Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East Santo
Grammar:Guy, J. B. M. 1974. A Grammar of the Northern Dialect of Sakao. PL B33.
Other Sources:Guy, Jacques Bernard Michel. 1978. "Proto-North New Hebridean Reconstructions," C61, 781-850.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k
β ð s ɣ h m n̪ ŋ l ɾ r
Stops:p t̪ k
Fricatives:β ð s ɣ h
Nasals:m n̪ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:ɾ r
Modified Consonants:c̄ all but h r j
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i y e ø ɛ œ æ
Central Vowels:ɨ
Back Vowels:u o ɔ ɒ
Modified Vowels:vowel harmony
Diphthongs:aɔ œe
Stress:non-phonemic
Noun Number:[a few kinship terms are inflected for plural]
Demonstratives:3
Articles:indef
Pronouns:
1 4die 4tie* 4ie 2 5d 5t* 5 3 6d 6t* 6 + INDEF *"The trial .... has taken on the meaning of a limited plural (from three to usually about ten)." Guy 1974, p. 8.
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+D+NUM
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:3464
Language:Lorediakarkar
Location:N New Hebrides Is (E Santo Island)
Population:50
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East Santo
Consonant system:
Number:3465
Language:Shark Bay
Location:N New Hebrides Is (E Santo Island)
Population:150
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East Santo
Other Sources:Guy, Jacques Bernard Michel. 1978. "Proto-North New Hebridean Reconstructions," C61, 781-850.
Consonant system:
p t k ts f θ s ž h m n ŋ
r ɾ̣
Stops:p t k
Affricates:ts
Fricatives:f θ s ž h
Nasals:m n ŋ
Vibrants:r ɾ̣
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i e ɛ æ
Back Vowels:u o ɔ
Number:3466
Language:Butmas
Location:N New Hebrides Is (E Santo Is)
Population:300
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East Santo
Consonant system:
Number:3467
Language:Polonombauk
Location:N New Hebrides Is (E Santo Is)
Population:50
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East Santo
Consonant system:
Number:3468
Language:Labo
Location:N New Hebrides Is (SW Malekula)
Population:350
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior
Other Sources:
AL 6:9 MIL
Consonant system:
p b t d ṭ k ɡ
v s ɣ m n ṇ ŋ l r
Stops:p b t d ṭ k ɡ
Fricatives:v s ɣ
Nasals:m n ṇ ŋ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Modified Consonants:
cʷ b m Nc ?
Glides:w
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:2
Articles:art
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
Syntax:NA GN/NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:3469
Language:Letemboi
Location:N New Hebrides Is (S Malekula)
Population:180
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Small Nambas
Consonant system:
Number:3470
Language:Repanbitip
Location:NC New Hebrides Is (SE Malekula)
Population:60
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Small Nambas
Consonant system:
Number:3471
Language:Dixon Reef
Location:NC New Hebrides Is (W Malekula)
Population:50
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Small Nambas
Consonant system:
Number:3472
Language:Nasarian
Location:NC New Hebrides Is (W Malekula)
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Small Nambas
Consonant system:
Number:3473
Language:Katbol
Location:NC New Hebrides Is (E Malekula)
Population:50
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Malekula Central
Consonant system:
Number:3474
Language:Lingarak
Location:NC New Hebrides Is (E Malekula)
Population:120
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Malekula Central
Consonant system:
Number:3475
Language:Vinmavis
Location:NC New Hebrides Is (W Malekula)
Population:140
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Malekula Central
Consonant system:
Number:3476
Language:Litzlitz
Location:NC New Hebrides Is (E Malekula)
Population:200
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Malekula Central
Consonant system:
Number:3477
Language:Larevat
Location:NC New Hebrides Is (W Malekula)
Population:100
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Malekula Central
Consonant system:
Number:3478
Language:Maragus
Location:NC New Hebrides Is (N Malekula)
Population:10
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Malekula Central
Consonant system:
Number:3479
Language:Big Nambas
Location:NC New Hebrides Is (NW Malekula Island)
Population:2,000
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: Malekula Interior: Malekula Central
Grammar:Fox, G. J. 1979. Big Nambas Grammar. PL B60.
Consonant system:
p t nd k
ɸ s x m n l r
Stops:p t nd k
Fricatives:ɸ s x
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l
Vibrants:r
Modified Consonants:c̄ t ɸ n l r c̯ p ɸ m (apico-labials c̯= "the apex of the tongue comes into contact with the upper lip." Fox 1979)
Front Vowels:i ɛ
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u
Long Vowels:v̄ a u only
Diphthongs:ai au ei
Syllable:(C)(C)V(C)(C) [ no CCVCC]
Stress:phonemic
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SVO NA NG ND N-POSS N+A+D
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:3480
Language:Hiw
Location:N New Hebrides Is (N Torres Islands)
Population:50
Classification:Austric: Austronesian: Malayo-Polynesian: Central-Eastern: Eastern: Oceanic: Remote: Central & Northern New Hebrides: East New Hebrides