Other Sources:Peeke, Catherine and Mary Sargent. 1959. "Pronombres personales en shimigae," in Estudios acerca de las lenguas huarani (auca), shimigae y zápara, Quito, 18-28.
Other Sources:Eastman, Robert and Elizabeth Eastman. 1963. "Iquito Syntax," SPIL I, 145-92.
Consonant system:
p t k s h̃ m n r
Stops:p t k
Fricatives:s h̃
Nasals:m n
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i ɯ u a
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u ɯ
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Syllable:(C)V
Tones:hi lo
Demonstratives:1
Articles:def indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N
Prep/Post:POST
Number:5146
Language:Quechua A
Alternate Name:Southern Quechua
Dialect:Puyo Pongo
Location:E Ecuador
Population:3 million
Classification:Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Dictionary:Orr, Carolyn and Betsy Wrisley. 1965. Vocabulario quichua. Quito: SIL.
Other Sources:Orr, Carolyn. 1962. "Ecuador Quichua Phonology," in SEIL I, 60-77.
Consonant system:
p t k b d ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ s š h m n ñ l ʎ ɾ
Stops:p b t d k ɡ
Affricates:ts dz č ɡ̌
Fricatives:s š h
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:l ʎ
Vibrants:ɾ
Modified Consonants:cj p t k
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u a
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u
Syllable:(C)V(C)
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s p
Syntax:SOV AN GN NUM-N
Prep/Post:POST
Number:5147
Language:Quechua A
Alternate Name:Southern Quechua
Dialect:Inga
Location:SW Colombia
Population:3 million
Classification:Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Grammar:Levinsohn, Stephen H. 1976. The Inga Language. The Hague: Mouton.
Consonant system:
p t̪ k (b) (d̪) (ɡ) (t̪s) č s̪ (š) m n̪ ñ l̪ ʎ ɾ̣
Stops:p (b) t̪ (d̪) k (ɡ)
Affricates:(t̪s) č
Fricatives:s̪ (š)
Nasals:m n̪ ñ
Laterals:l̪ ʎ
Vibrants:ɾ̣
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u a
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u
Syllable:(C)(C)V(C)
Stress:"phonemic, but grammatically predictable." Levinsohn, p. 29.
Demonstratives:3
Syntax:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
Prep/Post:POST
Comments:Most northern Quechua language in South America.
Number:5148
Language:Quechua A
Alternate Name:Southern Quechua
Dialect:Cuzco
Location:SE Peru (Cuzco)
Population:3 million
Classification:Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Grammar:Cusihuaman, Antonio G. 1976. Gramática quechua: Cuzco-Collao. Lima: Ministerio de Educacion.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ (b) (d) (ɡ) č čh čʔ s š x m n ñ l ʎ ɾ
Stops:p ph pʔ (b) t th tʔ (d) k kh kʔ (ɡ) q qh qʔ
Affricates:č čh čʔ
Fricatives:s š x
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:l ʎ
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Syllable:(C)V(C)(C)
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:3
Pronouns:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS
Prep/Post:POST
Number:5149
Language:Quechua A
Alternate Name:Southern Quechua
Dialect:Santiago del Estero
Location:N Argentina
Population:3 million
Classification:Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Dictionary:Bravo, Domingo A. 1967. Diccionario quichua santiagueño-castellano. Buenos Aires: Instituto Amigos del Libro Argentino.
Other Sources:GSAIL, 49.
Consonant system:
p t k q d č s š h ž m n ñ l ɾ̣
Stops:p t d k q
Affricates:č
Fricatives:s š ž h
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:l
Vibrants:ɾ̣
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u (e) (o) a
Front Vowels:i (e)
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u (o)
Number:5150
Language:Quechua A
Alternate Name:Southern Quechua
Dialect:Ayacucho
Location:S Peru
Population:3 million
Classification:Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Grammar:
GD: Parker, Gary John. 1969. Ayacucho Quechua Grammar and Dictionary. The Hague: Mouton. Soto Ruiz, Clodoaldo. 1976. Gramática quechua: Ayacucho-chanca. Lima: Ministerio de Educacion.
