par l'âge' [BK 2 319], [TA old III 419]. // [KB 875]: Hbr., Arm., Akk., Arb., Gez., Tgr.; [Brock. 544]: Syr., Arm., Hbr., Arb., Gez., Akk.; [LGz. 68]: Gez., Eth., Arb., Jib., Akk., Arm.; [Firmage 1156]: Akk., Hbr., Arm., Gez., Arb.
Number:2341
Proto-Semitic:*ʕalaḳ(-at)-
Meaning:leech
Akkadian:ilḳu 'leech' SB [CAD i 88], [AHw. 373]. // In AMT 16 5:9: [šumma GÌ]S̆ GIG kīma ilḳi umaggag 'if a sick penis is stiff like a leech' (translation and interpretation not quite certain). Cf. remarks on iliḳtu in No. ...
Hebrew:ʕălūḳā 'leech' [KB 831], pB. [Ja. 1081]. // Hapax in the difficult passage Pr 30.15 (laʕălūḳā šǝttē bānōt hab hab 'the leech has two daughters: "Give", "Give"").
Judaic Aramaic:ʕălūḳā (ʕalḳā) 'leech' [Ja. 1081], [Levy WT II 221], [Levy WTM III 658].
Hebrew:ʕakkābīš 'spider' [KB 823]. // In two passages, both dealing with spider's web (bēt ʕakkābīš in Jb 8.14, ḳūrē ʕakkābīš in Is 59.5).
Judaic Aramaic:ʕakkōbītā 'spider' [Ja. 1078], [Levy WT II 214], [Levy WTM III 645] (also. ʕakkābītā).
Arabic:ʕankab-, pl. ʕikāb-, ʕukub-, ʕanākīb- 'araignée (mâle)', ʕankabāʔ- 'araigné (femelle)' [BK 2 390], [Fr. III 235], [Lane 2177], [LA I 632].
Mehri:ʔānšɛ̄t 'spider' [JM 26].
Jibbali:ʕǝns̃yɛ́t (pl. ʕonókub) id. [JJ 14].
Harsusi:ʔanšēt id. [JH 9].
Notes: The present can be tentatively analysed as *ʕa(n)k- subsequently augmented with *-ab- and *-īt_- (the only way to account for Hbr. -īš vs. Arm. -īt). As for the well-known Arb. form ʕankabūt- (masc., fem.) 'araignée' [BK 2 390], [Fr. III 235], [Lane 2177], [LA I 632], it is usually regarded as an Aramaism (v. e.g. [Jeffery 217-8]). This view is to be taken with caution since the Jud. form quoted above has a different vocalic shape and no -n- while no similar term is attested in other Arm. languages. Mnd. ʕankabut 'spider' [DM 340] and Tgr. ʕankäbot (pl. ʕanäkkǝb) 'spider' [LH 474] are certain Arabisms. // While only the augmented forms are listed above (loss of -b- in MSA, though requires further investigation, is quite likely), the supposedly most primitive shape of the present root is probably attested in Eth.: Tgr. ʕako 'araignée' [LH 476], Gez. ʕakot 'small locust, dog-fly, wasp' [LGz. 60], Amh. anko 'young locust' [K 1223] (cf. further Gez. ʔanākʷǝʕ, ʔanākʷāʕ 'locustlike grasshoper, cankerworm' [LGz. 30]). Msq. ǝšet, Gyt. Sel. ǝšēt 'spider' [LGur. 101] show a superficial similarity but according to Leslau go back to šēt < šäret (see [ibid. 586]) being therefore unrelated. On the contrary, comparison to Gog. Sod. ǝkʷǝyyä, Muh. Cha. Eža Gyt. ǝxʷǝyä, Enm. uxʷǝyä 'kind of worm' [LGur. 35], though plausible phonetically, seems semantically difficult (moreover, the Gur. forms are thought to be Cushitisms by Leslau). // Cf. Jud. ʕakšǝbōnītā 'name of a disease, prob. wound from a spider's bite' [Ja. 1080] (according to [Levy WTM III 658], also ʕakšǝmūnītā; both translated by Levy as 'Spinne; Geschwür in form einer Spinne; viell. Krebs'). Of interest is also Hbr. ʕakšūb 'horned viper (or adder)' [KB 824] (understood as 'a species of spider' in [Ja. 1080]) as well as Dem. ʕkšb 'viper' [HJ 1262]. // It is difficult to say whether Arb. ʕukkāš-, ʕukkāš-at- 'araignée; toile d'araignée' [BK 2 329], [Fr. III 201], [LA VI 319] is somehow related to the present root (< *ʕunk-āš-?). // There is virtually no possibility of relating to this root Akk. ettūtu (so [Landsberger Fauna 137]); for a phonologically convincing parallel to this word v. No. ... . // [KB 823]: Hbr., Arb. (ʕankabūt-, ʕukkāš-), Tgr. (ʕankäbot), Jud.; [Firmage 1156]: Hbr., Arm., Arb.
