TEXTBOOKS:Bleek, D. F. 1931. "The Hadzapi or Watindega of Tanganyika Territory," Africa 4, ??
OTHERSOURC:
Sands, Bonny, Ian Maddieson and Peter Ladefoged. 1996. "The Phonetic Structures of Hadza," Studies in African Linguistics 25: 171-?. Sands, Bonny. 1998. Eastern and Southern African Khoisan. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe. Tucker, A. N., M. A. Bryan and James Woodburn. 1977. "The East African Click Languages: A Phonetic Comparison," in Zur Sprachgeschicte und Ethnohistorie in Africa, ed. by W. Möhlig, F. Rottland and B. Heine, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, 300-22.
CONSONANTS:
p ph (pʔ) mph t thnth k kh kʔŋkh kʷ khʷ kʔʷ ʔ b mb d nd ɡ ŋɡ ɡʷ ts tsʔnts tl tlʔ č čʔ dzndz ɡ̌ ñɡ̌ f s š ɦ m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ l ɬ
STOPS:p ph (pʔ) mph b mb t thnth d nd k kh kʔŋkh ɡ ŋɡ kʷ khʷ kʔʷ ɡʷ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts tsʔnts dzndz tl tlʔ č čʔ ɡ̌ ñɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f s š ɦ
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
LATERALS:l ɬ
CLICKS:
(ʘʔ) / /ʔ /h n/ n̥/ || ||ʔ ||h n|| n̥|| ! !ʔ !h n! n̥! Woodburn describes (ʘʔ) as "archaic, very rare and replaceable by /."
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:ē ō
SYLLABLE:(C)V
TONES:hi mid lo fall ris
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:m f
PRONOUNS:
1 4mfc 2mfc 5mf 3mf 6mf c=common
SYNTAX:VSO
NUMBER:2
LANGUAGE:Sandawe
LOCATION:N Tanzania (Kondoa)
POPULATION:40,000
CLASSIFICA:Khoisan
OTHERSOURC:
Dempwolff, Otto. 1916. Die Sandawe, linguistisches und ethnographisches Material aus Deutsch-Ostafrika. Hamburg. Tucker, A. N., M. A. Bryan and James Woodburn. 1977. "The East African Click Languages: A Phonetic Comparison," in Zur Sprachgeschicte und Ethnohistorie in Africa, ed. by W. Möhlig, F. Rottland and B. Heine, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, 300-22. Kagaya, Ryohei. 1993. A Classified Vocabulary of the Sandawe Language. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. Sands, Bonny. 1998. Eastern and Southern African Khoisan. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
CONSONANTS:
p ph t̪ t̪h k kh kʔ ʔ b d̪ ɡ tsʔ tl tlʔ č čh dl ɡ̌ f s̪ x h m n̪ ŋ l ɬ r
STOPS:p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES:tsʔ tl tlʔ dl č čh ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f s̪ x h
NASALS:m n̪ ŋ
LATERALS:l ɬ
VIBRANTS:r
CLICKS:
/ /h /ʔ n/ ɡ/ || ||h ||ʔ n|| ɡ|| ! !h !ʔ n! ɡ!
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
NASALVOWEL:v̄̃ all
MODIFIEDVO: i̥ u̥
SYLLABLE:(C)V(C) [no VC]
TONES:hi lo ris fall
STRESS:usually root initial
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:m f n
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3mf 6
SYNTAX:SOV NA GN DN POSS-N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:3
LANGUAGE:Qxû
ALTERNATEN:!Kung
LOCATION:NE Namibia
POPULATION:30,000
CLASSIFICA:Khoisan: Northern
GRAMMAR:
Snyman, J. W. and ||Wãnasi /X'aeše. 1969. !Xʋ̃. Namibia: Admistration of South West Africa. Snyman, J. W. 1970. An Introduction to the !Xũ (!Kung) Language. Cape Town: A. A. Balkema.
