A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1621

Language: Hinux

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 200

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Dido-Hinux

Grammar: Bokarev, E. A. 1967. "Ginuxskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 436-54.

Other Sources: TJD

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
    t̪^s t̪^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔq^χʷ q^χʔʷ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p p^ʔb t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k k^ʔ ɡ kʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^sʔ t^l t^l^ʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔq^χʷ q^χʔʷ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ d s n l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i y u
e o
ɑ

Front Vowels: i y e

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Modified Vowels: (v̰ (pharynɡealized) marɡinal)

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 4: m f a i [f, a & i all contain inanimate nouns, i.e. gender is not semantically pure.]

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3ai *6
a=m+f+a

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1622

Language: Bezhta

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 2,500

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Bezhta-Hunzib

Grammar: Bokarev, E. A. and G. I. Madieva. 1967. "Bezhitinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 455-71.

Other Sources: TJD

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔ
    s̪ š χ h
    z̪ ž ʁ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^sh t̪^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔ

Fricatives: s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i y u
e ø o
æ ɑ

Front Vowels: i y e ø æ

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Long Vowels: ī ē ū ō ɑ̄

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ũ õ ɑ̃

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: non-phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 4: m f animate/inanimate inanimate/abstract

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1623

Language: Bezhta

Dialect: Tljadal

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 2,500

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Bezhta-Hunzib

Other Sources: TJD

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
    t̪^s t̪^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p p^ʔ b t t^ʔ d k k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^sʔ t^l t^l^ʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i y u
e ø o
æ ɑ

Front Vowels: i y e ø æ

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Long Vowels: ī ū ō ɑ̄

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ũ õ ɑ̃

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 6: m f + 4 misc

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mf *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1624

Language: Hunzib

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 600

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Bezhta-Hunzib

Grammar: Bokarev, E. A. 1967. "Gunzibskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 472-87.

Other Sources: TJD

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p p^ʔ b t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ t^l t^l^ʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i ɨ u
e ǝ ɤ o
ɑ

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ

Back Vowels: u o ɤ ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: non-phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 6: m f anim mixed₁ mixed₂ the word `child'

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mf *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1625

Language: Lak

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 64,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lak-Dargwa

Dictionary:

Murkelinskij, G. B. 1953. Russko-lakskij slovar'. Maxachkala.
Xajdakov, S. M. 1962. Laksko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.

Grammar:

Zhirkov, L. I. 1955. Lakskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Murkelinskij, G. B. 1967. "Lakskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 488-507.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ q^h q^ʔq^hʷ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t^sh t^sʔ t^sʔʷč^h č^ʔ
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ q^h q^ʔq^hʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s^h t^sʔ t^sʔʷč^h č^ʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ p^h t^h k^h q^h t^s č s š x χ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
a

Front Vowels: i

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Modified Vowels: ḛ ø̰ æ̰ only (pharynɡealized)

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 5: m f anim & inan, things & ideas, the word 'house'

Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below)

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1626

Language: Dargwa

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 160,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lak-Dargwa

Grammar: Abdullaev, Z. G. 1967. "Darginskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 508-23.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔ ʔ
    d̪ ɡ G
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ G ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Modified Vowels: ǝ̰ (pharynɡealized)

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 3: m f a+i

Demonstratives: 4: near, far, above, below

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1627

Language: Dargwa

Dialect: Kubachi

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 160,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lak-Dargwa

Grammar: Magometov, A. A. 1963. Kubachinskij jazyk. Tbilisi: Academy of Sciences of the Georgian SSR.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t^h t^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
    t^s t^sʔ č č^ʔ
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t^h t^ʔ d k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ č č^ʔ

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ p^h t^h k^h q^h s š x χ t^s č

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Diphthongs: wa ja wi ji ju iw ij aj

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 3: masc hum/fem hum/non-hum (pl: hum/non-hum only)

Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below)

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1628

Language: Archi

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 1,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian

Grammar:

Xajdakov, C. M. 1967. "Archinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 608-26.
Mikailov, K. S. 1967. Archinskij jazyk. Maxachkala.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔt^l č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ
    s š χ h
    z ž ʁ ʕ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔt^l č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ

Fricatives: s z š ž χ ʁ ʕ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c̄
cʷ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized): all

Diphthongs: diphthongs

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 4: m f an inan+diminutives (pl: 1 class)

Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below)

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1629

Language: Xinalug

Location: Azerbaijan

Population: 1,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian

Grammar:

Desheriev, J. D. 1959. Grammatika xinalugskogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Desheriev, J. D. 1967. "Xinalugskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 659-75.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ q^χh
    d̪^z ɡ̌
m n
    l ɬ
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ q^χ^h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ t^h t^ʔ k^h q^χ^h t^s^h č^h c^j k^h k^ʔcʷ p t^sʔ s č^ʔ t^ʔ t^s^h š k^h k^ʔ ɣ q^ʔ q^χ^h

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i y ɨ u
e ø ǝ o
æ ɑ

Front Vowels: i y e ø æ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ǝ̃ ũ õ ɑ̃

Diphthongs:

ui oi ai
ãi (ũi) (õi)

Stress: root initial

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 4: masc hum, fem hum, anim, inan

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mM *6hN
m=masc M=non-masc h=m+f N=a+i

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1630

Language: Lezgi

Alternate Name: Lezgian

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 220,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper

Dictionary:

Talibov, B. and M. Gadzhiev. 1966. Lezginsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija.
Gadzhiev, M. M. 1951. Russko-lezginskij slovar'. Maxachkala.

