A global linguistic database : Query result

Number: 4901

Language: Shasta

Location: N California

Population: 2

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern

Grammar: Silver, Shirley Kling. 1966. The Shasta Language. Berkeley: Univ of California Diss.

Other Sources:

Silver, Shirley. 1964. "Shasta and Karok: A Binary Comparison," in SCL, 170-81.
Silver, Shirley. 1980. "Shasta and Konomihu," in American Indian and Indoeuropean Studies," ed. by Kathryn Klar, Margaret Langdon and Shirley Silver, The Hague, Mouton, 245-63.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ ʔ
    t^s t^sʔ č č^ʔ
    s x h
m n
    r

Stops: p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ č č^ʔ

Fricatives: s x h

Nasals: m n

Vibrants: r

Modified Consonants: c̄ all but r j w

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
ɛ
a

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Syllable: C(C)(w)V(G)(C)

Tones: hi-lev lo-lev

Stress: non-phonemic

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV NA GN ND POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 4902

Language: Chimariko

Location: N California

Population: extinct

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern

Other Sources: Crawford, James M. 1976. "A Comparison of Chimariko and Yuman," in HS, 177-91.

Consonant system:

   p p^hp^ʔ t (t^h) t^ʔ ṭ (ṭ^h) ṭ^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ q q^h q^ʔ ʔ
    t^sʔ č č^h č^ʔ
    s š x χ h
m n
    l

Stops: p p^hp^ʔ t (t^h) t^ʔ ṭ (ṭ^h) ṭ^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ q q^h q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^sʔ č č^h č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š x χ h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Number: 4903

Language: Achumawi

Location: NE California

Population: 40

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Palaihnihan

Dictionary: Olmsted, D. L. 1966. Achumawi Dictionary. UCPL 45.

Grammar:

Angulo, Jaime de and L. S. Freeland. 1931. "The Achumawi Language, " IJAL 6, 77-120.

Other Sources:

Uldall, H. J. 1935. "A Sketch of Achumawi Phonetics," IJAL 8, 73-7.
Olmsted, D. L. 1964. A History of Palaihnihan Phonology. UCPL 35.
WPF

Consonant system:

   p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ q q^h q^ʔ ʔ
    č č^h č^ʔ
    s š x χ h
m n
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ q q^h q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: č č^h č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š x χ h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

I ʋ
ɛ ǝ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī e: ā ū o:

Syllable: (C)V(C)

Tones: hi lo ris fall

Articles: def

Pronouns:

1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3mf 6d 6

Syntax: SVO AN GN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 4904

Language: Atsugewi

Location: NE California

Population: 6 (1958)

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Palaihnihan

Other Sources:

Olmsted, D. L. 1958. "Atsugewi Phonology," IJAL 24, 215-20.
Olmsted, D. L. 1964. A History of Palaihnihan Phonology. UCPL 35.
WPF

Consonant system:

   p t t^ʔ k k^ʔ q ʔ
    (t^θ) t^s č č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
    s s^ʔ š x h
    z
m ^ʔm n ŋ
    l
    ɾ

Stops: p t t^ʔ k k^ʔ q ʔ

Affricates: (t^θ) t^s č č^ʔɡ̌

Fricatives: s s^ʔ z š x h

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ŋ

Laterals: l

Vibrants: ɾ

Modified Consonants: c̄ p m n s l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e ǝ o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ǝ a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Stress: phonemic

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Number: 4905

Language: Yana

Location: NC California

Population: extinct

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Yanan

Dictionary: Sapir, Edward and Morris Swadesh. 1960. Yana Dictionary. UCPL 22.

Other Sources:

Haas, Mary R. 1964. "California Hokan," in SCL, 73-87.
Nevin, Bruce E. 1976. "Transformational Analysis of Some Grammatical Morphemes in Yana," in HS, 237-50.