CONSONANTS:
p ph pʔ t th tʔ k kh kʔ b d ɡ ts tsh tsx tsʔ tx txʔ č čh čx kxʔ dzɣ dɣ ɡɣ s š x ɦ β z ž m mʔ n ŋ ɾ̣
GRAMMAR:Köhler, Oswin. 1981. "Les langues khoisan," in Les langues dans le monde ancien et moderne, ed. by Jean Perrot, Paris, Éditions du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 455-615.
CONSONANTS:
p ph pɦ t th tɦ tx txʔ k kh ʔ b d ɡ ts tsh tsɦ tsx tsʔ č čh čx čʔ kxʔ dz dzɦ s sh š šh x h β z zɦ ž žɦ ɦ m mɦ mɒʔm mb n nɦ ñ ŋ ʔŋ ṛ
ia ei au ao ai ae oi oe oa ui ua ḛḭ a̰ṵ a̰o̰ a̰ḛ o̰ḛ o̰a̰ ṵḭ aoɒ aeɒ oiɒ ãũ ãı̃ õã ũã ũı̃ ã̰ṵ̃ ã̰ı̰̃ õ̰ã̰ ãũɒ ãı̃ɒ õı̃ɒ
SYLLABLE:(C)V(N)
TONES:hi mid lo lo-ris mid-ris mid-fall
NOUNNUMBER:s p
NOUNCLASSE:4
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4die 4mie 4fie 4cie 2 5d 5mfc 3 6dmfc 6mfc
SYNTAX:SVO NA GN(inalienable)/NG(alienable) ND POSS-N(inalienable)/N-POSS(alienable)
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:7
LANGUAGE:ǂAu.||eı̂
ALTERNATEN:Auen
LOCATION:Namibia
POPULATION:5,000
CLASSIFICA:Khoisan: Northern
OTHERSOURC:NBL
CONSONANTS:
PRONOUNS:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 3fc 6dfc 6fc c=common
SYNTAX:SVO
NUMBER:8
LANGUAGE:Maligo
LOCATION:South Angola
CLASSIFICA:Khoisan: Northern
CONSONANTS:
SYNTAX:SVO
NUMBER:9
LANGUAGE:Ekoka
LOCATION:Namibia
POPULATION:5,000
CLASSIFICA:Khoisan: Northern
CONSONANTS:
SYNTAX:SVO
NUMBER:10
LANGUAGE:Proto-Central Khoisan
LOCATION:Southern Africa
CLASSIFICA:Khoisan: Central
OTHERSOURC:Baucom, Kenneth L. 1974. "Proto-Central Khoisan," in Third Annual Conference on African Linguistics, ed. by E. Voeltz, Bloomington, Indiana University Publications, pp. 3-37.
CONSONANTS:
p t th k kh b d ɡ ts dz s x h m n r
STOPS:p b t th d k kh ɡ
AFFRICATES:ts dz
FRICATIVES:s x h
NASALS:m n
VIBRANTS:r
CLICKS:
/ /ʔ /x /h /kxʔ n/ ! !ʔ !x !kxʔ n! + +ʔ +x +kxʔ n+ || ||ʔ ||x ||kxʔ n|| ǂ ǂʔ ǂx ǂkxʔ nǂ + is a front lateral click; || is a back lateral click. According to Baucom, "it should be noted that the distinction between front lateral and back lateral clicks does not occur in any modern Central languae. But the evidence demands a fifth click position in the proto-language. The Southern languages have a fifth labial position, and a few of the Northern languages appear to have the front lateral/back lateral contrast given here. The choice of a front lateral position over a labial position is somewhat arbitrary. It might well be that the empty front lateral with pharyngeal release will prove to be filled by the aspirated dental click." (pp. 4-5) There is no IPA symbol for a front lateral click.
MODIFIEDCO:cɒ t d h kx m
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all ṽ all
SYNTAX:SOV
NUMBER:11
LANGUAGE:Nama
ALTERNATEN:Khoekhoe
LOCATION:South Africa
POPULATION:234,000
CLASSIFICA:Khoisan: Central: Nama
GRAMMAR:Hagman, R. 1977. Nama Hottentot Grammar. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
OTHERSOURC:
Beach, D. M. 1938. The Phonetics of Hottentot Language. Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons. DKS