A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 1821

Language: Catalan

Dialect: Eastern

Location: NE Spain

Population: 5 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Ibero-Romance

Other Sources: Wheeler, Max W. 1972. "Distinctive Features and Natural Classes in Phonological Theory," JL 8, 87-102.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k kʷ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
f s š
v z ž
m n ñ
    l ʎ
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ

Fricatives: f v s z š ž

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: cʷ k ɡ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Back Vowels: u o ɔ ɑ

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1822

Language: Catalan

Location: NE Spain

Population: 5 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Ibero-Romance

Grammar:

GD: Gili, Joan. 1967. Introducory Catalan Grammar. Oxford: The Dolphin Book Co.
Badia Margarit, Antonio M. 1962. Gramatica catalana, 2 vols. Madrid: Gredos.

Other Sources:

Badia Margarit, Antonio Straka and Georges Straka, eds. 1973. La linguistique catalane. Paris: Klincksieck.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s š
v z ž
m n ñ
    l ʎ
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s z š ž

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: ɾ r

Modified Consonants: c̄ l ʎ m

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Diphthongs: ai ei oi ui au eu iu ou

Stress: penult & final

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 3 [reduced to 2 in most modern dialectos]

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
politeness: familiar/politeness distinction for 2 and 5.

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN/(ND) NUM-N POSS-N/(N-POSS [optional for 6])

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1823

Language: Spanish

Dialect: Castilian

Location: Spain

Population: 200 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Ibero-Romance

Dictionary: Velázquez de la Cadena, Mariano, Edward Gray and Juan L. Iribas. 1974. Velázquez Spanish and English Dictionary. Chicago: Follett.

Grammar: Pottier, Bernard. 1970. Gramática del español. Madrid: Alcala.

TextBooks:

Wilson, N. Scarlyn. 1970. Spanish. London: Teach Yourself Books.

Other Sources:

Llorach, Emilio Alarcos. 1968. Fonologı́a española. Madrid: Gredos.
Dalbor, John B. 1969. Spanish Pronunciation: Theory and Practice. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Macpherson, I. R. n.d. Spanish Phonology: Descriptive and Historical. New York: Barnes & Noble.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    č
f θ s x
m n̪ ñ
    l̪ ʎ
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: f θ s x

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l̪ ʎ

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Diphthongs: ie ia io iu ei ai oi ui ue ua uo eu au ou

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
politness: intim/polite distinction for 2 & 5

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1824

Language: Spanish

Dialect: Andalusian

Location: S Spain

Population: 200 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Ibero-Romance

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
f s h
m n ñ
    l
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: f s h

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Stress: phonemic

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1825

Language: Spanish

Dialect: Judeo-Spanish

Location: Rumania

Population: 200 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Ibero-Romance

Other Sources: Sala, Marius. 1971. Phonétique et phonologie du judéo-espagnol de Bucharest: The Hague: Mouton.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s č
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f s̪ š x
v z̪ ž
m n̪
    l
    r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: t̪^s d̪^z č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Diphthongs: diphthongs

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1826

Language: Spanish

Dialect: Mexican

Location: Mexico

Population: 200 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Ibero-Romance

TextBooks: Bolinger, Dwight, et al, eds. 1960. Modern Spanish. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.

Other Sources:

Stockwell, Robert P. and J. Donald Bowen. 1965. The Sounds of English and Spanish. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    č
f s x
m n̪ ñ
    l
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: f s x

Nasals: m n̪ ñ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Diphthongs: ej aj oj aw ew uj iw

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)V(C)

Stress: phonemic, but mostly penult

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 3
2 5
3mf 6mf
politeness: 2 intim/2 pol

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1827

Language: Spanish

Dialect: Cuban

Location: Cuba

Population: 200 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Ibero-Romance

Other Sources: Isbăsescu, Cristina. 1968. El español en Cuba. Bucharest: Sociedad Rumana de Lingüı́stica Románica.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    č
f s h
m n ñ
    l
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: f s h

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1828

Language: Spanish

Dialect: Costa Rican

Location: Costa Rica

Population: 200 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Ibero-Romance

Other Sources: Chavarria-Aguilar, O. L. 1951. "The Phonemes of Costa Rican Spanish," Lg 27, 248-53.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    č
f s h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
    l
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: f s h

Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Syllable: (C)(C)V(C)

Stress: phonemic

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1829

Language: Spanish

Dialect: Panamanian

Location: Panama

Population: 200 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Ibero-Romance

Other Sources: Alvarado de Ricord, Elsie. 1971. El español de Panamá. Panama: Editorial Universitaria.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    č
f s h
m n ñ
    l
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: f s h

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1830

Language: Spanish

Dialect: Colombian

Location: Colombia

Population: 200 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Ibero-Romance

Other Sources: Florez, Luis. 1965. El español hablado en Santander. Bogota: Instituto Caro y Cuervo.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s̪ x
m n ñ
    l ʎ
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Affricates: č ɡ̌

Fricatives: f s̪ x

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Stress: phonemic

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1831

Language: Spanish

Dialect: Ecuadorean

Location: Ecuador

Population: 200 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Ibero-Romance

Other Sources: AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
f s š x
m n ñ
    l ʎ
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: f s š x

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: ɾ r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Stress: phonemic

Syntax: SVO

Number: 1832

Language: Galician

Location: NW Spain

Population: 4 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Ibero-Romance

Dictionary:

Franco Grande, X. L. 1968. Diccionario galego-castelan. Colón: Galaxia.

Grammar: Carballo Calero, Ricardo. 1970. Gramática elemental del gallego común. Colón: Galaxia.

Other Sources: Veiga Arias, Amable. 1976. Fonologia gallega. Valencia: Bello.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
f θ s š
m n ñ ŋ
    l ʎ
    ɾ r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: f θ s š

Nasals: m n ñ ŋ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: ɾ r

Modified Consonants: c̄ m n

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Diphthongs: ia ie io iu ua ue ui uo ai au ei eu oi ou

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf

Syntax: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1833

Language: Portuguese

Dialect: Lisbon

Location: Portugal

Population: 130 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Ibero-Romance

TextBooks: Willis, R. Clive. 1971. An Essential Course in Modern Portuguese. London: Goerge G. Harrap.

Other Sources: Head, Brian. 1964. A Comparison of the Segmental Phonology of Lisbon and Rio de Janieiro. Austin: Univ of Texas Diss.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
f s š
v z̪ ž ʁ
m n ñ
    l ʎ
    ɾ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Fricatives: f v z̪ s š ž

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: ɾ ʁ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: (ɐ) a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ɐ̃ ũ õ

Diphthongs: ɐ̃w ɐ̃j õj

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
politeness: 2 has 4 forms: (1) very familiar, (2) fairly familiar, (3) pol masc, (4) pol fem.
5 has 3 forms: (1) fam, (2) pol masc, (3) pol fem.

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1834

Language: Portuguese

Dialect: Brazilian

Location: Brazil

Population: 130 million

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Ibero-Romance

Dictionary: Michaelis, H. 1958. The New Michaelis Illustrated Dictionary, 2 vols. Sao Paulo: Melhorametos.

TextBooks:

Ellison, Fred P. and Francisco Gomes de Matos. 1971. Modern Portuguese. New York : Alfred A. Knopf.
Thomas, Earl W. 1974. A Grammar of Spoken Brazilian Portuguese. Nashville: Vanderbilt Univ Press.

Other Sources:

Head, Brian Franklin. 1964. A Comparison of the Segmental Phonology of Lisbon and Rio de Janeiro. Austin: Univ. of Texas Diss.
Camara, Joaquin Mattoso, Jr. 1972. The Portuguese Language. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.
AL 7:8

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
f s š x
v z̪ ž
m n ñ
    l ʎ
    ɾ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

Fricatives: f v z̪ s š ž x

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l ʎ

Vibrants: ɾ

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o ɔ

Nasal Vowels: ı̃ ẽ ɐ̃ ũ õ

Diphthongs:

au ai eu ei ɛu ɛi iu ou oi ɔi ui
ão ãe ẽi õi

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def indef

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
politeness: 2 & 5 each have 3 forms: (1) intim, (2) pol masc, (3) pol fem.

Syntax: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1835

Language: Mozarabic

Location: Spain

Population: extinct

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Ibero-Romance

Consonant system:

Number: 1836

Language: Gaulish

Location: S France

Population: extinct (c. 500 A.D.)