Consonant system:

   p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ ʔ
    t^s t^sh t^sʔ
    s x h
m n
    l
    r

Stops: p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h t^sʔ

Fricatives: s x h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Diphthongs: ai au ui

Syllable: CV(C)(C)(C)

Stress: on first heavy syllable; if no heavy syllables, initial

Noun Number: s (p) (pl optional for many animate nouns, particularly kinship terms)

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3

Syntax: NUM-N N-POSS

Noun Incorporation: noun incorp

Number: 4906

Language: Yahi

Location: N California

Population: extinct (1916)

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Yanan

Other Sources: Kroeber, Theodora. 1961. Ishi in Two Worlds. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.

Consonant system:

Number: 4907

Language: Southeastern Pomo

Location: N California

Population: 10

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo

Grammar: Moshinsky, Julius. 1974. A Grammar of Southeastern Pomo. UCPL 72.

Other Sources: WPF

Consonant system:

   (p) p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ ṭ ṭ^ʔ k k^ʔ q q^ʔ ʔ
b d
    t^s t^sʔ
f s š x χ h
m n
    l
    (ɾ)

Stops: (p) p^ʔ b t̪ t̪^ʔ d ṭ ṭ^ʔ k k^ʔ q q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔ

Fricatives: f s š x χ h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: (ɾ)

Modified Consonants: c̄ t s

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

I ʋ
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Noun Number: s (p) (pl for animate nouns only)

Demonstratives: 2

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6
3m, 3f and 6 have displaced and non-displaced forms.

Syntax: SOV GN NUM-N POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 4908

Language: Eastern Pomo

Location: N California

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo

Grammar: McLendon, Sally. 1975. A Grammar of Eastern Pomo. UCPL 74.

Other Sources: WPF

Consonant system:

   p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ ṭ ṭ^h ṭ^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ q q^ʔ ʔ
b d
    t^s t^sh t^sʔč č^h č^ʔ
    s š x h
m m̥ n n̥
    l l̥
    r

Stops: p p^h p^ʔ b t t^h t^ʔ d ṭ ṭ^h ṭ^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ q q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h t^sʔč č^h č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š x h

Nasals: m m̥ n n̥

Laterals: l l̥

Vibrants: r

Glides: j j̥ w w̥

Vowel system:

I ʋ
ɛ ɔ
a

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: ʋ ɔ

Long Vowels: ī ē ā ū ō

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Syllable: CV(C)(C)

Stress: phonemic (often second)

Noun Number: s (p) (pl for personal nouns only)

Demonstratives: 2 + ref (+ that particular, that specific)

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mfc 6mfc
6m=6f
+ indef

Syntax: SOV NA GN DN N-NUM POSS-N

Prep/Post: POST

Comments: There are no young speakers.

Number: 4909

Language: Northeastern Pomo

Location: N California

Population: 1

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River

Other Sources:

McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71.
WPF

Consonant system:

   (p) t t^h t^ʔ ṭ ṭ^h ṭ^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d
    č č^h č^ʔ
f s š h
m n
    l
    r

Stops: (p) b t t^h t^ʔ d ṭ ṭ^h ṭ^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: č č^h č^ʔ

Fricatives: f s š h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Stress: phonemic

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf

Number: 4910

Language: Northern Pomo

Location: N California

Population: 40

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River

Other Sources:

McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71.
WPF

Consonant system:

   p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ ṭ ṭ^h ṭ^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d
    t^s t^sʔč č^ʔ
    s š h
m n
    l

Stops: p p^h p^ʔ b t t^h t^ʔ d ṭ ṭ^h ṭ^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^sʔč č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Stress: phonemic

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3

Number: 4911

Language: Southern Pomo

Location: N California

Population: 40

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River

Other Sources:

McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71.
WPF

Consonant system:

   p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ ṭ ṭ^h ṭ^ʔ k k^h ǩ^ʔ ʔ
b d
    t^s t^sh t^sʔč č^h č^ʔ
    s š h
m n ŋ
    l

