Other Sources:Oltrogge, David. 1977. "Proto Jicaque-Subtiaba-Tequistlateco: A Comparative Reconstruction," in Two Studies in Middle American Comparative Linguistics, SIL 55, 1-52.
Dictionary:Harrington, John Peabody. 1928. Vocabulary of the Kiowa Language. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 84.
Grammar:Trager, Edith Crowell. 1960. The Kiowa Language: A Grammatical Study. Philadelphia: Univ of Pennsylvania Diss.
Other Sources:
Harrington, John P. 1946. "Three Kiowa Texts," IJAL 12, 237-43. Crowell, Edith E. 1949. "A Preliminary Report on Kiowa Structure," IJAL 15, 163-7. Wonderly, William L., Lorna F. Gibson and Paul L. Kirk. 1954. "Number in Kiowa: Nouns, Demonstratives, and Adjectives," IJAL 20, 1-7. Sivertsen, Eva. 1956. "Pitch Problems in Kiowa," IJAL 22, 117-30. Merrifield, William R. 1959. "The Kiowa Verb Prefix," IJAL 25, 168-76.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ ʔ b d ɡ ts tsʔ s h z m n l
Harrington, John P. 1946. "Three Tewa Texts," IJAL 13, 112-6. Hoijer, Harry and Edward P. Dozier. 1949. "The Phonemes of Tewa, Santa Clara Dialect," IJAL 15, 139-44. Dozier, Edward. 1953. "Tewa II: Verb Structure," IJAl 19, 118-27. Yegerlehner, John. 1959. "Arizona Tewa I: Phonemes," IJAL 25, 1-7.
Consonant system:
p pʔ t (tj) tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ b d ɡ ts tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌ ɸ θ s š x xʷ h hʷ β m n nj ɾ
Stops:p pʔ b t (tj) tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsʔ č čʔ ɡ̌
Fricatives:ɸ β θ s š x xʷ h hʷ
Nasals:m n nj
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e (ɛ) ɔ a
Front Vowels:i e (ɛ)
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:ī (ɛ̄) ā ū ō
Nasal Vowels:
ĩ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɛ̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄
Syllable:(C)V(C)
Tones:hi mid lo falling weak
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 (4d)* 4 2 (5d)* 5 3 (6d)* 6 *occur in prefixed pronouns only, not in independent pronouns.
Syntax:SOV NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post:POST
Comments:
Age Lgs >70 Bilingual: Tewa, Spanish 45-70 Trilingual: Tewa, Spanish, English 0-45 Bilingual: Tewa, English
Trager, George L. 1944. "Spanish and English Loanwords in Taos," IJAL 10, 144-58. Trager, George L. 1948. "Taos I: A Language Revisited," IJAL 14, 155-60. Trager, Geoger L. 1954. "Taos II: Pronominal Reference," IJAL 20, 173-80.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kʔ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ b d ɡ ts tsʔ s x xʷ h m n l ɬ ɾ
Stops:p ph pʔ b t th tʔ d k kʔ ɡ kʷ kʔʷ ʔ
Affricates:ts tsʔ
Fricatives:s x xʷ h
Nasals:m n
Laterals:l ɬ
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e ǝ a ɒ
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ǝ a
Back Vowels:u ɒ
Nasal Vowels:ı̃ ɛ̃ ũ ɔ̃ ɑ̃
Tones:hi mid lo
Noun Number:s p
Pronouns:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3 6d 6 1=6d These are noun prefixes; the only independent pronouns are 1 and 2.
p t nt k kʷ q qʷ ʔ b d ɡ ɡʷ G Gʷ ts dz s x h m ʔm n ʔn
Stops:p b t nt d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ q qʷ G Gʷ ʔ
Affricates:ts dz
Fricatives:s x h
Nasals:m ʔm n ʔn
Modified Consonants:c̄ n
Glides:j j̥ ʔj w w̥ ʔw
Vowel system:
i ɨ u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ɨ a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄
Stress:non-phonemic (on syllable containing second mora from end of word)
Demonstratives:2
Articles:art
Syntax:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Noun Incorporation:noun incorp
Prep/Post:POST
Number:4955
Language:Koso
Location:SE California
Classification:Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Numic: Central
Consonant system:
Number:4956
Language:Shoshone
Location:Wyoming
Population:5,000
Classification:Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Numic: Central
Dictionary:Tidzump, Malinda. 1970. Shoshone Thesaurus. Grand Forks, North Dakota: SIL.
Other Sources:
Shimkin, D. B. 1949. "Shoshone, I-II," IJAL 15, 175-88 & 203-12. Davis, Irvine. 1966. "Numic Consonantal Correspondences," IJAL 32, 124-40.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ b d hd ɡ ɡʷ ts dz s h z m m̥ n n̥ ŋʷ
Stops:p b t d hd k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ ʔ
Affricates:ts dz
Fricatives:s z h
Nasals:m m̥ n n̥ ŋʷ
Modified Consonants:Nc p t k kʷ ts
Glides:j j̥ w̥
Vowel system:
i ɨ u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ɨ a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Noun Number:s d p
Demonstratives:5: very close/close/slightly removed/removed but in sight/out of sight
Articles:def
Pronouns:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6
Syntax:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N
Noun Incorporation:noun incorp
Prep/Post:PREP/POST
Number:4957
Language:Comanche
Location:W Texas
Population:5,000
Classification:Amerind: Central: Uto-Aztecan: Numic: Central
Other Sources:
Riggs, Venda. 1949. "Alternate Phomemic Analyses of Comanche," IJAL 15, 229-31. Osborn, Henry and William A. Smalley. 1949. "Formulae for Comanche Stem and Word Formation," IJAL 15, 93-9. Casagrande, Joseph B. 1954. "Comanche Linguistic Acculturation," IJAL 20, 140-51. Davis, Irvine. 1966. "Numic Consonantal Correspondences," IJAL 32, 124-40.
Consonant system:
p t k kʷ ʔ ts s h β m n ɾ
Stops:p t k kʷ ʔ
Affricates:ts
Fricatives:β s h
Nasals:m n
Vibrants:ɾ
Modified Consonants:hc p t k kʷ ts m n ɾ w
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i ɨ u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:ɨ a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Modified Vowels:v̥ all
Syllable:CV(C)
Stress:phonemic (but mostly initial)
Noun Number:s d p
Demonstratives:3 this, that distant, that out of sight