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\data\typol\typology
Number: 1981
Language: Solon
Location: E Russia (E Siberia)
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Northern
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1982
Language: Manegir
Location: E Russia (E Siberia)
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Northern
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1983
Language: Orochon
Location: E Russia (E Siberia)
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Northern
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1984
Language: Ju-chen
Location: E Russia (E Siberia)
Population: extinct
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southwestern
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1985
Language: Manchu
Location: NW China (Sinkiang)
Population: 27,000 (50)
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southwestern
Grammar:

   Pashkov, B.K. 1963. Manchzhurskij jazyk. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo vostochnoj literatury.
Sinor, Denis. 1968. "La langue mandjoue," in Altaistik, vol 3, 257-80.

Other Sources: Austin, William M. 1962. "The Phonemics and Morphophonemics of Manchu," in ASAL, 15-22.
Consonant system:

   p ph t̪ t̪h k kh
č čh
f v s̪ (z̪) š (ž) x
m n̪ ŋ
l̪
r

Stops: p ph t̪ t̪h k kh
Affricates: č čh
Fricatives: f v s̪ (z̪) š (ž) x
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l̪
Vibrants: r
Glides: j
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ɵ a
Back Vowels: u o
Diphthongs: aj oj ej uj
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: non-phonemic
Noun Number: s p [pl suffix only used for humans, living things, kin terms, etc]
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

   1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1986
Language: Manchu
Alternate Name: Xibe
Dialect: Sibe
Location: China (Xinjiang)
Population: 27,000 (27,000)
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southwestern
Other Sources:

   Norman, Jerry. n.d. "Swadesh List in Manchu and Sibe," Unicorn 3, 89-98. Princeton: Chinese Linguistics Project.
Norman, Jerry. 1974. "A Sketch of Sibe Morphology," Central Asiatic Journal 18, 159-74.

Consonant system:

   p ph t th k kh q
č čh qχ
f v s (š) x χ
m n ŋ N
l
ɾ

Stops: p ph t th k kh q
Affricates: č čh qχ
Fricatives: f v s (š) x χ
Nasals: m n ŋ N
Laterals: l
Vibrants: ɾ
Glides: j
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i y ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄
Diphthongs: ai au ia ua ǝi ǝu iɛ yɛ oi io ui
Stress: penult
Noun Number: s [p] [pl generally limited to humans]
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

    1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

Syntax: SOV GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1987
Language: Akani
Location: E Russia (E Siberia)
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1988
Language: Birar
Location: E Russia (E Siberia)
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1989
Language: Gold
Location: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai)
Population: 7,000
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj
Dictionary:

   Onenko, S.N. 1959. Russko-nanajskij slovar'. Leningrad.
Petrova, T.I. 1960. Nanajsko-russkij slovar'. Leningrad.

Grammar:

   Avrorin, V.A. 1959, 1961. Grammatika nanajskogo jazyka, 2 vols. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Avrorin, V.A. 1968. "Nanajskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 129-48.
Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Die Sprache der Nānaj (Goldi)," in Altaistik, vol 3, 171-246.

Consonant system:

   p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
s x
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i ḛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a̰
Back Vowels: u o̰
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Nasal Vowels: ṽ all
Diphthongs:

   iǝ iu ia io ǝu ǝi ai ao ui uǝ oi oa
iǝ̃ iũ iã iõ ǝũ ǝĩ aĩ aõ uĩ uǝ̃ oĩ oã

Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: final
Noun Number: s p
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1990
Language: Kile
Location: E Russia (E Siberia)
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1991
Language: Olcha
Location: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai)
Population: 2,000
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj
Grammar: Sunik, O.P. 1968. "Ul'chskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 149-71.
Consonant system:

   p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
(f) v s x
m n ñ ŋ
l
(r)

Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: (f) v s x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (r)
Glides: j
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: final
Noun Number: s [p] [pl suffix exists, but is not usually used]
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1992
Language: Orok
Location: SE Russia (Saxalin Is.)
Population: 400
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj
Grammar:

   Petrova, T.I. 1967. Jazyk orokov (ul'ta). Leningrad: Nauka.
Petrova, T.I. 1968. "Orokskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 172-90.