Number:2343
Number:2344
Proto-Semitic:*ʕar(ā)d-
Meaning:wild ass
Hebrew:ʕārōd 'wild ass' [KB 882]; pB. 'wild ass; species of lizard' [Ja. 1114]. // In Jb 39.5 (mī šillaḥ pärä(ʔ) ḥopšī // ūmōsǝrōt ʕārōd mī pittēăḥ 'who set free the wild ass? // who opened the fetters of the onager?'). ʕădārīm in Is 32.14 is possibly to be emended to *ʕărōdīm (mǝŝōŝ pǝrāʔīm // mirʕē *ʕarōdīm 'place of joy for the wild asses // pasture-land for the onagers') but cf. [Wagner 93]. // The widespread opinion according to which ʕārōd is borrowed from Arm. is rightly put to doubt in [Wagner 93] (with previous literature and discussion; note that pace [KB] Wagner himself tends to reject the traditional point of view).
Aramaic: Off. ʕrdʔ 'wild ass' [HJ 887]. // In Aḥiq 204 (fragmentary context, v. [PY 50], [Kott. 225]).
Biblical Aramaic:ʕărādayyā (pl. det.) 'wild ass' [KB 1953]. // In Da 5.21 (ʕim-ʕărādayyā mǝdōrēh 'his dwelling is with the wild asses').
Judaic Aramaic:ʕărōd, ʕărād, ʕărādā 'wild ass' [Ja. 1114], [Levy WT II 243], [Levy WTM III 696], ʕărād id. [Sok. 418]. // Cf. also ʔārōd, ʔārōdā 'mule' [Ja. 116], [Levy WTM I 160] with ʔ- instead of ʕ-.
Arabic:ʕard- 'âne' [BK 2 211], [Fr. III 132], [Lane 1998], [TA VIII 369] (according to [Hommel 133], known exclusively from lexicographic works).
Notes: In a number of languages the present term is reflected (also) with a derived meaning 'catapult, kind of sieging engine' (Plm. ʕrdyn (pl.abs.) 'military engine, catapult' [HJ 887], Syr. ʕǝrādā 'machina' [Brock. 547], Mnd. arada 'punt-pole' [DM 35], Arb. ʕarrādat- 'sorte de machine de guerre plus petite que le manǯanīḳ- pour lancer des pierres' [BK 2 212], [LA III 288]), probably a calque from Grk. onagros, Lat. onager (so [HJ]), but cf. the meaning 'a mechanical device' (in particular, a part of the battering ram') for Akk. imēru [CAD i 114-5]. // Attestation of this root in Akk. is questionable. The term h̊arādu 'wild donkey' [CAD h̊ 88], [AHw. 322] is found only in Malku V 39 (= sirrimu) and must be a WS loan. В [CAD a2 212] one finds also araddu (arantu, arandu) 'wild ass'. The form araddu again is found in Malku (a-ra-du = ANS̆E.EDI[N].NA, CBS 8538:14) and should be regarded as WS loan according to [CAD] (absent from the main body of [AHw.] but quoted in the Addenda, p. 1544: "aradu II > h̊arādu II"). As for the forms with -n-, they are thought to belong to armatu 'Bergziege' in [AHw. 64] (following [Landsberger Fauna 94]) which looks convincing. Cf. further [Salonen Jagd 201] (changing an earlier opinion expressed in [Salonen Hippologica 46], where h̊a-ra-du was read as pa-ra-du) and [Salonen Jagd 179] (with a reasonable remark: "wir zwei verschiedene Wörter haben, die CAD miteinander vermengt hat: 1) arandu, arantu = 'Weibchen des armu, Bezoarziege' und 2) arādu (lies so und nicht araddu) = Wsem. ʕarōd 'Wildesel'". // [Hommel 133]: Arb., Arm., Hbr.; [KB 881]: Hbr., Arm., Akk., Arb.
