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\data\typol\typology
NUMBER: 101
LANGUAGE: Dan
LOCATION: Liberia
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 102
LANGUAGE: Kweni
DIALECT: Guro
LOCATION: Ivory Coast
POPULATION: 210,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern
GRAMMAR: Benoist, Jean-Paul. 1969. Grammaire gouro. Lyon: Afrique er Langage.
CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k kp
b d̪ ɡ ɡb
f s̪
v z̪
m n̪ ñ
    l
    ɾ̣

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ kp ɡb
FRICATIVES: f v s̪ z̪
NASALS: m n̪ ñ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: ɾ̣
MODIFIEDCO:

   cj d k ɡ s
cʷ b k s

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   i (y) u
I ʋ
e o
ɛ ɔ
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i (y) I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u ʋ o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
NASALVOWEL:

   ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃
ı̃̄ ɛ̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄ ɔ̄

DIPHTHONGS: diphthonɡs
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V
TONES: hi mid lo
DEMONSTRAT: 3 + ref
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 103
LANGUAGE: Mwa
LOCATION: C Ivory Coast
POPULATION: 4,400
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SOV
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 104
LANGUAGE: Nwa
LOCATION: C Ivory Coast
POPULATION: 7,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SOV
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 105
LANGUAGE: Tura
LOCATION: W Ivory Coast
POPULATION: 20,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Southern
GRAMMAR: Bearth Thomas. 1971. L'Énoncé toura. SIL 30.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k kʷ kp
b ɓ d ɡ ɡʷ ɡb
f s
v z
m n ŋ
    l

STOPS: p b ɓ t d k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ kp ɡb
FRICATIVES: f v s z
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   i u
I ʋ
e o
ɛ ɔ
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u ʋ o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ ?
NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃
MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)
TONES: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo
NOUNNUMBER: s p
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 106
LANGUAGE: Bisa
LOCATION: S Burkina Faso
POPULATION: 127,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Eastern
GRAMMAR: GD: Prost, A. 1950. La langue bisa: Grammaire et dictionnaire. Ouagadougou: IFAN.
CONSONANTS:

   (p) t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
(f) s h
v z
m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
    l
    r

STOPS: (p) b t d c ɟ k ɡ
FRICATIVES: (f) v s z h
NASALS: m n ñ ŋ ŋʷ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   i u
I ʋ
e ǝ o
ɛ
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u ʋ o
LONGVOWELS: v̄ ?
NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ õ
SYLLABLE: CV(C)
TONES: hi mid lo
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 4 (3 + that very far)
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+D
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 107
LANGUAGE: Bisa
LOCATION: Burkina Faso
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Eastern
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 108
LANGUAGE: Busa
LOCATION: Benin
POPULATION: 30,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Eastern
OTHERSOURC: WALS
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SOV
NUMBER: 109
LANGUAGE: Sane
ALTERNATEN: Samo, Seeku
LOCATION: NW Burkina Faso
POPULATION: 128000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Eastern
OTHERSOURC:

   Platiel. Suzanne. 1971."Problèmes d'interprétaton des voyelles nasales et des tons modulés en samo," in La dénomination des couleurs chez les mbay de Moı̈ssala, Jean-Pierre Caprile, Paris, SELAF, 102-4.
E

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f s
    z
m n ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ
FRICATIVES: f s z
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   i u
e ǝ o
ɛ ɔ
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃
SYLLABLE: (C)V
TONES: hi mid lo
SYNTAX: SOV NA GN POSS-N
NUMBER: 110
LANGUAGE: San
DIALECT: Sembla
LOCATION: Burkina Faso
POPULATION: 128,000 (8,000)
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: Mande: Southern-Eastern: Eastern
GRAMMAR: Prost, André. 1971. Éléments de sembla. Lyon: Afrique et Langage.
CONSONANTS:

   (p) ṭ c k kp
   b ḍ ɟ ɡ (ɡb)
   bβ t̪s
 d̪z
   f s̪
m ṇ ñ ŋ (ŋm)
    (l̪)
    r

STOPS: (p) b ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ kp (ɡb)
AFFRICATES: bβ t̪s d̪z
FRICATIVES: f s̪
NASALS: m ṇ ñ ŋ (ŋm)
LATERALS: (l̪)
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: ṇ̄ l̄
GLIDES: j (w)
VOWELS:

   i u
e (ǝ) o
ɛ ɔ
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: (ǝ) a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS:

   v̄ all but ɔ

NASALVOWEL:

   ṽ all but ɛ ɔ
v̄̃ all but ɛ ɔ

SYLLABLE: CV
TONES: hi hi-fall hi-mid hi-mid-fall lo-mid lo-mid-fall lo lo-ris
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 1
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV NA GN DN/ND N-NUM POSS-N
PREPPOST: POST
NUMBER: 111
LANGUAGE: Bijago
LOCATION: Guinea-Bissau (Bijago Islands)
POPULATION: 10,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 112
LANGUAGE: Fula
ALTERNATEN: Fulani
DIALECT: Adamawa
LOCATION: NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
POPULATION: 8 million
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Senegal
DICTIONARY:

   Taylor, F. W. 1932. A Fulani-English Dictionary. London: Oxford Univ Press.
Dictionnaire élémentaire fulfulde-français-English. 1971. Niamey, Nigeria : Regional Documentation Centre for Oral Tradition.