Other Sources: Ikegami, J. 1956. "The Substantive Inflection of Orok," Gengo Kenkyu 30.
Consonant system:

   p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
s x
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s x
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ t k m n l r w
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o ɔ
Long Vowels: i e ɛ ǝ a u o ɔ
Noun Number: s [p] [pl suffix exists, but is seldom used]
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1993
Language: Samagir
Location: E Russia (E Siberia)
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj
Consonant system:

   




Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1994
Language: Oroch
Location: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai)
Population: 2,000
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Udihe
Dictionary: Leontovich, S. 1896. Russko-orochenskij slovar'. Vladivostok.
Grammar: Avrorin, V.A. and E.P. Lebedeva. 1968. "Orochskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 172-90.
Other Sources: Lopatin, I. 1957. Material on the Orochee Language. Fribourg.
Consonant system:

   p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
v s x ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: v s x ɣ
Nasals: m n ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: r
Modified Consonants: c̄ p b k ɡ č m n ŋ
Glides: j
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u ʋ o
Long Vowels: i æ ǝ a u ʋ o
Diphthongs: iǝ ia iu æi æa æʋ ǝi ǝu ai aʋ ui uǝ ʋi ʋa oi
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: final
Noun Number: s [p] [pl forms used extremely rarely]
Demonstratives: 4?
Pronouns:

   1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN/(NA) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1995
Language: Udihe
Location: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai)
Population: 1,400
Classification: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Udihe
Dictionary: Shnejder, E.R. 1936. Kratkij udegejsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
Grammar:

   Sunik, O.P. 1968. "Udegejskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 210-32.
Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Die Sprache der Udihe," in Altaistik, vol 3, 129-71.

Consonant system:

   p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
f s x ɣ h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
(ɾ)

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: f s x ɣ h
Nasals: m n̪ ñ ŋ
Laterals: l
Vibrants: (ɾ)
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i (y) e ø ɛ
Central Vowels: ǝ a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Stress: final
Noun Number: s [p] [pl suffix exists, but is not normally used]
Demonstratives: 2
Pronouns:

   1 4ie
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1996
Language: Korean
Location: Korea
Population: 55 million
Classification: Altaic: Korean-Japanese
Grammar: Rogers, M.C. 1956. Outline of Korean Grammar. n.p.:n.p.
Other Sources:

   Olmsted, D.L. 1963. Korean Folkore Reader. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Han, Mieko S. 1963. Acoustic Phonetics of Korean. Los Angles: Univ. of California.
Cho, Seung-Bog. 1967. A Phonological Study of Korean. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells.
Hwang, Shin Ja Joo. 1975. Korean Clause Structure. SIL 50.
AL 7:1
Martin, Samuel E. 1951. "Korean Phonemics," Lg 27, 519-33.

Consonant system:

   p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
č čh čʔ
s sʔ h
m n̪ ŋ
l

Stops: p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ k kh kʔ ʔ
Affricates: č čh čʔ
Fricatives: s sʔ h
Nasals: m n̪ ŋ
Laterals: l
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i (y) e ø æ
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u ɯ o ɤ
Long Vowels: (v̄)
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Demonstratives: 3
Articles: def
Pronouns:

    1 4
2 5
*3 *6
politeness: yes

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N/(N-NUM) POSS-N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Comments:

   The glottalized series of consonants is variously described as (1) long, (2) tense,
(3) accompanied by glottal tension, though the glottal catch is apparently nowhere near as pronounced as in typical Amerindian or Caucasian ejectives.

Number: 1997
Language: Japanese
Location: Japan
Population: 115 million
Classification: Altaic: Korean-Japanese
Dictionary: Okakura, Y., ed. 1945. New English-Japenese Dictionary. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Grammar:

   Martin, Samuel E. 1975. A Reference Grammar of Japanese. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.

