Classification:Indo-Pacific: East Papuan: Reef Islands-Santa Cruz: Santa Cruz
Other Sources:
Wurm, S. A. 1972. "Notes on the Indication of Possession with Nouns in Reef and Santa Cruz Islands," PL A35, 85-113. Wurm, S. A. 1970. "Austronesian and the Vocabulary of Languages of the Reef and Santa Cruz Islands - A Preliminary Approach" in PL C13, 467-553. ANLGS
Consonant system:
p phmb t thnd k khŋɡ
m n ŋ l
Stops:p phmb t thnd k khŋɡ
Nasals:m n ŋ
Laterals:l
Modified Consonants:
cj p mb t nd m n l cʷ p mb t nd k ŋɡ m ŋ
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i y e ø æ
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u o ɔ
Long Vowels:v̄
Nasal Vowels:ẽ ǝ̃ ã ũ
Diphthongs:aj ej ow aw ɔw
Articles:art
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SVO/(OVS) NA N-POSS
Number:4362
Language:Yau
Classification:Indo-Pacific: Trans-New Guinea: Central & Western: Finisterre-Huon: Finisterre: Uruwa
Consonant system:
Number:4363
Language:Proto-Australian
Location:Australia
Classification:Australian
Other Sources:
Dixon, R. M. W. 1979. "The Nature and Development of Australian Languages," ARA 8, 431-43. LOA
Consonant system:
b d ɟ ɡ
m n ñ ŋ l (ʎ) r ɹ̣
Stops:b d ɟ ɡ
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l (ʎ)
Vibrants:r ɹ̣
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Syllable:CV(C)
Number:4364
Language:Enindhilyagwa
Alternate Name:Anindilyakwa
Location:N Australia (Groote Eylandt)
Population:1,000
Classification:Australian
Other Sources:
Turner, D. H. 1974. Tradition and Transformation. Camberra: AIAS. LOA
Consonant system:
p t̯ t ṭ c k kʷ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ ŋʷ l̯ ʎ r ṛ
Stops:p t̯ t ṭ c k
Nasals:m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ
Laterals:l̯ ʎ
Vibrants:r ṛ
Modified Consonants:cʷ k ŋ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u ɛ ǝ a
Front Vowels:i ɛ
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u
Pronouns:
1 4dimf 4demf 4ie 2 5dmf 5 3mf 6d 6
Syntax:SOV AN DN NUM-N/N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:4365
Language:Ndjébbana
Location:Australia
Classification:Australian
Consonant system:
Number:4366
Language:Yanyuwa
Alternate Name:Anyula
Location:N Australia (NE Northern)
Population:150
Classification:Australian
Other Sources:
Kirton, Jean F. 1964. "Anyula Person Pronouns," in PLAA, 139-48. MacDonald, Elfreda. 1964. "Notes on the Noun Classes of Anyula," in PLAA, 151-6. Kirton, Jean F. 1967. "Anyula Phonology," in PL A10, 15-28. Kirton, Jean F. 1971a. "Yanyula Noun Modifiers," in PL A27, 1-14. Kirton, Jean F. 1971b. "Complexities of Yanyula Nouns," in PL A27, 15-70. Kirton, Jean F. 1976. "Yanyula Nominative and Ergative-Allative Cases," in PL A47, 1-9. Kirton, Jean F. 1978. "Yanyuwa Verbs," in PL A51, 1-52.
Consonant system:
b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ̂ ɡ m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ̂ ŋ l̯ l ḷ ʎ r ɹ̣̣ (ɡ̂ is dorso-palatal)
Stops:b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ̂ ɡ (ɡ̂ is dorso-palatal)
Nasals:m n̯ n ṇ ñ ŋ̂ ŋ
Laterals:l̯ l ḷ ʎ
Vibrants:r ɹ̣̣
Modified Consonants:Nc ?
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i ʋ a
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:ʋ
Syllable:(C)V(C)
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s d p
Gender:m f
Demonstratives:3: this, that (specific) + that (non-specific) = ref?
