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Basque etymology : Search within this database Total of 663 records 34 pages
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Proto-Basque: *ɦog(ʷ)en
Meaning: ́1 fault, blame, sin 2 harm, injury 3 fraud, deceit 4 decay, downfall 5 innocent (without fault)
Bizkaian: oben 1, 2, 4, oben-baga 5, (arc) ogen 3
Gipuzkoan: oben 1
High Navarrese: oben 1
Low Navarrese: hogen 1, 2, hogen-gabe 5, (Aldude) hoben 1
Salazarese: oben 1
Lapurdian: hoben-gabe 5
Baztanese: oben 1, oben-gabe 5
Zuberoan: ógen 1, 2, ogen-gábe 5
Roncalese: ogen, oben 1
Comments: This is one of the words in which old /g/ has regionally changed to /b/, conditioned by a labial vowel.
Proto-Basque: *ɦolaic
Meaning: colostrum, first milk
Bizkaian: oratz, oreitz, (Elorrio) ogitz
Gipuzkoan: oreitz
High Navarrese: oritz
Low Navarrese: horitz, (Hazparren) olitz
Lapurdian: horitz
Zuberoan: óritz
Roncalese: oritz
Comments: One of the words in which the change of -l- > -r- was not complete (here in Hazparren).
Proto-Basque: *ɦonda-r̄
Meaning: 1 sand, beach 2 bottom 3 remnant, residue
Bizkaian: ondar 1
Gipuzkoan: ondar 1
High Navarrese: ondar 2
Low Navarrese: hondar 2
Lapurdian: hondar 1, 2, (arc) hundar 1
Zuberoan: úndar 3
Comments: See the note to *ondo .
Proto-Basque: *ɦorci / *ɦośti
Meaning: 1 sky 2 storm 3 thunder 4 Thursday 5 rainbow 6 cloud
Bizkaian: osti 2, 3
Gipuzkoan: osti 2, 3, ost-egun 4
High Navarrese: ost-egun 4
Low Navarrese: ortzi 2, ortzantz, ihurtzuri 3, ost-egun 4, hortz-adar, ortz-adar, orz-adar, oltz-adar 5, ortz-egun 4, orzi-adar 5, (Hazparren) ortzi 3, orzi-adar 5, (Aldude) orz-egun 4
Lapurdian: ortzantz, ihurtzuri 3, hortz-adar, holtz-adar 5
Baztanese: ortz-egun 4, ortz-adar, oltz-adar 5
Zuberoan: ́ortze 2, orzantz 3, ost-égün 4, ost-ádar 5
Roncalese: (Isaba) ost-égun 4, (Uztárroz) orz-égun
Comments: Apparently {Urcia} (*ɦorcia ) was an ancient name for the sky-god, like Jove/Jupiter, Zeus, etc., thus *ɦorc-egun or *ɦośt-egun 'Thursday'. See the discussions by Michelena (1961: 130, 363-4) and Trask (1997: 277-79). There is similar alternation of -rc- / -śt - in a few other Bsq words, e.g. *ɦerce / *ɦeśte ‘intestine’, *borc / *bośt ‘five’ (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *ɦorś-to
Meaning: leaf
Gipuzkoan: osto
High Navarrese: ostro, osto
Low Navarrese: hosto
Salazarese: osto
Lapurdian: hosto
Zuberoan: ósto, (arc) orsto
Roncalese: osto
Comments: The ZBR writer Oihenart (17th c.) used the form orsto 'leaf'. See metathesis in ANV ostro . Cf. PEC *ʔărć̣ V ‘a kind of reed’.
Proto-Basque: *ɦosi
Meaning: 1 germ (of grain) 2 shoot that becomes a head of grain 3 to germinate, sprout
Gipuzkoan: ozi 2, (Andoain) ozi 1, ozitu 3
High Navarrese: ozi 2
Low Navarrese: ozi 1, ozitu 3
Lapurdian: hozi 1, hozitu 3
Baztanese: ozi 1, ozitu 3
Comments: The Bsq-NC comparison requires metathesis: PSC *śwĭ́ʔē ~ *ʔwĭ́śē , the latter > Bsq *ɦosi .