Grammar: Mejlanova, U. A. 1967. "Lezginskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 528-44.

Consonant system:

   p p^h p^ʔ t̪ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ q q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č č^h č^ʔ q^χh
f s̪ š x χ h
v z̪ ž ʁ
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p p^h p^ʔ b t̪ t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k k^h k^ʔ ɡ q q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ č č^h č^ʔ q^χ^h

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x χ ʁ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: cʷ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ ɡ q q^χh q^ʔ t^s t^sʔ s z x χ ʁ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i y u
e
a

Front Vowels: i y e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Stress: 2nd from beginning

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below) + ref

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1631

Language: Lezgi

Alternate Name: Lezgian

Dialect: Kjuri

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 220,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper

Grammar: Mejanova, U. A. 1970. Gjunejskij dialekt - osnova lezginskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Maxachkala.

Other Sources: Mejlanova, U. A. 1964. Ocherki lezginskoj dialektologii. Moscow: Nauka.

Consonant system:

   p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ q^ʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
    t^s t^sh t^sʔ č č^h č^ʔq^χ q^χh
    d^z ɡ̌
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p p^h p^ʔ b t t^h t^ʔ d k k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h t^sʔ d^z č č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ q^χ q^χ^h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: cʷ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ t^s t^sh t^sʔ q^χ q^χh s z x ɣ χ ʁ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i y u
e
æ a

Front Vowels: i y e æ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: ī ǣ ā ū

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Stress: 2nd syllable from beginning

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: remnants of noun classes only

Demonstratives: 8 (3 + that very far, that above, that way above, that below, that way below)

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1632

Language: Tabasaran

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 35,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper

Grammar:

Zhirkov, L. I. 1948. Tabasaranskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Magometov, A. A. 1965. Tabasaranskij jazyk. Tbilisi: Metsniereba.
Xanmagomedov, B. G. K. 1967. "Tabasaranskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 545-61.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ p^h t^h k^h q^h t^sh č^h č^hʷ f s š šʷ x χ cʷ k^h k̄^h ɡ k^ʔ q^h q̄^h q^ʔ š s̄̌ ž χ ʁ

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i y u
e
æ a

Front Vowels: i y e æ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: hum non-hum [no noun classes in the pl]

Demonstratives: 5 (3 + that above, that below)

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3hH *6
h=hum, H=non-hum

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1633

Language: Agul

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 7,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper

Grammar:

Magometov, A. A. 1967. "Agul'skij jazyk," in JNS 4, 562-79.
Magometov, A. A. 1970. Agul'skij jazyk. Tbilisi: Metsniereba.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t^sh t^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^s^h t^sʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c̄ p^h t^h k^h q^h t^sh č^h č^hʷ f s sʷ š x χ
cʷ many

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i y u
e
a

Front Vowels: i y e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Modified Vowels: v̰ (pharynɡealized) ?

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: [fossilized traces of hum/non-hum]

Demonstratives: 4(2+that above, that below)

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1634

Language: Rutul

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 10,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper

Grammar: Dzhejranishvili, E. F. 1967. "Rutul'skij jazyk," in JNS 4, 580-90.

Consonant system:

   p^h (p^ʔ) t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ G
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    (d̪^z) ɡ̌
f s̪ š x h
v z̪ ɣ
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p^h (p^ʔ) b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ G ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ (d̪^z) č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ p b t k q t^sč ɣ h

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i y u
e ø ǝ o
æ a

Front Vowels: i y e ø æ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Modified Vowels: ḭ ḛ ǝ̰ a̰ ṵ o̰ (pharynɡealized)

Stress: penult

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 4: m f a i [no noun classes for pl]

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1635

Language: Tsaxur

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 20,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper

Grammar: Talibov, B. B. 1967. "Tsaxurskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 591-607.