Number:2345
Proto-Semitic:*ʕarw/y- ~ *ʕawr-
Meaning:bird of prey
Akkadian:erû (arû) 'eagle' OB on [CAD e 324], [AHw. 247]. // Relatively uncommon in OB (PA Á.MUS̆EN = ga-pu-um ša e-ri-im 'eagle's wing' MDP 18 58, šumma ṭulīmum kīma e-ri-imkappī šakin 'if the spleen is provided with wings like an eagle' YOS 10 41.31, also in a number of passages from OB Etana). Later on also mainly in literary texts, especially in comarisons. More details see in [Salonen Vögel 104, 161] (according to Salonen, at least in some passages to be translated as 'Geier', 'Lämmergeier', cf. Jud. below).
Aramaic: Off. ʕr 'bearded vulture' [HJ 884]. // НАДО ОБЯЗАТЕЛЬНО ДОСТАТЬ КНИГУ LEMAIRE-DURAND!
Judaic Aramaic:ʕar 'a bird of prey, perhaps Lammergeyer' [Ja. 1109], ʕaryā id. [ibid. 1116], 'eine Adlerart, Aar' [Levy TW 239]. // Detailed information on this term can be found in [Aharoni ʕar] (derivation of the Biblical toponym ʕār mōʔāb from the present term is suggested).
Arabic:ʔaʕwar-, dim. ʕuwayr- 'corbeau' [BK 2 406], [LA IV 614] (a number of folk-etymological explanations in the last source).
Notes: Less probable parallels see in ʕuwwār- 'hirondelle' [BK 2 405], [TA XIII 158]; Tgr. ʕǝwira lila 'bat' [LH 477]; Har. aräy 'kind of blue bird' [LHar. 32]. // The present authors firmly believe that the widespread opinion considering Akk. erû to be cognate to Hbr. ʔaryē 'lion' and similar forms (cf. [Salonen Vögel 104], [Fron. Studi 292], [AHw. 247], [KB 87], [von Soden 1957-8 393] /"der Adler ist der 'Löwe' der Luft"/) is definitely to be abandoned. Note that comparison of the Akk. and Jud. forms above is present already in [Zimmern 51] ("entlehnt oder urverwandt"), cf. also [Landsberger Anzû 15]. Besides the semantic difficulties implied by the traditional comparison (cf. criticism in [Landsberger Anzû 15]) one should note that it is hardly compatible with another, not less popular, comparison of Hbr. ʔaryē to Akk. arwû 'gazelle' which would presuppose that one PS root is reflected twice in Akkadian with very divergent meanings, which looks highly improbable. // In [Salonen Vögel 286] it is suggested that Akk. urinnu 'ein Adler' MB on [AHw. 1430] might be connected with erû (a diminutive). Without excluding such a possibility, the present authors propose a different etymological interpretation for urinnu, cf. No. ... .