TextBooks: Jorden, Eleanor Harz. 1963. Beginning Japanese, 2 vols. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
Other Sources:

   Harada, Tetsuo. 1966. Outlines of Modern Japanese Linguistics. Tokyo: Nihon Univ.
Kuno, Susumu. 1973. The Structure of the Japanese Language. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k (ʔ)
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
    s š h
    z
m n̪ (ŋ)
    ɾ

Stops: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ (ʔ)
Affricates: č ɡ̌
Fricatives: s z š h
Nasals: m n̪ (ŋ)
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k č s š
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

    i ɯ
   e o
    a

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: ɯ o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Syllable: (C)(G)V, ŋ̟
Tones: pitch accent: hi lo
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:

   1 4
2 5
*3mfn *6hH
politeness: many honorific forms

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
Number: 1998
Language: Ryukyuan
Dialect: Central
Location: Japan (Okinawa)
Classification: Altaic: Korean-Japanese
Other Sources: AL 7:1
Consonant system:

   p b t d k ɡ ʔ
ts
s z h
m n

r

Stops: p b t d k ɡ ʔ
Affricates: ts
Fricatives: s z h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: r
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

   

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Syllable: Nˈ
Syntax: SOV
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 1999
Language: Ryukyuan
Alternate Name: Shodon
Dialect: Northern
Location: Japan (Ryukyu Islands)
Population: 900,000
Classification: Altaic: Korean-Japanese
Other Sources: Martin, Samuel E. 1970. "Shodon: A Dialect of the Northern Ryukyus," JAOS 90, 97-139.
Consonant system:

   p t̪ t̪h k kh kʷ khʷ ʔ ʔʷ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
ɸ s̪ h
    (z̪)
m n̪
    ɾ

Stops: p b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ kʷ khʷ ɡʷ ʔ ʔʷ
Fricatives: ɸ s̪ (z̪) h
Nasals: m n̪
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

    i u
e o
    a

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Long Vowels: v̄ all
Tones: hi mid low
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:

   1 4
2* 5*
3 6
politeness: honorific forms for 2 & 5

Syntax: SOV AN
Ergative:
Prep/Post:
Number: 2000
Language: Ainu
Dialect: Hokkaido
Location: N Japan (Hokkaido)
Population: 15
Classification: Eurasiatic
Dictionary: Hattori, Shirô, ed. 1964. An Ainu Dialect Dictionary. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.
Grammar: Patrie, James. 1982. The Genetic Relationship of the Ainu Language. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.
Other Sources: Pilsudski, Bronislaw. 1912. Materials for the Study of the Ainu Language and Folklore. Cracow: Academy of Sciences.
Simeon, George. 1969. "Hokkaido Ainu Phonemics," JAOS 89, 751-7
Simeon, George. 1976. "The Hokkaido Ainu Copula," Linguistics 169, 63-6.
Peng, Fred C.C. and Peter Geiser. 1977. The Ainu: The Past in the Present. Hiroshima: Bunda Hyoron.
AL 7:1
Consonant system:

    p t k (ʔ)
    č
    s h
m n
    ɾ

Stops: p t k (ʔ)
Affricates: č
Fricatives: s h
Nasals: m n
Vibrants: ɾ
Modified Consonants: c̄ p t k s m n
Glides: j w
Vowel system:

    i u
e o
    a

Front Vowels: i e
Central Vowels: a
Back Vowels: u o
Modified Vowels: vowel harmony ?
Diphthongs: wa wo we ja jo je aw ew uw iw aj oj ej uj jaj
Syllable: (C)V(C)
Tones: hi lo (pitch accent)
Stress: final
Noun Number: s p (usually not used)
Demonstratives: 3
Pronouns:

   1 4ie
2 5
3 6
politeness: 2 pol, 5 pol

Syntax: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N
Ergative:
Prep/Post: /POST
typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-ergative,typology-preppost,typology-comments,typology-language,typology-location,typology-p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