GRAMMAR:

   Stennes, Leslie H. 1967. A Reference Grammar of Adamawa Fulani. East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State Univ.
GD: Klingenheben, August. 1963. Die Sprache der Ful. Hamburg: J. J. Augustin.
Labouret, H. 1952. La langue des Peuls ou Foulbé. Dakar: IFAN.
Taylor, F. W. 1953. A Grammar of the Adamawa Dialect of the Fulani Language. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

OTHERSOURC:

   Stennes, Leslie H. 1961. An Introduction to Fulani Syntax. HSL 2.
Stennes, Leslie Herman. 1969. The Identification of Participants in Adamawa Fulani. HSL 24.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k ʔ
b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
ɸ s h
β (z)
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: ɸ β s (z) h
NASALS: m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄
Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌

GLIDES: j (ʔj) w
VOWELS:

   I ʋ
e o
    ɐ

FRONTVOWEL: I e
CENTRALVOW: ɐ
BACKVOWELS: ʋ o
LONGVOWELS: ī ɛ̄ ā ū ɔ̄
MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony
SYLLABLE: CV(C)
STRESS: root initial
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 19 (5 pl)
DEMONSTRAT: 2 + ref
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6
3 & 6 vary with noun class

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num+D
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 113
LANGUAGE: Fula
ALTERNATEN: Fulani
DIALECT: Gombe
LOCATION: EC Nigeria (North-Eastern)
POPULATION: 8 million
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Senegal
GRAMMAR: Arnott, D. W. 1970. The Nominal and Verbal System of Fula. Fair Lawn, NJ: Oxford Univ. Press.
OTHERSOURC: Arnott, D. W. 1969. "Fula," in TNL, 57-71.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k ʔ ʔj
 b ɓ d ɗ ɡ
    (č)
    ɡ̌
f s
m n ñ (ŋ)
    l
    r

STOPS: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ ʔj
AFFRICATES: (č) ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f s
NASALS: m n ñ (ŋ)
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄ all but fricatives, ñ̃ɡ̌, ŋ
Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   i u
ɛ ɐ ɔ

FRONTVOWEL: i ɛ
CENTRALVOW: ɐ
BACKVOWELS: u ɔ
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ō
DIPHTHONGS: diphthonɡs
SYLLABLE: CV(C)
SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 114
LANGUAGE: Serer
LOCATION: Senegal
POPULATION: 300,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Senegal
CONSONANTS:

   




NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: noun classes
SYNTAX: NG N-NUM
NUMBER: 115
LANGUAGE: Wolof
LOCATION: Senegal
POPULATION: 2 million
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Senegal
DICTIONARY:

   Kobès, A. 1923. Dictionnare wolof-français. Dakar: Mission Catholique.
Guy-Grand, V. J. 1923. Dictionnaire français-volof. Dakar: Mission Catholique.

GRAMMAR: Diagne, Pathé. 1971. Grammaire de wolof moderne. Paris: Présence Africaine.
TEXTBOOKS:

   Nussbaum, Loren V., William W. Gage and Daniel Varre. 1970. Dakar Wolof: A Basic Course. Washington, D.C.: CAL.
Nussbaum, Loren and Jean Doneux. 1975. Jangum Wolof. Dakar: Centre de Linguistique Appliqée.

CONSONANTS:

   p t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
f s x (h)
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ
FRICATIVES: f s x (h)
NASALS: m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄ all but f s r
Nc p b t d c ɟ k ɡ

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   I ʋ
e ǝ o
ɛ ɐ ɔ
    a

FRONTVOWEL: I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: ǝ ɐ a
BACKVOWELS: ʋ o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ɛ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄
MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)(C)
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 8
DEMONSTRAT: 3
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N [1 2 4 5 6]/(N-POSS [3])
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 116
LANGUAGE: Wolof
DIALECT: Dyolof
LOCATION: Senegal
POPULATION: 2 million
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Senegal
GRAMMAR: Sauvageot, Serge. 1965. Description synchronique d'un dialecte wolof: le parler du Dyolof. Dakar: IFAN.
CONSONANTS:

   p t c k q
b d ɟ ɡ
f s χ
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ q
FRICATIVES: f s χ
NASALS: m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: c̄ b ɟ m n l
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   i u
e ø
ɛ ɔ
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e ø ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u ɔ
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ɛ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
STRESS: initial
NOUNNUMBER: s p
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N [1 2 4 5 6]/(N-POSS [3])
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 117
LANGUAGE: Falor
ALTERNATEN: Palor
LOCATION: Senegal
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Cangin
OTHERSOURC: E
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 118
LANGUAGE: Lehar
LOCATION: Senegal
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Cangin
OTHERSOURC: E
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 119
LANGUAGE: Ndut
LOCATION: Senegal
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Cangin
OTHERSOURC: WALS
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 120
LANGUAGE: Non
ALTERNATEN: Noon
LOCATION: Senegal
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: West Atlantic: Northern: Cangin
OTHERSOURC: WALS
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SVO
typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-modifiedvo,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-nasalvowel,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-modifiedvo,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-modifiedvo,typology-syllable,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-dialect,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,
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