Ugaritic:t_ʔat (t_ʔut) 'oveja' [DLU 482]. The only literary attestation is 1.6 II 29 (klb ʔarḫ lʕglh // klb t_ʔat lʔimrh // km lb ʕnt ʔat_r bʕl 'as the heart of a cow towards her calf, as the heart of a ewe towards her lamb - so ʕnt's heart after bʕl'). In 1.111:18 и 1.80:3 t_. is found in sacrificial lists. According to [Tropper UG 179], the pl. form t_ʔatt opens the divinatory text 1.103+ (instead of KTU's ʔatt). Possible vocalic reconstruction is discussed in [Tropper UG 199] (*t_aʔât-; v. [ibid. 185] on the variant t_ʔut in 1.80:3); for the textual attestations see also [Del Olmo Sheep 184].
Aramaic:Sam. šʔh 'sheep, ewe' [HJ 1094]. In KAI 215:6,9 ([wḳlt] šʔh wšwh wḥṭh wšʕrh 'small and large cattle, wheat and barley were scarce', wkbrt ḥṭh wšʕrh wšʔh wšwrh bywmyh 'small and large cattle, wheat and barley were abundant in his days'), v. [Tropper Zincirli 110, 116]. Anc. šʔt, sʔwn 'sheep, ewe' [HJ 1094]. The pl. form šʔt is found in KAI 222A:23 (wšbʕ šʔn yhynḳn ʔmr w[ʔl yš]bʕ 'seven ewes will suckle a lamb, and he will not be sated'), also in l. 21 (šʔt) in damaged context. Both passa- ges are discussed in [Fitzmyer 79ff.] (provided with an aboslu- tely untenable etymological commentary: "Dupont-Sommer is pro- bably correct in relating this word to Hebrew ŝē (sic!, with ṣērē!), Ugaritic and Phoenician š, Аkkadian šuʔ (sic!) and Ara- bic śā (sic!), even though it appears to be related to later Aramaic tʔtʔ ... and Ugaritic t_ʔat"). The form sʔwn is found in Tell-Fakhariyye 20 in a context almost identical to that quoted above (wmʔh sʔwn lhynḳn ʔmr wʔl yrwh 'hundred ewes will suckle a lamb and he will not drink to saturation'), v. [STF 65]. Off. tʔtʔ 'sheep, ewe' [HJ 1094].
Mandaic Aramaic:tata 'lamb, ewe, sheep' [DM 482].
Arabic:t_aʔwat- 'brebis maigre ou vielle' [BK 2 215], [Fr. I 209], [LA XIV 107]. Cf. also t_āwat-,t_āyat-,t_awiyyat- 'enclos pour les bestiaux' [BK 2 243], [Fr. I 235], [LA XIV 127].
Mehri:t_iwīt 'sheep' [JM 419].
Jibbali:t_ēt id. [JJ 285].
Harsusi:t_īt id. [JH 133].
Soqotri:téʔe 'mouton, chèvre' [LS 437].
Notes:As it was stated in No. ..., Akk. šuʔu may be alternatively connected with the present root. Theoretically, the same is true about Sam. šʔh and Anc. šʔt. [DLU 482]: Ugr., Anc., Arb.; [LS 437]: Soq., MSA, Arb. (šāt-), Hbr. (ŝǟ), Akk. (Anc. and Off. are also quoted on the authority of Brockelmann).
Number:2541
Proto-Semitic:*t_apan-
Meaning:rock hyrax
Hebrew:šāpān 'rock badger, hyrax, dassie' [KB 1633], pB. 'cony, rock-badger' [Ja. 1618]. Twice in the dietary laws (Lv 11.5 and Dt 14.7) as forbidden for food (ruminant but not hoofed though the former definition is zoologically incorrect, v. [Milgrom 648]). The other two at- testations are in the poetic texts Ps 104.18 and Pr 30.26 where the rocky habitat of š. is described (hārīm haggǝbōhīm layyǝʕē- līm // sǝlāʕīm maḥsǟ lašpannīm 'high mountains are for ibexes // rocks are the abode of hyraxes'; šǝpannīm ʕam lō(ʔ) ʕāṣūm // wayyāŝīmū bassälaʕ bētām 'hyraxes are not a strong people // but place their house on the rock'). Taken together, the evidence of these passages ideally fit the identification of š. with rock hyrax (procavia syriaca).
Mehri:t_ōfǝn 'rock hyrax' [JM 416].
