COMMENTS:Secondarily, '(morally) crooked, perverse, wrong', etc. However, Michelena (1961: 271–272) suggested that makur is a ma- derivative of the verb gur-tu ‘kneel, bow’, though without explaining the difference in voicing. Alternatively, this could be a formation related to Bsq *oker̄ 'bent', etc. (q.v. = PNC *=ŏḳŭr), with the prefix *ma=.
PROTO:*malgor̄
MEANING:numb (from cold)
BNV:malgor
ZBR:málgor
COMMENTS:Cf. PEC *marχ_alV 'snow', with metathesis *margol > *malgor. For reordering of liquids cf. Span. milagro, palabra < miraculu, parabola, etc. Larrasquet has precisely "engourdi par le froid" (for the ZBR word); Aulestia & White have quite a different gloss: "swollen". A homonym - or dialectal variant not cited by Azkue?
COMMENTS:Here, as in some other cases, Bsq preserves the internal *-l- reconstructed for PEC from circumstantial evidence, though /l/ as such is not attested in any modern EC language. (Cf. Bsq *hols or *holc 'plank' ~ PEC *ħwǟls_ǝ̆). Bsq malk(h)ar 'terreno muy costanero é infructífero, escabroso' (Azkue) is semantically incompatible with *malka-r̄ 'straw' and is a homonym.
MEANING:1 flesh (soft and tender part of bread, fruit, meat, fish) 2 pith, starchy part (of plants) 3 intimate (friend)
BZK:mamin 1, 3
GIP:mami 1, 3
ANV:mami 1, 2
BNV:mami 1, mamul 1
SAL:mamola 1
LAB:mami 1, (Ainhoa) mamul 1
BZT:mami 3
ZBR:mami 1
RNC:mami 1, mamul 1
COMMENTS:The supposed derivation from French m'ami 'my friend' (Trask 1997) is fanciful and anachronistic, though it may have influenced meaning 3. In our analysis this is a very old expressive word, found in many languages (Lat. mamma, etc.).
COMMENTS:This is etymologically distinct from other Bsq words for 'strawberry' (see *maguli / *malugi). There has however clearly been some blending of reflexes of *maguli / *malugi with those of *mar̄uhi / *mahur̄i. Latin marrubiu 'horehound' (Trask 1997: 309: quite a different plant) is probably a chance resemblance. Words for 'mulberry, blackberry' seem to contain *mar̄- (= PEC *(H)mer(ʔ)V) + a mysterious morph *-SuS(t)a - related to *śaśi 'thorn, bramble'?
COMMENTS:Bsq > Span. machete. The latter, or the Bsq words above, are not plausibly related to Sp. macho 'sledge hammer, anvil' (< Lat. marculus 'small hammer'), since there is no semantic similarity of 'fork, hook, tong' with 'hammer'. PNC *mirć(w)Ē, with the meaning 'sickle' in Tsezian and Circassian, is semantically compatible, especially, with Bsq martxite 'pruning hook'. For the element *-arde cf. Bsq *śaɦarde 'fork', etc.
COMMENTS:Probably *mer̄da-r̄ > *medar̄ (cf. PEC *ɦmV̄ƛ̣_V̆ 'thin'), altered in most dialects to me(h)ar, by analogy with *menhe 'thin' (q.v.). Trask (1997) regards mehar as a "transparent" derivative of mehe, but that does not explain the clear medial /d/ in GIP and ANV.
COMMENTS:The assocation between *mehe and *medar̄ (q.v.) is secondary, in this analysis.
PROTO:*mendi
MEANING:mountain
BZK:mendi
GIP:mendi
ANV:mendi
BNV:mendi
LAB:mendi
ZBR:mendi
RNC:mendi
COMMENTS:Cf. Bur *bun[d]- 'mountain pasture, mountain grove, boulder; wild, mountain-' (compared by H. Berger [1959] with Bsq. mendi). Cf. Khinalug mɨda 'mountain' (isolated in NC), Georgian mta id. (isolated in Kart.).
COMMENTS:This word has traditionally been compared with Spanish miga ‘crumb’ < Lat. mīca; but if so, why Bsq -o? Cf. instead PNC *miḳwV 'small, young one'.
COMMENTS:Trask (1995, 1999) reiterates Michelena's reconstruction *bini 'tongue', though Jacobsen (1995) suggests instead *mini. However we think *bini or *mini (without *h) cannot account for the attested BNV forms such as [mixja] 'the tongue' with strong fricative (Moutard 1975). See the note to *bihi. The original sibilant remains in BZK GIP mizto (*mis-to) 'sting (of bees or snakes)', lit. 'little tongue' (see Michelena 1961: 186), and *minco (assim. < *milso) 'word, speech'.
PROTO:*moc
MEANING:short
BZK:motz
GIP:motz, motx
ANV:motz
BNV:motz
SAL:motz
LAB:motz
BZT:motz
AZK:motz
ZBR:mutz
RNC:motz
COMMENTS:This word is generally believed to be from Romance (cf. Span. mocho 'cut off', Ital. mozzo, etc.), ult. < an unrecorded Latin *mutium (REW 5792).
MEANING:1 cunnus, female sex organs 2 male sex organs 3 old maid, unmarried woman
BZK:motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
GIP:motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
ANV:motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
BNV:motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
SAL:motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
LAB:motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
BZT:motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
AZK:motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
ZBR:motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
RNC:motz 1, motzak 2, mutxurdin 3
COMMENTS:The form mutx-urdin probably reflects vowel assimilation (o > u) and expressive palatalization (tz > tx). Since lexicographers have avoided these words, due to their obscene nature, it is difficult to find detailed information about dialectal variants, etc. If the Bsq-NC comparison is valid, the original meaning was ‘pubic hair’ (cf. Burushaski *=múś-ki) > related meanings.
MEANING:1 bunch, cluster, group 2 bunch (of grapes or other vegetation) 3 small bunch, small group 4 mess, confusion
BZK:mordo 1, 2, morda 2, mordoska 3, mordoillo 4
GIP:mordo 1, 2, mordoska 3, (Andoain) mordoillo 4
ANV:mordoska 3, mordoillo 4
BNV:molkho 2
LAB:molkho 2, mulko 1
ZBR:mólkho 1, morkho 2
COMMENTS:The r ~ l variation (in preconsonantal position) is very unusual in Basque, and may be explained as follows: PSC *mä̆r[ƛ]-ḳV, with the resulting cluster resolving either as *mor-ko or *mol-ko in Bsq.