Number:2346
Proto-Semitic:*ʕat(t)ūd-
Meaning:male of small cattle
Akkadian:atūdu (etūdu, dūdu) 'wild sheep' OA, MB, SB [CAD a2 // 521], [AHw. 88]. // The etymologically expected form etūdu is attested several times in Old Assyrian (e.g. 49 e-me-ru S̆À.BA 9 e-tù-du '49 heads of small cattle, 9 e. among them' BIN 4 162:6; cf. now also the OA incantation mentioned in [Michel-Wasserman] "Du nouveau sur šumma zikar a-li-da-ni šumma sinnišat na-ap-Ta-ar-ta-ni" NABU 1997/2, No. 64). Irregular forms with a < *ʕa are found in SB magical texts (e.g. ma-mit a-tu-du 'the "oath" of ram' S̆urpu III 68) but also in the archaic Mari document ARM XIX 462 (a-tu-dú). // Finally, a form h̊a-tu-du is found in the OB Mari document ARMT 21 14:6 (cf. J.-M.Durand's important remarks in the edition as well as [Streck 95]). The meaning of atūdu in lexical lists poses special problem. Here it is equated to Sum. S̆EG9, understood as 'wild sheep' by some authors (Landsberger Fauna 96]) and 'wild boar' by others ([Salonen Jagd 184-6]), see more details in No. ... (independently of the considerations expressed there, the latter meaning is difficult to be reconciled with the OA passages quoted above; Salonen's translation "49 Schafe, darunter 9 Wildschweine" looks extremely strange). Malku V 46 where atūdu is explicitly equated to šah̊û can hardly be used as convincing evidence if favour of the meaning 'wild boar' for a. (rather indicating that the term was not well understood in this late period). // The form du-ú-du appears instead of atūdu in one of the variants to Hh XIV 143 (an unclear phonetic variant or just a different word?).
Hebrew:ʕattūd 'male goat or sheep' [KB 902], pB. 'ram' [Ja. 1129]. // Also with the meaning 'prince, leader' (ʕattūdē ʔāräṣ 'princes of the earth [= the Netherworld]' in Is 14.9, paralleled by rǝpāʔīm). For the semantic evolution cf. Je 50.8 (ṣēʔū wihyū kǝʕattūdīm lipnē ṣō(ʔ)n 'go, be like the ʕ. before the flock') as well as Zc 10.3 (ʕal-hārōʕīm ḥārā ʔappī // wǝʕal hāʕattūdīm ʔäpḳōd 'my anger burns against the shepherds // and I will punish the ʕ.'). See further [Miller 184].
Arabic:ʕatūd- 'bouc tout jeune, mais fort' [BK 2 162], [Fr. III 103], [Lane 1945], [LA III 280] (cf. [Hommel 247]).
Notes: Off. ʔndwt (Hapax in Frah ) is related to this root according to some authors (cf. [HJ 79]: "less probable interpretation"). // Tgr. ʕetot 'general name of gazelles and antelopes' [LH 472] may be of interest. // [Fron. 29]: *ʕatūd- 'ovino pubere' (Hbr., Arb., Akk.); [Hommel 247]: *ʕatūdu 'ziegenbock' (Arb., Hbr., Akk.); [KB 902]: Hbr., Akk., Off., Arb.; [AHw.. 88]: Akk., Arb., Hbr.; [Firmage 1152]: Akk. (translated as 'wild boar'), Hbr., Arb.
Ugaritic:ʕp 'ave, volátil' [DLU 84]. // The only secure attestation is 1.22 I 11: km tdd ʕnt ṣd // tštr ʕpt šmm 'when ʕnt started to hunt // to lie in wait for the birds of the sky'. Cf. also the fragmentary passage 1.18 IV 42 (wh̊lḳ ʕpmm 'let the birds perish!').
Phoenician:ʕpt 'flier; bird' [T 254], [Krah. 384]. // Not very reliable. Supposed to be found in KAI 10.5 (hʕpt zhb) 'golden ʕ.', as part of decoration of an altar (cf. the translation 'winged disk' and discussion in [HJ 878], [Gibson 97]). Here may also belong lʕpt 'against the fying ones!' In Arslan Tash I.19 (cf. [Gibson 87]).
Hebrew:ʕōp 'everything that flies' [KB 801]; pB. 'bird, fowl' [Ja. 1055]. // Together with ṣippōr, one of the main general terms for bird in Hebrew, used mostly as collective. Sometimes applyed to flying beings other than birds (šäräṣ hāʕōp 'flying insects'). // The importance of this semantic aspect of ʕ. (for the present authors, obviously a secondary development) is certainly overestimated in scholarly literature.
