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Number: 1601
Language: Ubyx
Location: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR)
Population: extinct (1992)
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest
Dictionary: Vogt, Hans. 1963. Dictionnaire de la langue oubykh. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Grammar: Dumézil, Georges. 1931. La langue des oubykhs. Paris: Champion. Kumaxov, M. A. 1967. "Ubyxskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 689-704.
Other Sources: Dumézil, G. and A. Namitok. 1954. "Le système des sons de l'oubykh," Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris 50. Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (Tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck. Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck. AL 6:8
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ tsh tsʔ tlʔ ṭsḥ ṭsʔ čh čʔ dz ḍz ɡ̌ f s ṣ ṣʔ z m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates: tsh tsʔ dz tlʔ ṭsh ṭsʔ ḍz čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s z ṣ ṣʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj čh cʔ ɡ̌ š ž kh kʔ ɡ x qh qʔ χ ʁ cʷ = th tʔ d tsh tsʔ dz s z ṣ ẓ ṣʔ kh kʔ ɡ x qh qʔ cɒ (pharyngealized) ph pʔ b v m qh qʔ χ ʁ
Glides: j w
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Long Vowels: ā
Diphthongs: ǝj ǝw
Stress: phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Articles: def indef
Syntax: SOV NA /(AN) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Comments: The Ubyx lived, until 1864, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, north of the Abxaz. In 1864 most of them moved to Turkey, where the last speaker died in 1992.
Number: 1602
Language: Abxaz
Alternate Name: Abkhaz
Location: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR)
Population: 55,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Abxaz-Abaza
Dictionary: Brazhba, X. S., ed. 1964. Russko-abxazskij slovar'. Suxumi.
Grammar: Lomtatidze, K. V. 1967. "Abxazskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 101-22. Grammatika abxazskogo jazyka. 1968. Suxumi: Alashara.
Other Sources: Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (Tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck. Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ f s̪ š x h v z̪ ž ɣ m n̪ l̪ r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qʔ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s h t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj kh kʔ ɡ qʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ š ž x ɣ cʷ th tʔ d kh kʔ ɡ qʔ tsh tsʔ dz š ž̌ x ɣ h ɦ
Glides: j w
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Diphthongs: aj aw ǝj ǝw
Stress: phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Gender: hum non-hum
Demonstratives: 3 [that yonder may be used as ref]
Articles: def indef
Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1603
Language: Abaza
Location: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR)
Population: 30,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Abxaz-Abaza
Dictionary: Tugova, V. B. 1967. Abazinsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija. Zhirov, X. D. and N. B. Ekba, eds. 1956. Russko-abazinskij slovar'. Moscow.
Grammar: Lomtatidze, K. V. 1967. "Abazinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 123-44.
Other Sources: Allen, W. S. 1956. "Structure and System in the Abaza Verbal Complex," Transactions of the Philological Society (Hertford). Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ (f) s̪ š χ h z̪ ž ʁ ɦ m n̪̪ l r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s h t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h ɦ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj kh kʔ ɡ qʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ š ž x ɣ l cʷ = kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ š ž̌ x ɣ h ɦ
Glides: j w
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Diphthongs: aj aw ǝj ǝw
Stress: phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Gender: a i
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def indef
Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1604
Language: Abaza
Dialect: Tapanta
Location: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR)
Population: 85,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Abxaz-Abaza
Grammar: Genko, A. N. 1955. Abazinskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Other Sources: AL 6:8
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qʔ qh ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ f fʔ s̪ ṣ̌ χ h v z̪ ʁ ɦ m n̪̪ l ɬ ɬʔ ɮ r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qʔ qh ʔ
Affricates: t̪s h t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f fʔ v s̪ z̪ ṣ̌ χ ʁ h ɦ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ ɬʔ ɮ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Articles: def indef
Pronouns: 1 4ie 2mf 5 3mf 6
Syntax: SOV NA GN N-NUM POSS-N
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1605
Language: Adygh
Alternate Name: Adyghe
Location: SW Russia (Adygej AO)
Population: 80,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Circassian
Dictionary: Vodozhdokova, X. D., ed. 1960. Russko-adygejskij slovar'. Moscow.