Stops: p^h p̌^ʔ b t t^h ť^ʔ d ṭ ṭ^h ṭ̌^ʔ k k^h ǩ^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h t^sʔč č^h č^ʔ

Fricatives: s š h

Nasals: m n ŋ

Laterals: l

Modified Consonants: c̄

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Stress: penult

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf

Number: 4912

Language: Central Pomo

Location: N California

Population: 40

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River

Other Sources: McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71. WPF

Consonant system:

   p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ ṭ ṭ^h ṭ^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ q q^h q^ʔ ʔ
b d
    t^s t^sh t^sʔ
    s s^ʔ h
m n
    l

Stops: p p^h p^ʔ b t t^h t^ʔ d ṭ ṭ^h ṭ^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ q q^h q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h t^sʔ

Fricatives: s s^ʔ h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Stress: phonemic

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3mf

Number: 4913

Language: Kashaya

Alternate Name: Southwestern Pomo

Location: N California

Population: 50

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Northern: Pomo: Russian River

Other Sources:

Oswalt, Robert L. 1964a. Kashaya Texts. UCPL 36.
Oswalt, Robert L. 1964b. "A Comparative Study of Two Pomo Languages," in SCL,149-62.
McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. UCPL 71.

Consonant system:

   p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ ṭ ṭ^h ṭ^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ q q^h q^ʔ ʔ
b d
    t^sʔč č^h č^ʔ
f s š h
m n
    l
    (r)

Stops: p p^h p^ʔ b t t^h t^ʔ d ṭ ṭ^h ṭ^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ q q^h q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^sʔč č^h č^ʔ

Fricatives: f s š h

Nasals: m n

Laterals: l

Vibrants: (r)

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u o

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Tones: hi low

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
*3mf

Number: 4914

Language: Washo

Location: NE California

Population: 100

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Washo

Grammar: Jacobsen, William Horton, Jr. 1964. A Grammar of the Washo Language. Berkeley: Univ of California Diss.

Other Sources:

Jacobsen, William H., Jr. 1958. "Washo and Karok: An Approach to Comparative Hokan," IJAL 24, 195-212.
Lowie, Robert H. 1963. "Washo Texts, " AL 5:7, 1-30.

Consonant system:

   p p^ʔ t t^ʔ k k^ʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
    t^sʔ d^z
    s š h
m m̥ n ŋ ŋ̥
    l l̥

Stops: p p^ʔ b t t^ʔ d k k^ʔɡ ʔ

Affricates: t^sʔ d^z

Fricatives: s š h

Nasals: m m̥ n ŋ ŋ̥

Laterals: l l̥

Glides: j j̥ w w̥

Vowel system:

I ɨ ʋ
ɛ o
a

Front Vowels: I ɛ

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: ʋ o

Long Vowels: ī ǣ ɨ̄ ā ū ɔ̄

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Syllable: (ʔ)CV(C)

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s (p) (pl optional)

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4die 4ie
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Syntax: SOV AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 4915

Language: Salinan

Location: C California

Population: extinct

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Salinan-Chumash

Other Sources:

WALS
WPF

Consonant system:

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SVO

Number: 4916

Language: Chumash

Dialect: Barbareño

Location: WC California

Population: extinct (1965)

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Salinan-Chumash

Other Sources:

Beeler, M. S. 1970. "Sibilant Harmony in Chumash," IJAL 36, 14-7.
Beeler, M. S. 1976. "Barbareño Chumash Grammar: A Farrago," in HS, 251-69.
WPF

Consonant system:

   p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ q q^h q^ʔ ʔ
    t^s t^sh t^sʔč č^h č^ʔ
    s s^h s^ʔ š š^h x x^ʔ h
m ^ʔm n ^ʔn
    l ^ʔl

Stops: p p^h p^ʔ t t^h t^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ q q^h q^ʔ ʔ