Biblical Aramaic:ʕōp 'bird' [KB 1756]. // In Da 7.6 (description of the winged panther: gappīn ʔarbaʕ dī-ʕōp ʕal-gabbah 'four wings of a bird on its back') and 2.38 (ʕōp šǝmayyā 'birds of the sky', together with bǝnē ʔănāšā 'men' and ḥēwat bārā 'wild beasts').
Notes: The Arb. parallel quoted above is almost totally neglected in scholarly literature; instead, comparison with the verbal root ʕyf 'tirer de bons ou de mauvais augures du vol, des cris ou des noms des oiseaux ou de l'endroit où ils s'abattent' [BK 2 422] is very widespread. // The verbal root *ʕwp 'to fly' is obviously related: Ugr. ʕp 'volar' [DLU 84], Hbr. ʕwp 'to fly' [KB 800], Jud. ʕwp 'to fly' [Ja. 1055], Arb. ʕwf 'planer au-dessus de quelque chose (se dit d'un oiseau qui voltige et décrit des cercles au-dessus de l'eau ou d'une proie, avec l'intention de se précipiter dessus' [BK 2 408], Gez. ʕofa 'fly' [LGz. 78], Soq. ʕef(f) 'voler, monter' [LS 319]. The choice between postulating a denominal verb or a deverbal noun is difficult. In any case, the faunal term meaning 'bird' shoud be postulated already for PS. // [Fron. 294]: *ʕawp- 'volatili' (Gez., Arb. /augury/, Syr., Hbr.); [KB 801]: Hbr., Ugr., Arm., Arb. (ʕawf- 'augury with birds'), Gez., Tgr.; [Firmage 1154]: Hbr., Arm., Gez., Arb.; [DLU 84]: Ugr., Hbr., Syr., Gez., Arb.; [LGz. 78]: Gez., Eth., Arb. (ʕawf- 'omen'), Hbr., Ugr. (also verbal roots).
Number:2348
Number:2349
Number:2350
Proto-Semitic:*ʕurīt_̣-
Meaning:male kid
Akkadian:urīṣu, urāṣum 'Ziegenbock' OAkk. on [AHw.. 1430]. // What is meant by "OAkk." are the attestations of urāṣu in the šakkanakku-documents from early Mari (ARMT XIX, e.g. 179:1).
Mehri:ʕarīḍ_, ʔārīḍ_ 'male kid' [JM 27].
Harsusi:ʔārīḍ_ id. [JH 9].
Number:2351
Proto-Semitic:*ʕVgVr-
Meaning:kind of bird
Akkadian:igirû 'heron' OB on [CAD i 41], [AHw. 367]. // For more details of the i.-bird v. [Salonen Vögel 190-] and [CAD], discussion section. According to [AHw.], a Sum. loanword which remains to be proved.
Hebrew:ʕāgūr 'short-footed thrush (?), swift (?), wryneck (?)' [KB 784]. // A very unclear term found in two poetic passages dealing with birds (Is 38.14 and Jr 8.7, in both cases in combination with sūs/sīs 'swift'). Note that only Saadya's interpretaition of ʕ. as 'crane' (reported in [BDB 723]) corresponds relatively well to the meaning of Akk. igirû.
Aramaic: D.-Alla ʕgr 'subst. indicating certain kind of bird' [HJ 824]. // In a difficult passage I.7 ky ssʕgr ḥrpt nšr 'since ssʕgr ashamed the eagle'). According to [Hackett 47], ss and ʕgr form one word denoting one bird (cf. Jr 8.7).
Notes: Very uncertain, Common Semitic status questionable.
Number:2352
Number:2353
Proto-Semitic:*ʕVrṣ̂-
Meaning:kind of insect
Arabic:ʕirḍ- 'nuée de sauterelles' [BK 2 220], [TA Bayrūt V 46].
Notes: Attestation limited, Common Semitic status questionable (note in particular that the Arb. term may be derived from the verbal root ʕrḍ 'to be large, spacious', cf. ʕarḍ- 'foule, masse d'hommes' [BK 2 220]). It is tempting to compare Jud. ʕarṣubyā a species of locusts [Ja. 1123], [Levy WTM III 705] with suffixed -b.