Jibbali:t_ɔ́fun id. [JJ 283].
Notes:Biblical dietary prohibition concerning šāpān probably finds a curious parallel among Mehris where t_ōfǝn is said to be "eaten by all but a few women" by Johnstone. One wonders whether some obscure allusion to the Hbr. dietary law is behind the Arabic designation of hyraxes as ɣanamu banī ʔisrāʔīla 'sheep of chil- dren of Israel' reported in [Hommel 322]. [KB 1633]: Hbr., ESA (with the following remark: "the creature was known as t_afan by the South Arabians").
Akkadian:šēlebu (šellebu,šēlabu,šālibu) 'fox; a star; a fish; a bird or locust' OAkk. on [CAD š2 268], [AHw. 1210]. In OAkk. as a personal name only. More details on later attestations see in [Salonen Jagd 202f., 262f.]. The existence of a fem. parallel to š. is questionable. In [CAD š2 270] šēlebūtu (šīlibūtu) 'vixen' (OB on) is quoted whereas in [AHw. 1210] the respective attestations are listed under šeleppūtu 'turtle'. The only pertinent passage (YOS 10 56 III 12, OB izbu) šumma izbum kīma ši-li-bu-ti is indeed ambiguous (though, admittedly, KA5.A ūlid in the SB version might favour CAD's rendering). On the other hand, šēlebtu 'Füchsin' (SB) in [AHw. 1210] is poorly documented: the reading of the logogram MÍKA5.A is unknown whereas on hesitates to agree with von Soden's in assuming that the Akk. word for 'vixen' was used as a designation of an agricultural tool (cf. the reading šelliptu in [CAD š2 273]).
Ugaritic:t_ʕlb ?
Hebrew:šūʕāl 'fox; jackal' [KB 1445] (with zoological discussion), pB. [Ja. 1538]. A form going back to *t_aʕlab- is thought to be attested in the toponym šaʕalb_īm and related [KB 1611-2].
Aramaic:Anc. šʕl 'fox, jackal' [HJ 1179]. Hapax in KAI 222 A 33 (among animals inhabiting ruins), v. [Fitzmyer 90]. D.-Alla š[ʕl] 'fox' [Hackett 134]. In combination gry š[ʕl] 'cubs of a fox' (v. [ibid. 51] for arguments in favour of this reconstruction). Off. tʔlh, tʔrh [HJ 1179]. In Farh IX 6 (tʔlh, = rōpāh) and 8 (tʔrh k_zbʔ 'false fox', i.e. 'jackal', = tōrak), v. [Nyberg 73-4].
Judaic Aramaic:taʕal,taʕălā,tǝʕālā 'jackal, fox' [Ja. 1683], [Levy WT II 548], [Levy WTM IV 657]; tʕl (taʕălā) 'fox' [Sok. 587].
Mandaic Aramaic:tala 'fox' [DM 478] (taʕlab [ibid. 480] is an obvious Arabism).
Arabic:t_uʕāl- 'renard', t_uʕāl-at- 'renard femelle' [BK 1 225], [Fr. I 218], [Lane 237] (in [LA XI 84] only t_uʕālat- and t_uʕal-, both interpreted as 'vixen', with discussion); t_aʕlab- (pl. t_aʕālin) 'renard', t_aʕlab-at- 'renard femelle' [BK 1 225], [Fr. I 218], [Lane 338], [LA I 237].
Mehri:yǝt_áyl 'fox' [JM 462].
Jibbali:it_ʕél id. [JJ 282].
Harsusi:yet_áyl id. [HJ 148].
Notes:Cf. Amh. šäla 'marten, ferret (fig. cunning and devious per- son)' [K 602], šälan id. [ibid. 607], Gog. selä 'kind of wild animal (it eats chicken)' [LGur. 542]. Of interest is Ebl. ba-ti-um = KA5.A [MEE 4 1249], tentatively compared to Akk. šēlebu in [Civil Ebla 91]. While the lack of -l in the cuneiform rendering of /baʕtilum/ is unproblematic, T-sign for an etymological t_ is highly unusual. [Fron. 293]: *t_aʕlab-, *t_uʕāl- 'volpe' (Mhr., Jib., Arb., Syr., Hbr., Akk.); [KB 1445]: Hbr., Arm., Arb., Akk.; [Brock. 830]: Syr., Jud., Hbr., Arb., Akk.; [Hommel 310]: Arb., Hbr., Akk., Syr. (with discussion on possible relatonship with Pers. šaɣāl, Sanskr. srigāla); [Firmage 1153]: Akk., Hbr., Arm., Arb.