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3mf 6d 6
Syntax:AN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N
Ergative:erg
Prep/Post:POST
Number:4367
Language:Gagudju
Alternate Name:Kakadu
Location:Australia
Classification:Australian
Other Sources:WPF
Consonant system:
Pronouns:
1 4d 4mf 2 5dmf 5mf 3 6dmf 6mf
Number:4368
Language:Kungarakany
Location:Australia (Northern)
Population:1
Classification:Australian
Consonant system:
Number:4369
Language:Mangarayi
Location:N Australia (N Northern)
Population:50
Classification:Australian
Other Sources:WALS
Consonant system:
Syntax:OVS
Number:4370
Language:Mingin
Location:N Australia (NW Queensland)
Population:probably extinct
Classification:Australian
Consonant system:
Number:4371
Language:Nakkara
Location:N Australia (N Northern)
Population:70
Classification:Australian
Consonant system:
Number:4372
Language:Nunggubuyu
Location:N Australia (NE Northern Territory)
Population:400
Classification:Australian
Dictionary:Hughes, E. J. 1971. Nunggubuyu-English Dictionary, 2 vols. OLM 14.
Other Sources:
Hughes, Earl J. and Alan Healey. 1971. "The Nunggubuyu Verb," in POLAA, 47-58. Hughes, Earl J. and Velma J. Leeding. 1971a. "A Tentative Description of Nunggubuyu Clauses," in POLAA, 58-71. Hughes, Earl J. and Velma J. Leeding. 1971b. "The Phonemes of Nunggubuyu," in POLAA, 72-81.
Consonant system:
b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ
m (n̯) n ṇ ñ ŋ l̯ l ḷ r ɹ̣̣
Stops:b d̯ d ḍ ɟ ɡ
Nasals:m (n̯) n ṇ ñ ŋ
Laterals:l̯ l ḷ
Vibrants:r ɹ̣̣
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:i (æ)
Central Vowels:ɐ
Back Vowels:u
Long Vowels:v̄ a only ?
Syllable:(C)V(C)(C)
Stress:non-phonemic (on ā; if no ā, initial)
Noun Classes:5 [masc hum (+other nouns) belong to class I; fem hum (+other nouns) to class II. For classes III-V (and the rest of I&II) there is little semantic correlation.
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie 2 5 3mf 6 4de=4e
Syntax:SOV AN GN DN
Noun Incorporation:noun incorp
Prep/Post:POST
Number:4373
Language:Tiwi
Location:N Australia (Melville Island)
Population:1,400
Classification:Australian
Grammar:GD: Osborne, C. R. 1974. The Tiwi Language. Canberra: AIAS.
Consonant system:
p t̪ t (ṭ) k ʔ
ɣ m n̪ n (ṇ) ŋ l (ḷ) ɾ ɹ̣̣
Stops:p t̪ t (ṭ) k ʔ
Fricatives:ɣ
Nasals:m n̪ n (ṇ) ŋ
Laterals:l (ḷ)
Vibrants:ɾ ɹ̣̣
Modified Consonants:cʷ p k m ŋ
Glides:j w
Front Vowels:I
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:ʋ ɒ
Syllable:(C)V[ɹˈ](C)
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s p
Gender:m f ["Sex . . . is not the sole basis of gender in Tiwi. . . Physical size and shape are the factors controlling the assignment of gender to inanimate things. The semantic features correlated with masculine gender being 'small,' 'straight', 'thin,' and those correlated with feminine gender being 'large,' 'round,' 'ample.' Osborne 1974, 51.
Demonstratives:2
Pronouns:
1 4di 4ie 2 5 3mf 6
Syntax:SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N
Noun Incorporation:noun incorp
Prep/Post:PREP
Comments:"Tiwi is today one of the very few Australian languages which are still in full use as the normal medium of communication for an entire tribe." Osborne 1974: 3.