Other Sources: Ibragimov, G. X. 1968. Fonetika tsaxurskogo jazyka. Maxachkala.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
f s̪ š x χ h
v z̪ ɣ ʁ
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š x ɣ χ ʁ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants:

c̄ p t k q t^s č s š x χ
cʷ many

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i ɨ u
e o
ɑ

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Long Vowels: v̄ all but ɨ u

Modified Vowels:

v̰ (pharynɡealized) all
v̰̄ o a only

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C) [no CCVCC]

Stress: second

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 4: masc hum/fem hum/anim/inan [pl: hum/non-hum]

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1636

Language: Kryts

Location: Azerbaijan

Population: 6,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper

Grammar: Saadiev, S. M. 1967. "Kryzskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 627-42.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ q^h q^ʔ q^hʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ G
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f s̪ š x ħ h
v z̪ ž ɣ ʕ
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ q^h q^ʔ G q^hʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ ħ ʕ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i y ɨ u
e ø o
æ ɑ

Front Vowels: i y e ø æ

Central Vowels: ɨ

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

Stress: non-phonemic?

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 4: m f a i

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1637

Language: Budux

Location: Azerbaijan

Population: 2,000

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper

Grammar: Desheriev, J. D. 1967. "Buduxskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 643-58.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s t̪^sʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔ d̪^z ɡ̌
f s̪ š x χ ħ h
    z̪ ž ɣ ʁ ʕ
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p p^ʔ b t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

Affricates: t̪^s t̪^sʔ d̪^z č č^ʔ ɡ̌ q^χ q^χʔ

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i y ɨ u
e ø ǝ o
æ ɑ

Front Vowels: i y e ø æ

Central Vowels: ɨ ǝ

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Syllable: (C)V(C)(C)

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 4: masc hum/fem hum/neut1/neut2 (n1 & n2 contain animals, objects, ideas, and natural phenomena)

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1638

Language: Udi

Location: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

Population: 3,700

Classification: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Lezgian: Lezgian Proper

Dictionary: Gukasjan, Voroshil. 1974. Udinsko-azerbajdzhansko-russkij slovar'. Baku: Elm.

Grammar: Panchvidze, V. N. and E. F. Dzhejranishvili. 1967. "Udinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 676-88.

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^ʔ q^h b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f s̪ š x h
v z̪ ž ɣ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

Stops: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ q^h

Affricates: t̪^sh t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ š ž

Glides: j

Vowel system:

i y u
e ø o
æ ɑ

Front Vowels: i y e ø æ

Back Vowels: u o ɑ

Modified Vowels: ḭ ḛ ṵ o̰ ɑ̰ (pharynɡealized)

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Stress: final

Noun Number: s p

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV AN DN NUM-N

Ergative: erg

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 1639

Language: Burushaski

Dialect: Werchikwar

Location: N Pakistan (Jasin)

Population: 40,000 (10,000)

Classification: Dene-Caucasian

Dictionary: Lorimerm D.L.R. 1962. Werchikwar English Vocabulary. Oslo: Norwegian Universities Press.

Grammar: GD: Berger, Hermann. 1974. Das Yasin-Burushaski (Werchikwar). Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ t^h k k^h q
b d ḍ ɡ
    t^s ṭ^s č
    ḍ^zɡ̌
    s ṣ š χ h
    z ʁ
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d ṭ t^h ḍ k k^h ɡ q

Affricates: t^s ṭ^s ḍ^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: s z ṣ š χ ʁ h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Noun Classes: 4: m f x y [x y represent 2 classes]

Articles: indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mfai *6hai

Syntax: SOV POSS-N

Number: 1640

Language: Burushaski

Dialect: Hunza

Location: N Pakistan (Hunza)

Population: 40,000 (30,000)

Classification: Dene-Caucasian

Dictionary: GD: Lorimer, D.L.R. 1935-38. The Burushaski Language 3 vols. Oslo: H. Aschehony.

Grammar: Klimov. G.A. and D.I. Edel'man. 1970. Jazyk burushaski. Moscow: Nauka.

Other Sources: Morgenstierne, Georg. 1945. "Notes on Burushaski Phonology," Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 13, 61-95.
Vogt, Hans. 1945. "The Plural of Nouns and Adjectives in Burushaski," Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 13, 96-129.
Borgstrøm Carl H. 1945. "The Categories of Person, Number and Class in the Verbal System of Burushaski," Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap 13, 130-47.
Varma, Siddheshwar. 1931. "Burushaski Texts," IL 1, 256-82.

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h q q^h b d ḍ ɡ
    t^s t^sh č̣ č̣^h č č^h
    ɡ̣̌ ɡ̌
(f) s ṣ̌ š (x) h
    z ʁ
m n ŋ
    l
    r

Stops: p p^h b t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ q q^h

Affricates: t^s t^s^h č̣ č̣^h ɡ̣̌ č č^h ɡ̌

Fricatives: (f) s z ṣ̌ š (x) ʁ h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Diphthongs: ai au

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

Tones: ?

Stress: non-phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f a i

Demonstratives: 2

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mfai *6mfai

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

Ergative: Erg

Prep/Post: POST