Proto-Basque: *ɦośin
Meaning: 1 deepest part of a river 2 abyss 3 sea 4 whirlpool
Bizkaian: osin 1
Gipuzkoan: osin 1, 3, 4
High Navarrese: osin 1
Low Navarrese: osin 1
Lapurdian: hosin, usin 1, 2
Zuberoan: osin 1
Comments: RNC usin 'avalanche' is rather < *e=auśi 'to fall'; cf. *Hauśo 'blizzard' (q.v.).
Proto-Basque: *ɦućal
Meaning: 1 poor, trifling 2 dry, barren, sterile 3 shrunken, shriveled
High Navarrese: utsal 1
Low Navarrese: hutsal 1, 3
Salazarese: utsal 1, 2
Lapurdian: hutsal 1
Zuberoan: ütsal 1, 2
Roncalese: utsal 1
Comments: Cf. also *huć : these words appear to be contaminated or blended.
Proto-Basque: *ɦulca-hur̄ (?)
Meaning: walnut
Araban: unsaur
Bizkaian: untxaur, intxaur, (arc) insaur
Gipuzkoan: intxaur
High Navarrese: intxaur,
Low Navarrese: heltzaur, giltzaur, (Amikuse) intzaur
Salazarese: giltzagur
Lapurdian: heltzaur, eltzaur
Baztanese: giltzaur
Aezkoan: etxabur
Zuberoan: intzáur, (Garazi) intzagor
Roncalese: etzagur, (Vidangoz) itzagur
Comments: An interesting word with many local variants. It is apparently a compound with an obscure first element + *hur̄ 'hazelnut' (q.v.). Words with g- appear to be blended with *gilc 'joint, node'.
Proto-Basque: *iainko
Meaning: God
Bizkaian: Jainko
Gipuzkoan: Jainko
High Navarrese: Jainko, Inka
Low Navarrese: Jinko, (arc) {Ieyncoa}, (Aldude) Inka
Lapurdian: Jainko, Jinko, (Ainhoa) Inkoa
Baztanese: Jinko
Zuberoan: Jinko
Comments: The forms Ink(o)a occur in oaths: Ala Inkoa!, Ala Inka! 'By God!'. Azkue also cites Jaungoiko (BZK, GIP, ANV), but possibly this longer word ('lord who is on high') is a "folk-etymology which attempts to rationalize the old name [Jainko] into something more obviously Christian" (Trask 1997: 323). The etymology remains mysterious.
Proto-Basque: *ibar̄
Meaning: valley
Bizkaian: ibar
Gipuzkoan: ibar
Low Navarrese: ibar
Lapurdian: ibar
Zuberoan: íbar
Comments: More specifically, "fertile low-lying land between mountains" (Trask). Connections to Bsq *ɦibai ‘river’ (q.v.) or ip(h)ar, ifar ‘north’, if any, are unclear. Cf. Burushaski *bar 'valley, ravine'.
Proto-Basque: *iću
Meaning: blind, blind person
Bizkaian: itsu
Gipuzkoan: itsu, itxu
High Navarrese: (Esteribar) itsu
Low Navarrese: itsu
Lapurdian: itsu
Baztanese: itsu
Zuberoan: ǘtsü
Roncalese: utsi
Comments: Cf. PNC *=Vc_V ( ~ *=Vć_V ) 'dark, blind'.
Proto-Basque: *idun
Meaning: 1 neck, collar 2 throat
Bizkaian: idun 1, idun-azur 2
Comments: A BZK word with no secure external cognates.
Proto-Basque: *ihas
Meaning: last year
Bizkaian: igaz, igez, (Otxandiano) ijez, ijaz (Txorierri) iez
Gipuzkoan: igaz
High Navarrese: igaz
Low Navarrese: iaz
Salazarese: xaz
Lapurdian: iaz, yaz
Zuberoan: ihaz
Roncalese: xaz
Comments: Cf. PEC *ś_wăjV 'last year'. For PSC we posit metathesis: *śwắjHV ~ *jHắśwV, the latter > Bsq *ihas . NCED suggests the possibility of a laryngeal in the PEC form, because of the pharyngeal vowel in Archi šʷaIš .