Consonant system:
p t k (b) (d) (ɡ) č (f) s x χ m n ñ l ʎ ɾ ɹ̣
Stops:p (b) t (d) k (ɡ)
Affricates:č
Fricatives:(f) s x χ
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:l ʎ
Vibrants:ɾ ɹ̣
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u (e)(o) a
Front Vowels:i (e)
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u (o)
Syllable:(C)V(C)
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:3
Pronouns:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post:POST
Number:5151
Language:Quechua A
Alternate Name:Southern Quechua
Dialect:San Martin
Location:Peru
Population:3 million
Classification:Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Grammar:Coombs, David, Heidi Coombs and Robert Weber. 1976. Gramatica quechua San Martin. Lima: Ministerio de Educacion.
Consonant system:
p t k (b) (d) (ɡ) č ̌ ɡ̌ (f) s š h m n ñ (l) ɾ (r)
Stops:p (b) t (d) k (ɡ)
Affricates:č ɡ̌
Fricatives:(f) s š h
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:(l)
Vibrants:ɾ (r)
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i (e)
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u (o)
Syllable:(C)V(C)
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:2
Pronouns:
1 [4di] 4ie 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post:POST
Number:5152
Language:Quechua A
Alternate Name:Southern Quechua
Dialect:Bolivian
Location:Bolivia
Population:3 million
Classification:Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Grammar:GD: Urioste, Jorge and Joaquı́n Herrero. 1955. Gramatica de la lengua quechua y vocabulario quechua-castellano, castellano-quechua. La Paz: Canata.
TextBooks:
Bills, Garland D., Bernardo Vallejo C. and Rudolphe C. Troike. 1969. An Introduction to Spoken Bolivian Quechua. Austin: Univ of Texas Press. Albo, Xavier. n.d. El quechua a su alcance, 2 vols. Bolivia: USAID.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t̪ t̪h t̪ʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ (b) (d̪) (ɡ) č čh čʔ (f) s̪ š h m n̪ ñ l̪ ʎ ɾ (r)
Chacón, Sihuay Jorge. 1973. Quechua Wanka, vol. 1. Lima: Univ Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Cerron, Rodolfo. 1967. "Fonologia del Wanka," in Quatro fonologias quechuas," Lima, Univ Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 53-80. E
Consonant system:
p t k ʔ (b) (d) (ɡ) č̣ č (ɸ) s ṣ̌ š h ẓ̌ m n ñ l ʎ ɾ (r)
Stops:p (b) t (d) k (ɡ) ʔ
Affricates:č̣ č
Fricatives:(ɸ) s ṣ̌ ẓ̌ š h
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:l ʎ
Vibrants:ɾ (r)
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u a
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Syllable:(C)V(C)
Stress:penult
Syntax:SOV
Number:5154
Language:Quechua B
Alternate Name:Northern Quechua
Dialect:Caraz
Location:Peru
Population:3 million
Classification:Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Other Sources:
Parker, Gary. 1967. "Fonologia y morfofonemica del quechua de Caraz," in Quatro fonologias quechuas," Lima, Univ Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 25-40. E
Consonant system:
p t k q (b) (d) (ɡ) ts č (f) s š h m n (ñ) l ʎ ɾ ɹ̣
Stops:p (b) t (d) k (ɡ) q
Affricates:ts č
Fricatives:(f) s š h
Nasals:m n (ñ)
Laterals:l ʎ
Vibrants:ɾ ɹ̣
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u e o a
Front Vowels:i e
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u o
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Syllable:(C)V(C)
Stress:non-phonemic
Syntax:SOV
Number:5155
Language:Quechua B
Alternate Name:Northern Quechua
Dialect:Ancash
Location:Peru (Ancash)
Population:3 million
Classification:Amerind: Andean: Quechuan
Grammar:Parker, Gary J. 1976. Gramatica quechua qncash-quailas. Lima: Ministerio de Educacion.