Affricates: t^s t^s^h t^sʔč č^h č^ʔ

Fricatives: s s^h s^ʔ š š^h x x^ʔ h

Nasals: m ^ʔm n ^ʔn

Laterals: l ^ʔl

Glides: j ^ʔj w ^ʔw

Vowel system:

i ɨ u
e o
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: ɨ a

Back Vowels: u o

Modified Vowels: vowel harmony

Stress: penult

Demonstratives: 3

Pronouns:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6

Syntax: SVO(Island dialect)/VOS(Northern & Central dialects) NG DN POSS-N

Number: 4917

Language: Esselen

Location: C California

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Salinan-Chumash

Other Sources: WPF

Consonant system:

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Number: 4918

Language: Seri

Location: NW Mexico (Sonora)

Population: few

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Seri

Dictionary: Moser, Edward and Mary B. de Moser. 1961. Vocabulario Seri. Mexico: SIL.

Other Sources:

Moser, Edward W. and Mary B. Moser. 1965. "Consonant Vowel Balance in Seri (Hokan) Syllables," Linguistics 16, 50-67.
Turner, Paul R. 1967. "Seri and Chontal (Tequistlateco)," IJAL 33, 235-9.
Moser, Edward and Mary Moser. 1976. "Seri Noun Pluralization Classes," in HS, 285-96.
Moser, Mary B. 1978. "Switch-Reference in Seri," IJAL 44, 113-20.
WPF

Consonant system:

   p t̪ k kʷ ʔ
ɸ s š x xʷ h
m n̪ ŋ
    l ɬ
    ɾ

Stops: p t̪ k kʷ ʔ

Fricatives: ɸ s š x xʷ h

Nasals: m n̪ ŋ

Laterals: l ɬ

Vibrants: ɾ

Glides: j w̥

Vowel system:

i
ɛ o
a

Front Vowels: i ɛ

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: o

Nasal Vowels: ṽ all

Syllable: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) (not all combinations occur)

Stress: phonemic

Noun Number: s p

Articles: def specific

Pronouns:

1 4
2 5
3 6

Syntax: SOV GN N-NUM

Prep/Post: POST

Number: 4919

Language: Kiliwa

Location: NW Mexico (N Baja California)

Population: 60

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: Kiliwa

Other Sources:

Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A Comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. The Hague: Mouton.
Mixco, M. 1976. "Historical Implications of Some Kiliwa Phonological Rules," in HS, 149-58.
Mixco, Mauricio J. 1977. "The Innovation of /h,h^w/ in Kiliwa," IJAL 43,167-75.
WALS

Consonant system:

   p p^h t t^h k k^h kʷ k^hʷ q q^h ʔ
    č č^h
    s x xʷ h hʷ
    ɣ
m n ñ
    l

Stops: p p^h t t^h k k^h kʷ k^hʷ q q^h ʔ

Affricates: č č^h

Fricatives: s x ɣ xʷ h hʷ

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
(e) (o)
a

Front Vowels: i (e)

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u (o)

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Stress: final

Syntax: SOV

Number: 4920

Language: Cocopa

Location: SW Arizona

Population: 200

Classification: Amerind: Hokan: Seri-Yuman: Yuman: Delta-California

Other Sources:

Wares, Alan Cambell. 1968. A comparative Study of Yuman Consonantism. The Hague: Mouton.
Crawford, James M. 1970. "Cocopa Baby Talk," IJAL 36, 9-13.

Consonant system:

   p t ṭ k kʷ ʔ
    t^s
    s ṣ š x xʷ
m n ñ
    l ɬ ʎ ʎ̥
    r

Stops: p t ṭ k kʷ ʔ

Affricates: t^s

Fricatives: s ṣ š x xʷ

Nasals: m n ñ

Laterals: l ɬ ʎ ʎ̥

Vibrants: r

Glides: j w

Vowel system:

i u
e
a

Front Vowels: i e

Central Vowels: a

Back Vowels: u

Long Vowels: v̄ all

Stress: stem final