Number:2354
Proto-Semitic:*ʕVrVb-
Meaning:kind of insect, worm
Akkadian:urbatu (rubatu) 'eine Wurm-Art' SB [AHw. 1428]. // Only in literary texts and lexical list. More details see in [Holma WB 91], [Landsberger Fauna 130].
Hebrew:ʕārōb 'vermin in general, pests, noxious insects (?); a particular type of fly, esp. a horse-fly (?)' [KB 879]; pB. 'various kinds of wild beasts' [Ja. 1114]. // In Ex 8 (vv. 17, 20, 25, 27) as one of the Egyptian plagues as well as in Ps 78.45 and 105.31 (allusions to the same event).
Judaic Aramaic:ʕrbrwb 'vermin; mixed multitude' [Sok. 418] (quoted as ʕārōbā 'various kinds of wild beasts' in [Ja. 1114], 'Gemisch verschiedener Thiere oder N. pr. eines fressenden Insekts' in [Levy WT II 241]).
Ugaritic:waʕro 'leonessa' [Bass. 653]. // Metathesis. Hardly to be connected with "*ʔarw-, terme qui désigne des bêtes sauvages diverses" as suggested in [DRS 581].
Canaanite:ʔáyri (pl. ʔarēwǝt) 'tom-cat' [JM 28].
Phoenician:ʕéri (pl. aʕrét) id. [JJ 15].
Number:2356
Proto-Semitic:*ʕVsVb-
Meaning:kind of bird
Akkadian:usābu 'ein Vogel' OB [AHw. 1437]. // In lexical lists (Proto-Dir 231 a-da-abADAB.MUS̆EN = ú-sa-bu-um; now also in the monolingual list IM 90646 III 10, v. [Black-Rawi 124]).
Arabic:yaʕsūb- 'sorte de perdrix' [BK 2 249], [LA I 600].
Notes: Not without difficulties since the Akk. term is commonly thought to be derived/connected with the place-name ADAB (Usab?), cf. [Salonen.....], [AHw.].
Number:2357
Proto-Semitic:*ʕVt_̣āy-
Meaning:kind of lizard
Akkadian:iṣṣû 'gecko' SB [CAD i 206], [AHw. 253]. // Only in lexical lists (v. [Landsberger Fauna 115]).
Arabic:ʕiḍ_āyat-, ʕaḍ_āʔat- 'sorte de lézard' [BK 2 294], [LA XV 71].
Notes: Cf. Gez. ʕǝṣ̂e 'vermin, worm, moth, caterpillar' [LGz. 57], Tna. ʕǝṣä 'lendine o uovi di pidocchi, cimici ecc., e cacchioni delle api ecc.' [Bass. 715], Amh. ǝč̣ 'larva' [K 1342] with a perfect phonological coincidence but a substantial difference in meaning. // [Landsberger Fauna 115]: Akk., Arb.
Akkadian:ašāšu 'a moth' SB [CAD a2 422], 'Fischmotte' [AHw. 79]. // Hapax in Hh. XIV 268 (v. [Landsberger Fauna 127]).
Hebrew:ʕāš 'clothes moth' [KB 895], pB. 'moth' [Ja. 1124]. // According to [KB 895], [Barr 895] to be separated from ʕāš 'pus' in Hos 5.12 (waʔănī kāʕāš lǝʔäprāyim wǝkārāḳāb lǝbēt yǝhūdā 'I am like the pus for Ephraim and like the decay for the house of Judah'), compared to Arb. ɣat_t_- 'pus'. We believe that this passage can hardly be separated from Jb 13.28 (wǝhū(ʔ) kǝrāḳāb yiblǟ // kǝbägäd ʔăkālō ʕāš 'he will perish like the decay // like a garmenent which moth has eaten') where ʕ. is also paralleled by rāḳāb but the meaning 'moth' is pretty certain. Accordingly, we would prefer to postulate only one lexeme ʕāš 'moth' as it is done in earlier lexicographic works (e.g. [BDB 799]). In Jb 27.18 (bānā kāʕāš bētō // ūkǝsukkā ʕāŝā nōṣēr 'he built his house like ʕ. // like a booth made by a watchman') ʕ. is often emended to ʕakkābīš 'spider' ([KB], [BHS]); the translation 'moth' is preserved in [Pope 169], however.