Consonant system:
p t k q (b) (d) (ɡ) ts č̣ č (f) s š h m n ñ l ʎ ɾ (r)
Stops:p (b) t (d) k (ɡ) q
Affricates:ts č̣ č
Fricatives:(f) s š h
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:l ʎ
Vibrants:ɾ (r)
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u (e) (o) a
Front Vowels:i (e)
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u (o)
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Syllable:(C)V(C)
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:4: this/that/yonder/far away
Pronouns:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post:POST
Number:5156
Language:Aymara
Location:Bolivia
Population:1 million
Classification:Amerind: Andean: Aymaran
Dictionary:Miranda, Pedro. 1970. Diccionario breve: castellaño-aymara, aymara-castellaño. La Paz: El Siglo.
Grammar:
GD: Ebbing, Juan Enrique. 1965. Gramatica y diccionario aimara. La Paz: Don Bosco. Tarifa Ascarrunz, Erasmo. 1969. Gramatica de la langua aymara. La Paz: Don Bosco.
TextBooks:Grondin, Marcelo N. 1973. Metodo de aymara. Oruro, Bolivia: Rodriguez-Muriel.
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ č čh čʔ s χ h m n ñ l ʎ r
Stops:p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ
Affricates:č čh čʔ
Fricatives:s χ h
Nasals:m n ñ
Laterals:l ʎ
Vibrants:r
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u (e) (o) a
Front Vowels:i (e)
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u (o)
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Diphthongs:au eu iu aj uj ja ju
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s p
Demonstratives:4: this/that/that yonder/that far away
Articles:def indef
Pronouns:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6
Syntax:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS D+A+N
Prep/Post:POST
Number:5157
Language:Jaqaru
Location:C Peru
Population:2,000
Classification:Amerind: Andean: Aymaran
Grammar:Hardman, M. J. 1966. Jaqaru. The Hague: Mouton.
Other Sources:WPF
Consonant system:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ c ch cʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ ts tsh tsʔ č̣ č̣h č̣ʔ č čh čʔ s š h m n ñ ŋ l ʎ ɾ
Stops:p ph pʔ t th tʔ c ch cʔ k kh kʔ q qh qʔ
Affricates:ts tsh tsʔ č̣ č̣h č̣ʔ č čh čʔ
Fricatives:s š h
Nasals:m n ñ ŋ
Laterals:l ʎ
Vibrants:ɾ
Glides:j w
Vowel system:
i u a
Front Vowels:i
Central Vowels:a
Back Vowels:u
Long Vowels:v̄ all
Syllable:(C)V
Stress:penult
Noun Number:s (p) (pl is emphatic and optional)
Demonstratives:3
Pronouns:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6 1=4e, 2=5, 3=6
Syntax:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+A+N
Prep/Post:POST
Number:5158
Language:Puelche
Alternate Name:Pampa
Location:Argentina (Pampas)
Population:5
Classification:Amerind: Andean: Southern: Puelche
Grammar:Barbará, Federico. 1944. Manual o vocabulario de al lengua pampa. Buenos Aires: Emecé.
Dictionary:Erize, Esteban. 1960. Diccionario comentado mapuche-español. Buenos Aires: Cuadernos del Sur.
Other Sources:
Suárez, Jorge A. 1959. "The Phonemes of an Araucanian DIalect," IJAL 25. 177-81. Echeverrı́a Weasson, Sergio. 1963. Descripcı́on fonológica del mapuche. Concepción, Chile: Univ of Concepcı́on. Echeverrı́a, Max S. and Heles Contreras. 1965. "Araucanian Phonemics," IJAL 31, 132-5. Fontanella, Marı́a Beatriz. 1967. "Componential Analysis of Personal Affixes in Araucanian," IJAL 33, 305-8.