Number:2544
Proto-Semitic:*t_Vbl-
Meaning:kind of worm, snail
Akkadian:šublatum 'kind of insect or larva' OB Mari. Possible interpretation of šu-ub-la-tum in M.7857 B 2' according to [Guichard 320].
Hebrew:šabbǝlūl 'snail' [KB 1394], pB. 'snail without the shell' [Ja. 1515]. Hapax in Ps 58.9, context highly problematic.
Judaic Aramaic:tiblālā 'snail without the shell' [Ja. 1644], [Levy WT II 526]. Also šablūlā id., šabbǝlulyā 'a species of mollusks' [Ja. 1515], [Levy WTM IV 498] (borrowed from Hbr.?).
Notes:Cf. Tgr. šäbläl wäda 'to walk slowly, by measured steps' [LH 215]. [KB 1394]: Hbr., Jud. (t-).
Akkadian:aslu 'young (male) sheep' OB, SB [CAD a1 336], [AHw. 74]. The only OB attestation listed in CAD seems to be as-linamrāʔi in RA 22 173:44 which implies an emendation of the first sign (IA). This emendation (for which see also [Huehnergard GA 431]) is however hardly compelling since at least two Akk. ani- mal names (ayyalu 'stag' and ālu 'ram') can fit the context without changes (cf. jālī 'stags' in [CAD š2 254], 'rams' [ibid. l 227]). It is therefore likely that a. is not found earlier than SB (ÁS.LUM in Ur III Sum. documents is thought to represent this term in [AHw.] but united with ašlu 'rope' in [CAD]). For the possibility of regarding the early form A.LUM as a phonetic evolution of aslu or its specific orthographic representation (ASLUMx) see above, No. ... . ПОСМОТРЕТЬ MSL VIII/1 62
Arabic:t_aytal- 'vieux bouc de montagnes; espèce d'antilope' [BK 1 218], [LA XI 81]. Cf. also t_ilal-, t_ilāl- 'troupe de brebis, ou de brebis mêlée aux chèvres' [BK 1 232], [TA old VII 246].
Tigre:sǝle 'a species of goat' [LH 167].
Mehri:t_al 'weakly goat' [JM 417].
Harsusi:t_el id. [JH 32].
Notes:Not very reliable for a number of formal and semantic reasons: - s is not a regular continuation of PS *t_ in Akk. though precedents are not unknown; - the morphological structure of Arb. t_aytal- is very specific and difficult for a diachronic analysis; - the MSA terms may derive from a verbal root meaning 'to be weak' rather than represent a PS faunal term (cf. Jib. et_télél 'to become weak', mǝt_ílél 'weak (person, young animal)' [JJ 284]) though, admittedly, this verbal root is present in Jib. but not in Mhr. or Hrs. Cf. Amh. sala 'oryx beisa, a large antelope' [K 441].
Hebrew:ṭālǟ 'lamb' [KB 375], pB. [Ja. 535]. A rare term (3 attestations) apparently denoting (almost) a newborn animal (to be carried on the shepherd's lap accrording to Is 40.11), cf. this semantic nuance in Arb. below.
Judaic Aramaic:ṭalyā 'Lamm' [Levy TW I 303] ("nur in den jer. Trgg."). Likely a Hebraism with this meaning (see below on this root in Arm.).
Arabic:ṭalan,ṭalw- 'petit de gazelle né tout récemment, petit de tout animal à pied fendu, comme agneau, chevreau etc.; petit (se dit de toute chose)', ṭilwat- 'petit (d'un quadrupède)', ṭaliyy- 'petit (agneau, chevreau etc.)' [BK 2 103-5], [Fr. III 68-9], [Lane 1875-6], [LA XV 12].
Epigraphic South Arabian:Sab. ṭly-n (du.) 'yearling lamb' [SD 153]. Qat. ṭly 'kid, lamb' [Ricks 78]. The terms are attested once in each of the languages, in both cases denoting a sacrificial animal, v. more details in [Sima 144]. Min. ṭly 'lamb' [Hueh. 2000 203]. In the newly published inscription HSM 1936.1.20: s1ʔl fḳ kl bs2r ṭlyn 'claim upon/beyond any of the lamb meat'.
