Swadesh, Morris. 1953. "Mosan I: A Problem of Remote Common Origin," IJAL 19, 26-44. Jacobsen, William H., Jr. 1979. "Chimakuan Comparative Studies," in LNA, 792-802.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ ts tsʔ č čʔ s š x xʷ χ χʷ h m mʔ n nʔ l ʔl ɬ
Stops:p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsʔ č čʔ
Fricatives:s š x xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals:m mʔ n nʔ
Laterals:l ʔl ɬ
Glides:j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i o a
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:o
Long Vowels:v̄ ?
Stress:phonemic
Number:4722
Language:Chemakum
Location:W Washington
Population:extinct
Classification:Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Chimakuan
Other Sources:Swadesh, Morris. 1955. "Chemakum Lexicon Compared with Quileute," IJAL 21, 60-72.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ s š x xʷ χ χʷ h m n l ɬ
Sapir, Edward. 1924. "The Rival Whalers, A Nitinat Story," IJAL 3, 76-102. Swadesh, Mary Haas and Morris Swadesh. 1932. "A Visit to the Other World, A Nitinat Text," IJAL 7, 195-208.
Consonant system:
p t ťʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ b d ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ s š x xʷ χ χʷ h l ɬ (There are no nasal stops: m>b, n>d)
Swadesh Morris. 1938. "Nootka Internal Syntax," IJAL 9, 77-102. Sapir, Edward and Morris Swadesh. 1939. Nootka Texts. Philadelphia: LSA. [Reprinted 1978 by AMS Press, NY] Sapir, Edward and Morris Swadesh. 1955. Native Accounts of Nootka Ethnography. IJAL 21:4, Part II. Jacobsen, William H., Jr. 1969. "Origin of the Nootka Pharyngeals," IJAL 35, 125-53.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ m ʔm n ʔn ɬ
Stops:p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
Nasals:m ʔm n ʔn
Laterals:ɬ
Glides:j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
I ʋ ɛ ǝ ɔ
Front Vowels:I ɛ
Central Vowels:ǝ
Back Vowels:ʋ ɔ
Long Vowels:v̄ ī ǣ ā ū ɔ̄
Syllable:(C)V(C)(C)
Demonstratives:2
Syntax:VSO AN GN/NG NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Number:4731
Language:Proto-Salish
Location:Washington
Classification:Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish
Other Sources:
Thompson, Laurence C. "Salishan and the Northewest," in LNA, 692-765. Swadesh, Morris. 1953. "Mosan I: A Problem of Remote Common Origin," IJAL 19, 26-44. SPG
Consonant system:
(p) (pʔ) t tʔ k kʔ q qʔ ʔ ts tsʔ tlʔ s x χ h ʁ ʁʔ ʕ ʕʔ (m) (mʔ) n ʔn ŋ l ʔl ɬ (r) (rʔ)
Newman, Stanley. 1947. "Bella Coola I: Phonology," IJAL 13, 129-34. Newman, Stanley. 1969a. "Bella Coola Paradigms," IJAL 35, 299-307. Newman, Stanley. 1969b. "Bella Coola Grammatical Processes and Form Classes, " IJAL 35, 175-9. Newman, Stanley. 1971. "Bella Coola Reduplication," IJAL 37, 34-8. Saunders, Ross and Philip W. Davis. 1975. "The Internal Syntax of Lexical Suffixes in Bella Coola," IJAL 41, 106-13. Davis, Philip W. and Ross Saunders. 1978. "Bella Coola Syntax," in LSNC, 37-65. SPG
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ kʷ kʷʔ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ ts tsʔ tlʔ s x xʷ χ χʷ (h) m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪ l ʔl ɬ
Stops:p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ kʷ kʷʔ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsʔ tlʔ
Fricatives:s x xʷ χ χʷ (h)
Nasals:m ʔm n̪ ʔn̪
Laterals:l ʔl ɬ
Glides:j ʔj w ʔw
Vowel system:
i u a
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u
Long Vowels:v̄ ē ā ō
Diphthongs:diphthonɡs
Gender:m f
Demonstratives:3: near/far visible/far invisible
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3mf 6
Syntax:VSO AN/NA NG ND N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Comments:Speakers over 55 speak Bella Coola well; speakers between 35-55 speak speak Bella Coola broken; speakers under 35 hardly speak Bella Coola at all (1980).