Grammar: Kumaxov, M. A. 1967. "Adygejskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 145-64. Jakovlev, N. and D. Ashxamaf. 1941. Grammatika adygejskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Other Sources: Kumaxova, Z. J. 1972. Razvitie adygskix literaturnyx jazykov. Moscow: Nauka. Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (Tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck. Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z f s̪ š šʔ x χ h z̪ ž ɣ ʁ m n̪ l ɬ ɬʔ r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qʔ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s h t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ
Fricatives: f s̪ z̪ š šʔ ž x ɣ χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ ɬʔ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: cj čh čʔ ɡ̌ š ž cʷ pʔ tʔ kh kʔ ɡ qʔ ʔ tsh dz š šʔ ž x χ ʁ
Glides: j w
Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ
Long Vowels: ā
Diphthongs: ej ew we ǝj ǝw
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def indef
Syntax: SOV AN/NA GN DN NUM-N [1]/N-NUM [>1] POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1606
Language: Kabardian
Location: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR)
Population: 270,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Circassian
Dictionary: Kardanov, B. M. 1957. Kabardinsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow. Kardanov, B. M. and A. T. Bichoev. 1955. Russko-kabardinsko-cherkesskij slovar'. Moscow.
Grammar: Grammatika kabardino-cherkesskogo literaturnogo jazyka. 1957. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Shagirov, A. K. 1967. "Kabardinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 165-83.
Other Sources: Kuipers, Aert H. 1960. Phoneme and Morpheme in Kabardian. The Hague: Mouton. Henderson, Eugénie J. A. 1970. Acoustic Features of Certain Consonants and Consonant Clusters in Kabardian," BSOAS 33, 92-106. Kumaxova, Z. J. 1972. Razvitie adygskix literaturnyx jazykov. Moscow: Nauka. Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck. Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck. AL 6:8
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ kh ʷ kʔ ʷ qh qʔ qh ʷ qʔ ʷ ʔ ʔʷ b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ d̪z ɡ̌ f fʔ s š šʔ v z m n̪ l ɬ ɬʔ r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ kh ʷ kʔ ʷ ɡʷ qh qʔ qh ʷ qʔ ʷ ʔ ʔʷ
Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives: f fʔ v s z š šʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ ɬʔ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Long Vowels: (ı̄) (ē) ā (ū) (ō)
Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
Stress: penult/antepenut
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 3 [yonder = ref]
Articles: def indef
Syntax: SOV NA/(AN) GN DN N-NUM POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1607
Language: Bats
Alternate Name: Tsova-Tush
Location: Georgia
Population: 3,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Nax
Grammar: Desheriev, J. D. 1953. Batsbijskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Desheriev, J. D. 1967. "Batsbijskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 228-46.
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ qχ qχʔ m n l ɬ r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s h t̪sʔ čh čʔ qχ qχʔ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ t tʔ d n l
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ī ō ɑ̄
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ũ õ ɑ̃
Diphthongs: ai ǝi ie oi ui ãi ẽi ĩe õi ũi
Stress: root initial
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 7: m, f, non-rational beings, nature, things, objects, ideas
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3 *6 3 & 6 vary with noun class
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Comments: all bilingual in Georgian
Number: 1608
Language: Chechen
Location: SW Russia (Chechen-Ingush ASSR)
Population: 420,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Nax: Chechen-Ingush
Dictionary: Matsiev, A. G. 1961. Chechensko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
Grammar: Desheriev, J. D. 1967. "Chechenskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 190-209.
Other Sources: Jakovlev, N. F. 1940. Sintaksis chechenskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences. Chokaev, K. Z. 1968, 1970. Morfologija chechenskogo jazyka, 2 vols. Groznyj. Magomedov, A. G. 1974. Sistema glasnyx checheno-ingushskogo jazyka. n.p.: Checheno-ingushskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ čh čʔ qχ qχʔ d̪z ɡ̌ m n l r
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s h t̪sʔ d̪z čh čʔ ɡ̌ qχ qχʔ
Nasals: m n
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ th d kh ɡ s z χ m n l r
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i y u e ø o æ a
Front Vowels: i y e ø æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ ı̄̃ ē̃ ā̃ ū̃
Diphthongs: ie uo oa uø ĩe ũo ũø iē uō u↔ō ĩē ũō ũ↔ō
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: root initial
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 6
Demonstratives: 3
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1609
Language: Ingush
Location: SW Russia (Chechen-Ingush ASSR)
Population: 158,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Nax: Chechen-Ingush
Dictionary: Ozdoev, I. A. 1961. Orfograficheskij slovar' ingushskogo jazyka. Groznij. Ozdoev, I. A. 1980. Russko-ingushskij slovar'. Moscow: Russkij Jazyk.
Grammar: Dolakova, P. I. 1967. "Ingushskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 210-27.
Other Sources: Magomedov, A. G. 1974. Sistema glasnyx checheno-ingushskogo jazyka. n.p.: Checheno-ingushskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.