Phoenician:ybl 'ram' [T 123], [Krah. 204] (in the punic priestly tariff KAI 69/7: bybl ʔm bʕz 'for a ram or a goat').
Hebrew:yōbēl 'ram' [KB 398]; pB. 'leader, bell-wether, ram' [Ja. 567]. Only in ḳärän/šōpǝrōt hayyōbēl/yōbǝlīm 'horn(s) of the ram(s)' as musical instruments (in Jos 6 passim and Ex 9.13). Designation of the fiftieth year as the "jubilee year" is thought to be derived from this faunal term (cf. [BDB 385]: ""originally no doubt ... 'year of the ram('s horn)'".
Aramaic:Dem. ʔybl 'ram' [HJ 1252].
Judaic Aramaic:yūbǝlā 'ram' [Ja. 567], ywbl (ywbylh, ywblh) 'lamb' [Sok. 237]. It seems difficult to establish what linguistic backround underlies the passage quoted (bʕrbyʔ ṣwwḥyn lʔymrʔ ywblʔ 'in Arabia they call a ram y.' Ber. 13c(6)); the term is marked as "dial." (= "dialectal"?) by Sokoloff. Cf. further [Talshir 153- 4].
Arabic:wābilat- 'petits chameaux ou agneaux; petits d'un trou- peau composé de chameaux ou de moutons' [BK 2 1478], [Fr. IV 431], [LA XI 722]. Not without semantic difficulties.
Notes:The form ya-bi-li 'rams' (= Sum. UDU.NITÁ.MES̆) in the Neo- Assyrian lexical list Practical Vocabulary Assur 305 [AHw. 411], [CAD i 321] must be an Aramaic loanword. In [DRS 486] Enm. Gyt. web_äna, End. web_äna 'the young (male) of a goat or sheep' [LGur. 641] are tentatively compared to the present root (with assimilation *l > n influenced by b and w?). Akk. būlu 'herd of cattle, sheep or horses' OB on [CAD b 313], [AHw. 137] is noteworthy in spite of the fact that the term is also used to denote wild animals. [DRS 485]: Akk. (yabilu), Pho., Hbr., Arm., Arb. (wābil- 'chamelons, agneaux'); [T 123]: Pho., Hbr., Arm., Arb. (wābil- 'young sheep'), Akk. (yabilu).
Ugaritic:yḥmr 'corzo' [DLU 525]. Not fully reliable since the term is a hapax in KTU 1.6 I 28 and y is broken ([tṭbḫ šbʕm y]ḥmrm 'she slaughtered seventy deer'). Convincing arguments in favour of the above reconstruction see in [Ginsberg 131-2] (but cf. 'degolló setenta asnos' in [Del Olmo 224]).
Hebrew:yaḥmūr 'roebuck' [KB 407], pB. 'a species of deer, fallow-deer' [Ja. 575]. A rare term found in Dt 14.5 (dietary percept, among wild hoofed animals allowed to food) and 1R 5.3 (eaten by Solomon, together with ṣǝbī and ʔayyāl).
Aramaic:Sam. yḥmwr 'an animal' [Tal 341].
Judaic Aramaic:yaḥmūrā (f. yaḥmurtā) 'fallow-deer' [Ja. 575], [Levy WT I 332], [Levy WTM II 235] ("Nach Raschi: Eselin"); yḥmwr 'antilope (?)' [Sok. 239].
Ugaritic:ypt 'vaca, becerra' [DLU 534]. Likely to be normalized as /yapattu/ < *yapan-t-. The only clear attestation is 1.10 III 3: ʔalp lbtlt ʕnt // wypt lybmt lʔim[m] 'a bull for the Virgin ʕnt // a cow for the Betrothed of the nations'.
Arabic:yafan- 'jeune taureau âgé de quatre ans', yafanat- 'vache, vache pleine' [BK 2 1631], [Fr. IV 521], [LA XIII 457] (only yafan-). Cf. also fanāt- 'vache' [BK 2 640], [Fr. III 376], [Lane 2451], [LA XVI 166].
Notes:All Eth. forms exhibit prefixal elements tV-,mV-,wV- whose origin is not clear. Arb. fanāt- might reflect the oldest bicon- sonantal prototype of the present root. [LGz. 582]: Gez., Eth., Arb. (yafan-); [DLU 534]: Ugr., Arb.