Proto-Basque: *iɫha-r̄
Meaning: 1 bean(s), haricot 2 pea(s) 3 vetch 4 heather
Bizkaian: idar 3, (Mundaka, Txorierri) irar 2
Gipuzkoan: illar 3
High Navarrese: illar 1, 4
Low Navarrese: illar 1
Lapurdian: (Ainhoa) illar 1, (arc) hillare 4, (Senpere) illar 3
Baztanese: illar 1, 3
Zuberoan: ílhar 1, ilhar-biríbil 2, ilhar-xúri 2, ilhárre 4
Comments: Cf. PNC *hōwɫ[ā] 'bean(s), lentil'. The relevance of words for 'heather' is uncertain, since the heather plant (Erica ) is so different from the pulses, and Bsq words for heather (ilharre, gillar, gindarra, iñarra, añara , etc.) are phonetically diverse and probably indicate blending of originally distinct roots.
Proto-Basque: *iɫhu-n
Meaning: 1 dark 2 night
Araban: iluñ 1
Bizkaian: illun 1
Gipuzkoan: illun 1
High Navarrese: ilun, illun 1, 2
Low Navarrese: ilhun 2, (Aldude) 1
Salazarese: ilun 1, 2
Lapurdian: ilhun 1
Aezkoan: ilun 1
Zuberoan: ǘllhün 1
Roncalese: ulún 1
Comments: The phonetic development may have been PSC *ƛēʔlV > (pre-Bsq) *liɫhu-n > Bsq *iɫhu-n , with a dissimilation of laterals attested in other cases.
Proto-Basque: *inhi
Meaning: rush, cane, reed
Bizkaian: ii
Gipuzkoan: ii
Low Navarrese: ihi
Lapurdian: ihi
Zuberoan: ihi [ĩ́hĩ]
Comments: There is some similarity to the synonym *si(n)Hi (q.v.), attested only in BZK, but it is difficult to reconcile phonetically with *inhi.
Proto-Basque: *i=cal
Meaning: 1 shade, shadow 2 protection 3 gloomy, frightening place 4 to cover, darken 5 to put out (lights)
Bizkaian: itzal 3
Gipuzkoan: itzali 5
High Navarrese: itzal 1, itzali 5
Low Navarrese: itzal 1, 2, itzali 4, 5
Salazarese: itzal 2, itzal-go 2, itzal-gune 1
Lapurdian: itzal 1, 2, itzali 4
Zuberoan: itzal 1, 2, itzali 4
Roncalese: itzal 2
Comments: Cf. PNC *Hč̣ōlV̄ 'black', Bsq *b=elc 'black', a different formation from the same root.
Proto-Basque: *i=ća-śo
Meaning: sea
Bizkaian: itxaso
Gipuzkoan: itxaso
High Navarrese: itsaso
Low Navarrese: itsaso
Lapurdian: itsaso
Zuberoan: itxáso
Roncalese: itxaso
Comments: Analyzed here as PSC *čä́HV ‘salt’ with a fossilized class prefix *i= (mass/uncountable nouns) and suffix *-śo , found also in (L-arc) ibaso ‘river’ (see *ɦibai ). Azkue cites *-śo only as the kinship suffix *-śo (q.v.). It is not clear whether *-śo in itsaso and ibaso is identical with it (‘child of salt’ = ‘sea’?) or the diminutive -txo (*-čo ), or neither.
Proto-Basque: *i=di
Meaning: ox
Araban: idi
Bizkaian: idi, (Eibar, Lekeitio) iri
Gipuzkoan: idi
High Navarrese: idi
Low Navarrese: idi
Salazarese: idi
Lapurdian: idi
Baztanese: idi
Aezkoan: idi
Zuberoan: idi
Roncalese: idi
Comments: A universal Bsq word, with very little phonetic variation (BZK iri ). One of the Bsq words in which PSC nasals are lost in *-NH- clusters.
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