Number:4733
Language:Comox
Location:SW Canada (British Columbia)
Population:500
Classification:Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Other Sources:Davis, John H. 1971. "Notes on Mainland Comox Phonology," Sacramento Anthropological Society, Paper 11, 12-31.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ t tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ ɡ tl tlʔ č čʔ ɡ̌ θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h m n l ɬ
Stops:p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ t tʔ k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates:tl tlʔ č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives:θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l ɬ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u ǝ a
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u
Long Vowels:ī ā ū
Number:4734
Language:Pentlatch
Location:SW Canada (British Columbia)
Population:extinct
Classification:Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Consonant system:
Number:4735
Language:Seshelt
Location:SW Canada (British Columbia)
Population:10
Classification:Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Consonant system:
Number:4736
Language:Squamish
Location:SW Canada (British Columbia)
Population:50
Classification:Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Grammar:GD: Kuipers, Aert H. 1967, 1969. The Squamish Language, 2 vols. The Hague: Mouton.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ (k) (kʔ) kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ s̪ š xʷ χ χʷ h m n̪ l
Stops:p pʔ t̪ t̪ʔ (k) (kʔ) kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates:t̪s t̪sʔ tl tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives:s̪ š xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals:m n̪
Laterals:l
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u ǝ a
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u
Syllable:Nˈ Lˈ
Stress:phonemic
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:3
Articles:def indef
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6
Syntax:VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3-6) D+Num+N
Prep/Post:PREP
Comments:Spoken only by older people.
Number:4737
Language:Nooksack
Location:Washington
Population:5
Classification:Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Consonant system:
Number:4738
Language:Halkomelem
Dialect:Chilliwack
Location:W Canada (British Columbia)
Population:500
Classification:Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Grammar:Galloway, Brent Douglas. 1977. A Grammar of Chilliwack Halkomelem. Berkeley: Univ of California Diss.
Other Sources:Elmendorf, William W. and Wayne Suttles. 1960. "Pattern and Change in Halkomelem Salish Dialects," AL 2:7, 1-32.
Consonant system:
ph pʔ th tʔ (k) (kʔ) khʷ kʔʷ qh qʔ qhʷ qʔʷ ʔ tθʔ ts tsʔ tlʔ θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h m (n) l ɬ
Demonstratives:3: present visible/near & not visible/remote
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4 2 5 3mfu 6mfuk (masc fem u=unspecified k=unspecified by known)
Syntax:VSO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post:PREP
Comments:
All speakers are bilingual in English. In the Chilliwack dialect [n] only occurs in a few Enɡlish words.
Number:4739
Language:Clallam
Location:NW Washington
Population:7
Classification:Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Grammar:Thompson,Laurance C. and M. Terry Thompson. 1971. "Clallam: A Preview," in SAIL, 251-94.
Other Sources:Thompson, Laurance C. and M. Terry Thompson. 1969. "Metathesis as a Grammatical Device," IJAL 35, 213-9.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ (k) kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ s š xʷ χ χʷ h m n ŋ (l) ɬ
Stops:p pʔ t tʔ (k) kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsʔ tlʔ č čʔ
Fricatives:s š xʷ χ χʷ h
Nasals:m n ŋ
Laterals:(l) ɬ
Modified Consonants:v̄
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u ɛ ǝ a
Front Vowels:i ɛ
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:2
Pronouns:
1 4 2 3
Syntax:VSO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N(1,2)/N-POSS(3,4)
Prep/Post:PREP
Comments:All speakers are old.
Number:4740
Language:Northern Straits
Dialect:Saanich
Location:NW Washington
Classification:Amerind: Almosan: Mosan: Salish: Coast: Central
Other Sources:Thompson, Laurence C., M. Terry Thompson and Barbara S. Efrat. 1974. "Some Phonological Developments in Straits Salish," IJAL 40, 182-96.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t tʔ (k) kʷ kʔʷ q qʔ qʷ qʔʷ ʔ (tθ) tθʔ tlʔ č č̌ʔ θ s š xʷ χ χʷ h m n ŋ l ɬ