Number:2553
Proto-Semitic:*yarbVʕ-
Meaning:kind of rodent
Akkadian:arrabu (arrabû, f. arrabtu) 'dormouse (?), jerboa (?)' OB on [CAD a2 302], 'wohl Siebenschläfer' [AHw. 70]. In OB mostly as a proper name (but v. ṣurut arrabim 'flatus of a dormouse' in the incantation YOS XI 14r. 9). The meaning of a. is discussed in [Landsberger 303], [Salonen Jagd 235-7].
Amharic:wane 'turtledove' [K 1541]. Cf. [DRS 562] for interesting remarks on the dialectal distribution of the term.
Notes:In Gez. and Amh. clearly related forms with -s are attested (wānos 'dove' [LGz. 615], wanos, wanäs 'pigeon' [K 1542]) which may be due to contamination of the present root with the name of the prophet Jonah (cf. Gez. yonās 'dove' [LGz. 627], according to Leslau "an interpretation of the proper name Jonah"). [KB 402]: Hbr., Jud., Arm., Ugr.; [Firmage 1154]: Hbr., Ugr., Arm., Gez. (wanos).
Akkadian:zizānu (sisānu) SB 'eine Grille' [AHw. 1534], sisânu (zizānu) 'a locust' [CAD s 321]. In lexical lists and omina (tibûtzi-za-ni 'locust attack'), see [Landsberger Fauna 123]. Note that the spelling with SI is unique against several examples written with ZI.
Hebrew:zīz 'the small creatures that ruin the fields' [KB 268], pB. 'spider; name of a fabulous bird' [Ja. 393]. Attested twice in Psalms in the combination zīz ŝāday 'z. of the field': yādaʕtī kol-ʕōp hārīm // wǝzīz ŝāday ʕimmādī 'I know all the birds of the mountain // and z. of the field is with me' in 50.11 and yǝkarsǝmännā ḥăzīr miyyaʕar // wǝzīz ŝāday yirʕännā 'forest boar eats it // and z. of the field feeds on it' in 80.14. None of these passages provides direct evidence for the meaning 'kind of worm/insect'.
Judaic Aramaic:zīzā 'name of a mite in lentils; spider; name of a fabulous bird' [Ja. 393], 'Wurm, Milbe' [Levy WT 218].
Arabic:zīz- (pl. zīzān-) 'cigale' [BK 1 1032], [Dozy I 618-9] ("un mot berbère").
Gurage:Wol. zizo, Sel.zīzo 'May bug' [LGur. 719]. According to Leslau, to be united with forms of the ǝnzǝz-type in other Gurage languages, to be compared further to Tna. ḥǝnžiž, Amh. ǝnzǝz. For an alternative approach to such forms cf. No. ... .
Ugaritic:zmr 'antílope' [Del Olmo Mitos 544]. Not very reliable, based on the emendation of gmrm to z!mrm in 1.6 VI 16 (see [Del Olmo 1993 187], [Sasson 404]).
Hebrew:zämär 'kind of gazelle' [KB 274]. Hapax in Dt 14.5 (among wild hoofed animals allowed to food).
Arabic:(?) zmr 's'enfuir (se dit d'une gazelle)' [BK 1 1010], [Fr. II 253], [TA XI 443]. Derived from a formerly existing animal name?
Notes:Sam. zmr 'mountain sheep' [Tal 234] is almost certainly a Hebraism. Cf. Off. zplʔ 'kind of buck' in Frah VII 71. According to [Nyberg 71] and [HJ 339], to be normalized as zprʔ, zafrā ("stinking"), but related to the present root with p instead of m according to other opinions (cf. [HJ] for references). U8 za-mu-ra-tum/zu-mu-ra-tum denoting a kind of sheep in administrative texts from Mari (ARMT 24 45, 51) can be related to the present root, cf. [Zadok] (ЭТО НАДО УТОЧНИТЬ). On the other hand, cf. Arb. ɣanamu zawāmiru 'sheep or goats having little wool or hair' [Lane 1250]. [DRS 752], [KB 274]: Hbr., Arb. (zmr 'to jump').
Akkadian:(?) zanzīru 'starling' SB [CAD z 49], [AHw. 1511]. Hapax in ZA 6 244:47 (equated to iṣṣūr kirî). According to both dictionaries, borrowed from Aramaic.
Hebrew:zarzīr 'rooster (?)' [KB 281]. Hapax in Pr 30.31, context highly uncertain (zarzīr motnayim'z. with [girded] loins'). The meaning 'starling' is reliable for pB., however ([Ja. 413]).
