COMMENTS:Cf. PNC *χw[a]lŁ_V 'a k. of clothing'. There are other Bsq meanings, such as (B, G) oial 'scarf, shawl (for children)', etc. *oi= seems to be a peculiar form of the fossilized prefix *o=/*u=, occurring only before /h/ (cf. *oi=han).
COMMENTS:A compound with *ar=han, q.v. *ok-arhan may orig. have designated the cultivar plum (cf. Lak aq ‘garden’, etc.) as opposed to wild plums and sloes.
COMMENTS:There are abstract meanings ('mistake(n), perverted, evil', etc.), and a verbal extension *oker̄-tu 'to bend, curve; go wrong,' etc. For semantic typology of Bsq ‘bend, twist’ ~ PNC ‘turn, roll’, cf. Irish fillim ‘bend, fold’ ~ Lat. volvere ‘roll, turn’, vallis ‘valley’ (‘bend’), etc.
MEANING:1 forge, foundry 2 (shepherd's) hut 3 cabin, cottage 4 country house
BZK:ola 1
GIP:ola 1
ANV:ola 1
BNV:olha 1
LAB:olha 3, 4
ZBR:ólha 2, 3
RNC:(Vidángoz) õla 3
COMMENTS:The semantic change was probably 'hearth, forge' (cf. PEC *ɦwVlaq_ē 'hearth') > 'hut with a hearth, heated hut' > 'cabin, cottage', etc. (Cf. English stove ~ Norw. stova ‘cottage, hut; (living-) room’, Swed. stuga ‘cottage, cabin’, Ger. Stube ‘room’ (orig. ‘heated room’), etc.) Ol(h)a is an element in numerous Bsq place names, and in modern Bsq the meaning ‘forge’ has been extended to ‘factory’.
COMMENTS:Association with *hon 'good' is secondary. ZBR has no aspirate in this word, though it does in hun ‘good’ and derivates like húnki ‘good deed, benefit’, húntze ‘to improve’, etc. The supposed “adverb-forming suffix" -sa is unique to this word, casting doubt on its reality. Cf. instead PEC *ʡV(n)ǯV 'good'.
LAB:bes-ondo 1, gar(h)-ondo 2, lep-ondo 2, (Ainhoa) ondo 3
ZBR:bes-óndo 1
RNC:gar-ondo 2, lep-ondo 2
COMMENTS:The words cited for meanings 1 and 2 are only some of the anatomical words containing *ondo 'joint'. Meaning 3 (also stem, vine) occurs in compounds like madari-ondo 'pear tree', sagarr-ondo 'apple tree', mahats-ondo 'grapevine'. It is sometimes difficult to distinguish this word from *ondo 'side, bottom' (q.v.) and *ɦonda-r̄ 'sand', and Romance hondo (< Lat. fundum) 'bottom'. These words have probably merged and blended in Bsq to some extent.
COMMENTS:It is difficult to separate this word from the homonym *ondo 'joint' (q.v.). Both of these words have been influenced by Romance words such as Span. hondo 'bottom, depth, deep', and some blending has taken place. Cf. also Bsq *ɦonda-r̄ 'sand, dregs', which etymologists have often confused with either or both types of *ondo and Span. hondo. The compounds shown (of which there are many more) involve the elements *begi-t- 'eye' and *a=dar̄ 'horn'.
COMMENTS:The proposed derivation from Lat. locellum is highly questionable, and Bsq *o=keɫu matches PEC *qǝ̆lV̆ very well, phonetically and semantically. Michelena himself (1961: 83) remarks that the specialized meanings of the Romance words < locellum are quite distant from the Bsq meanings (e.g., Span. lucillo ~ lucilo ‘burial urn’).
MEANING:́1 chin 2 snout 3 nape 4 head (intelligence)
BZK:okotz 1, 2
ANV:kokots 1
BNV:kokots, kokotz 1
LAB:kokots, kokotz 1
BZT:kokots 3
ZBR:kokots 1
RNC:kokots 1, 4
COMMENTS:If the BZK form is archaic (okotz < *o=koc?), the form kokotz/ts seems to be blended with *kokot ‘nape’ (q.v.), of distinct origin. Alternatively the reduplicated *kokoc (or *kokoć) was original, with dissimilation in BZK. This body part term may be related to Bsq *a=kać, *ma=keć ‘notch, nick’ (q.v., cf. Lezgi q̇ac̣ ‘notch, nick’ vs. Rutul, Tsakhur q̇ac̣ ‘chin’).
COMMENTS:Cf. Tsez ric̣u 'wedge', Tab. Kand. ruc̣ 'lock with a hook', metathesized variants from PNC *c̣ǝ̆wrē (~ *rǝ̆wc̣ē). Cf. Bsq *sor̄oc 'sharp, keen', another permutation of the same root.
COMMENTS:Origin from Lat. ordō ‘line, row, series, order’ has been suggested but is problematic. Cf. instead PNC *ƛăjV 'time, day', Burushaski *j=ult 'time, right moment', *b=ultu 'day', with Bsq *-rd- in regular correspondence with PNC *ƛ and Bur *-lt-.