Consonant system: ph pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ kh kʔ qh qʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ tsh tsʔ čh čʔ dz ɡ̌ m n̪ l r r̥
Stops: ph pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ ʔ
Affricates: ts h tsʔ dz čh čʔ ɡ̌
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r r̥
Modified Consonants: c̄ ph th d kh ts h dz ɡ̌ s z m n l r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ī ǣ ā
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ
Diphthongs: ie uo oa ĩe
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 6: m f...
Demonstratives: 3
Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1610
Language: Avar
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 270,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Avar
Dictionary: Saidov, M. S. and S. I. Mikailov. 1951. Russko-avarskij slovar'. Maxachkala.
Grammar: Madieva, G. I. 1967. "Avarskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 255-71.
Other Sources: Bokarev, A. A. 1949. Sintaksis avarskogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Consonant system: ph t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ kh ʷ qʔ ʷ ʔ b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ t̪sh t̪sʔ t̄lʔ čh čʔ q̄χ q̄χʔ m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: ph b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ kh ʷ ɡʷ qʔ ʷ ʔ
Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ t̄lʔ čh čʔ q̄χ q̄χʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ kh kʔ q qʔ ʔ ts h (tl ) tsʔ tl ʔ čh čʔ s š x χ χʷ ɬ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony
Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
Stress: phonemic, but usually 1st or 2nd
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 3: masc, fem, non-hum
Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below)
Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3mfH *6mfH H=non-human
Syntax: SOV AN POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1611
Language: Andi
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 9,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi
Grammar: Tsertsvadze, I. I. 1967. "Andijskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 276-92.
Consonant system: ph t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ kh ʷ kʔ ʷ qʔ ʷ ʔ b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ t̪sh t̪sʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ qχ qχʔ ɡ̌ m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: ph b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ kh ʷ kʔ ʷ ɡʷ qʔ ʷ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s h t̪sʔ tl h tl ʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ qχ qχʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ b d kh kʔ ɡ qh qʔ qh ʷ qʔ ʷ ts h tsʔ tl ʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ s š x l ɬ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ ?
Nasal Vowels: ṽ ?
Diphthongs: diphthongs
Stress: phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 5: m f animate N (non-human) inanimate (2 classes)
Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below)
Pronouns: 1mf 4ie 2mf 5 *3 *6 3 & 6 vary with noun class
Syntax: SVO/SOV AN GN
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1612
Language: Botlix
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 3,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi
Grammar: GD: Gudava, T. E. 1962. Botlixskij jazyk. Tbilisi Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Botlixskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 293-306.
Consonant system: ph t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ t̄lh t̄lʔ čh čʔ k̄x k̄xʔ q̄χ q̄χʔ ɡ̌ m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: ph b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: t̪sh t̪sʔ t̄lh t̄lʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ k̄x k̄xʔ q̄χ q̄χʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ kʔ ts h tsʔ čh čʔ kx s š ç x ɬ tl h tl ʔ kxʔ qχ qχʔ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ (õ)
Stress: phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 3: m, f, N (=things, phenomena, animals)
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3mfH *6 H=non-human
Syntax: AN GN
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1613
Language: Godoberi
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 2,500
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi
Grammar: Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Godoberinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 307-21.
Other Sources: Job, Michael, ed. 2004. The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Vol. 3: The Northeast Caucasian Languages, Part 1. Ann Arbor: Caravan Books.
Consonant system: ph t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ (t̪sh ) t̪sʔ t̄l tlʔ čh čʔ k̄x q̄χ qχʔ m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: ph b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (t̪sh ) t̪sʔ t̄l tlʔ čh čʔ k̄x q̄χ qχʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ th q tsh tl čh kx s š ç x ɬ cj kh kʔ ɡ k̄ t̄
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ã ũ
Stress: phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 3: m, f, N (in pl only hum/non-hum)
Demonstratives: 2
Syntax: SOV AN
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1614
Language: Chamalal
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 4,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi
Grammar: Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967. "Chamalinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 384-399. Bokarev, A. A. 1949. Ocherk grammatiki chamalinskogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Consonant system: ph t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪sh t̪sʔ tl tlʔ čh (čʔ ) (qχ ) qχʔ ɡ̌ s̪ s̪̄ʔ š š̄ʔ z̪ m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: ph b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s h t̪sʔ tl tl ʔ čh (čʔ ) ɡ̌ (qχ ) qχʔ
Fricatives: s̪ s̪̄ʔ z̪ š š̄ʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ s sʔ (š) šʔ ç x (xʔ ) ɬ
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i u e (o) a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ ı̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄
Stress: phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 5: m f n1 n2 n3 (pl: hum/non-hum)
Demonstratives: 6 (2 + this above, this below, that above, that below)
Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class.
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1615
Language: Bagulal
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 4,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi
Grammar: Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Bagvalinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 351-67.