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Continental

Other Sources:

Fowkes, Robert A. 1940. "The Phonology of Gaulish," Lg 16, 285-99.
Watkins, Calvert. 1955. "The Phonemics of Gualish: The Dialect of Narbonensis," Lg 31, 9-19.

Consonant system:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s
    s
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ

Affricates: t^s

Fricatives: s

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Diphthongs: ai au oi ou ūi (eu)

Number: 1837

Language: Irish

Alternate Name: Gaelic

Location: Ireland

Population: 500,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Goidelic

Dictionary: Dinneen, Patrick S. 1904. An Irish-English Dictionary. London: David Nutt.

Grammar: Calder, George. 1923. A Gaelic Grammar. Glasgow: Gairn.

TextBooks: Dillon, Myles and Donncha Ó Cróinı́n. 1961. Irish. London: English Universities Press.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h k^h
b d̪ ɡ
f s x h
v
m n̪
    l̪
    r

Stops: p^h b t̪^h d̪ k^h ɡ

Fricatives: f v s x h

Nasals: m n̪

Laterals: l̪

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c^j all

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ æ

Central Vowels: ǝ

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Diphthongs: ai au ou iǝ uǝ

Stress: initial

Noun Number: s d p

Gender: m f

Demonstratives: 3

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6

Syntax: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N Num+N+A+D

Prep/Post: PREP

Number: 1838

Language: Irish

Alternate Name: Gaelic

Dialect: Waterford

Location: Ireland

Population: 500,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Goidelic

Other Sources: Breatnach, Risteard B. 1947. The Irish of Ring, Co. Waterford. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h c^h k^h
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
ɸ s š ç x h
β ɣ ɣʷ
m n̪ ŋ
    l^j
    ɾ

Stops: p^h b t̪^h d̪ c^h ɟ k^h ɡ

Fricatives: ɸ β s š ç x ɣ ɣʷ h

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l^j

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c^j p b t d f v h m n ŋ r (l is always palatalized; non-palatalized consonants are velarized.)

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ū ō ɑ̄

Diphthongs: iǝ ia uǝ ai au ǝi ǝu

Stress: initial

Number: 1839

Language: Irish

Alternate Name: Gaelic

Dialect: Galway

Location: Ireland

Population: 500,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Goidelic

Other Sources: de Bhaldraithe, Tomás. 1966. The Irish of Cois Fhairrge, Co. Galway. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h t^h k^h
b d̪ d ɡ
    t^s t^r č
    d^r ɡ̌
ɸ s š x h
β ɣ
m n n̥ ñ ŋ
    l̪ l̪̥ ʎ
    ɾ ɾ̥

Stops: p^h b t̪^h d̪ t^h d k^h ɡ

Affricates: t^s t^r d^r č ɡ̌

Fricatives: ɸ β s š x ɣ h

Nasals: m n n̥ ñ ŋ

Laterals: l̪ l̪̥ ʎ

Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̥

Modified Consonants: c^j p b t d k ɡ ɸ β x m n n̥ ŋ l l̥ r r̥

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ æ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ǣ ā ū ō ɑ̄

Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)

Diphthongs: iǝ ei uǝ ai au uǝi uǝu

Stress: initial

Number: 1840

Language: Irish

Alternate Name: Gaelic

Dialect: Cork

Location: S Ireland

Population: 500,000

Classification: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Goidelic

Other Sources: Ó Cuiv, Brian. 1968. The Irish of West Muskerry, Co. Cork. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

Consonant system:

   p^h t̪^h k^h
b d̪ ɡ
č
ɸ s š x h
β z ž ɣ
m n̪ n̪̥ ŋ
    l̪ l̪̥
    ɾ ɾ̥

Stops: p^h b t̪^h d̪ k^h ɡ

Affricates: č

Fricatives: ɸ β s z š ž x ɣ h

Nasals: m n̪ n̪̥ ŋ

Laterals: l̪ l̪̥

Vibrants: ɾ ɾ̥

Modified Consonants: c^j all but s z š ž j ɣ h č

Glides: j

Vowel system:

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ ɑ

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō ɑ̄

Nasal Vowels: (ṽ)

Diphthongs: iǝ ia uǝ ǝi ai au ou

Stress: initial