Judaic Aramaic:ʕāšā 'moth' [Ja. 1124], [Levy WT I 248], [Levy WTM III 710].
Syrian Aramaic:ʕaššā 'pediculus' [Brock. 551].
Arabic:ʕut_t_at- 'teigne qui ronge la laine, les livres, les cuirs' (also 'serpents qui, dit-on, s'entre-dévorent pendant une année stérile', ʕat_t_āʔ- 'serpent') [BK 2 169], [Fr. III 106-7], [Lane 1951-2], [LA II 167].
Notes: š instead of the expected t in Arm. is unusual and requires an explanation; a Hebraism is quite likely in Jud. but not so much in Syr. (note also that the Syr. term is attested in very late texts only). // Two possible though less likely parallels see in Arb.: ʕaysāʔ- 'sauterelle femelle' [BK 2 420], [Fr. III 349], [Lane 2210], [LA VI 152]; ɣayt_- 'sorte d'insecte qui ronge le bois et dont on entend le bruit' [BK 2 522], [Fr. III 305] (according to [Lane 2314], in the combination d_ubābu l-ɣayt_i 'the fly of the rain', which means 'bee'; v. more details in [LA II 175]). // Cf. possibly Tna. ʕǝsʕǝs 'muffa' [Bass. 684], ʕasʕasä 'ammuffirsi, guastarsi per umidità, di cereali' [ibid.]. // In [KB 895] Ugr. ʕt_ is quoted, identified with the present root in [Caquot-Masson 18]. This word is supposed to be found in the scribal exercise KTU 5.23.7 in the sequence th̊ṣʕt_ whose division and interpretation remain totally obscure (not listed as a separate word in [DLU]). // One hesitates to agree with the commonly accepted comparison between this root and Gez. ʕǝṣ̂e 'vermin, worm, moth, caterpillar' [LGz. 75] (reproduced with due caution by Leslau) because of the phonological difference. For an alternative etymological approach to Gez. ʕǝṣ̂e v. No. .... // [Schulthess Arm. 53]: Arm., Arb., Akk.; [AHw. 79]: Akk., Hbr. Arm., Arb., Gez. (ʕǝṣ̂e); [KB 895]: Hbr., Arm., Ugr., Arb., Gez. (ʕǝṣ̂e); [Brock. 551]: Syr., Jud., Hbr., Akk., Arb., Gez. (ʕǝṣ̂e).
Number:2359
Proto-Semitic:*ʕVwVl-
Meaning:young of domestic animals, foal
Ugaritic:ʕl 'cría, ternero (?)' [DLU 77], /ʕūlu/ 'young (child or animal)' [Huehn. 159]. // Questionable. Supposed to be attested alphabetically in 1.109.32 (ʕlm ʕlm gdlt lbʕl 'two calves, two calves for bʕl') and 1.105.25 (lkt_r t_n ʕlm 'for kt_r - two calves'); for more details on this interpretation see [Del Olmo Sheep 189]. At least in the first case it does not seem very convincing, cf. a totally different rendering in [Tropper UG 332]. As for 1.19 IV 40, the meaning is clearly non-faunal (tmh̊ṣ mh̊ṣ [ah̊k] // tkl mkly ʕl ʔumt[k] 'in order you kill the killer of your brother // exterminate one who exterminated the progeny of your family'). // The sequence Ú.LU is found in a number of Akkadian texts from Ugarit accompanying various logograms denoting domestic animals (ES̆GAR, MÁS̆, ÙZ.MÁS̆). Its precise meaning and relationship to the present root remain unclear (see discussion in [Huehn. 159]: "...the form is listed here, faute de mieux, to call attention to it").
Aramaic: Off. ʕl 'foal' [HJ 843]. // Hapax in KAI 222 A 22: šbʕ ssyh yhynḳn ʕl wʔl yš[bʕ] 'seven mares will suckle a foal and he will not be sated' (v. [Fitzmyer 80]).