Consonant system: ph t̪h t̪ʔ ch cʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɟ ɡ t̪sʔ tlʔ čh čʔ qχ qχʔ s̪ s̪̄ʔ š š̄ʔ z̪ m n̪ l ɬ̄ r
Stops: ph b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ ch cʔ ɟ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: t̪sʔ tl ʔ čh čʔ qχ qχʔ
Fricatives: s̪ s̪̄ʔ z̪ š s̄̌ʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ̄
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ s š ɬ ç x sʔ šʔ
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i u e (o) a
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u (o)
Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū (ō)
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ (ẽ) ã ũ (õ) ı̃̄ (ẽ̄) ã̄ ũ̄ (ȭ)
Stress: phonemic?
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 3: masc, fem, non-hum (In pl, hum/non-hum only)
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3mfH *6hH H=non-human
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1616
Language: Tindi
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi
Grammar: Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Tindinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 368-83.
Consonant system: p t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ (t̪sh ) t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ k̄x qχ qχʔ m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: p b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (t̪sh ) t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ k̄x qχ qχʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ ts tl č kx s š ç x ɬ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ̄v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all (ẽ̄ ȭ rare)
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 3: m f N (pl: human/N only)
Demonstratives: 6 (2 + this above, this below, that above, that below)
Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class.
Syntax: SVO AN NUM-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1617
Language: Karata
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi
Grammar: Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967. "Karatinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 322-35.
Consonant system: ph t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ (t̪sh ) t̪sʔ t̄lh tlʔ čʔ k̄x k̄xʔ q̄χ q̄χʔ m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: ph b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (t̪sh ) t̪sʔ t̄lh tlʔ čʔ k̄x k̄xʔ q̄χ q̄χʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ kʔ qχ qχʔ ts h tsʔ tl ʔ čh čʔ kx s š ç x ɬ tl h
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Nasal Vowels: ı̃ (ẽ) ã (õ) ũ
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 3: m f N (pl: hum/N)
Demonstratives: 4 (2 + that above, that below)
Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 3mfH 6hH
Syntax: GN
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1618
Language: Axvax
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 5,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi
Grammar: Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967a. "Axvaxskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 336-50. Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967b. Axvaxskij jazyk. Tbilsi: Metsniereba.
Consonant system: ph (pʔ ) t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ (t̪sh ) t̪sʔ tlh tlʔ čh čʔ qχ qχʔ ɡ̌ s̪ š ç̄ x χ h z̪ ž ɣ ʁ m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: ph (pʔ ) b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: (t̪s h ) t̪sʔ tl h tl ʔ čh čʔ ɡ̌ qχ qχʔ
Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š ž ç̄ x ɣ χ ʁ h
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ kʔ q qʔ ts h tsʔ tl tl ʔ (čh ) (čʔ ) (kx ) s (š) ç x ɬ
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all v̄̃ all
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 3: masc hum, fem hum, non-hum [In pl only hum/non-hum]
Demonstratives: 8 (3 + this not far, this above, this below, that above, that below)
Pronouns: 1 4ie 2 5 *3mfH *6hH H=non-human
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1619
Language: Xvarshi
Dialect: Inxokari
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 1,800
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Dido
Grammar: Bokarev, E. A. 1967. "Xvarshinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 421-35.
Other Sources: TJD
Consonant system: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʷ t̪ʔ k kʷ kʔ qʷ q̌ʔ ʷ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: p pʔ b t̪ t̪ʷ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʷ kʔ ɡ qʷ q̌ʔ ʷ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s t̪sʔ tl tl ʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system: i ɨ u e o ɑ
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɨ
Back Vowels: u o ɑ
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized) all but ɨ
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 6: m f a i,diminutives, the words 'child' & 'family'
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3mM *6mM [m=masc; M=non-masc]
Syntax: SVO/SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
Number: 1620
Language: Dido
Alternate Name: Tsez
Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)
Population: 7,000
Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Dido-Hinux
Grammar: Bokarev, E. A. 1967. "Tsezskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 404-20.
Other Sources: TJD Job, Michael, ed. 2004. The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Vol. 3: The Northeast Caucasian Languages, Part 1. Ann Arbor: Caravan Books.
Consonant system: p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ m n̪ l ɬ r
Stops: p pʔ b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
Affricates: t̪s t̪sʔ tl tl ʔ č čʔ qχ qχʔ
Nasals: m n̪
Laterals: l ɬ
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: ē ā
Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized) all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: phonemic
Noun Number: s p
Noun Classes: 4: m f a i
Demonstratives: 3: near/far/far invisible
Pronouns: 1 4 2 5 *3(mM) *6(mM) m=masc; M=non-masc; in oblique cases only
Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative: erg
Prep/Post: POST
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des,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-modifiedvo,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,
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