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\data\typol\typology
NUMBER: 1041
LANGUAGE: Rundi
LOCATION: Burundi
POPULATION: 3.7 million
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Rwanda-Rundi
DICTIONARY:

   Bonneau, H. 1950. Dictionnaire français-kirundi, kirundi-français. Usumbura.
Rodegem, F. M. 1970. Dictionnaire rundi-français. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal de L'Afrique Centrale.
Cox, Elizabeth E. n.d. Dictionary Kirundi-English, English-Kirundi. Chicago: Irvin L. Young Foundation.

GRAMMAR:

   Meeussen, A. E. 1959. "Essai de grammaire rundi," Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge, Linguistique, vol 24, 9-15.
Rodegem, F. M. 1967. Précis de grammaire rundi. Brussels: E. Story-Scientia.

OTHERSOURC: Bouquiaux, Luc. 1973. "Quelques réflexions sur le système phonologique du rundi," in Problèmes de phonologie, Paris, SELAF, 113-9.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
pf ts č
f s š h
v z ž
m n ñ
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES: pf ts č
FRICATIVES: f v s z š ž h
NASALS: m n ñ
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   Nc p b t d k ɡ f v s z š šj ž žj pf ts č čj cj t č v š ž m n r cʷ b t d k ɡ ts č f s š h m n r ž

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony
TONES: hi lo hi-fall ris-fall
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 10
DEMONSTRAT: 3 + ref
PRONOUNS:

   1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3 6d 6
3, 6d & 6 vary with noun class

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG DN N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1042
LANGUAGE: Shubi
POPULATION: 74,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Rwanda-Rundi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1043
LANGUAGE: Hangaza
POPULATION: 54,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Rwanda-Rundi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1044
LANGUAGE: Vinza
POPULATION: 3,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone J: Rwanda-Rundi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1045
LANGUAGE: Yeci
LOCATION: Angola
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Holu
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1046
LANGUAGE: Holu
LOCATION: Angola
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Holu
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1047
LANGUAGE: Chokwe
ALTERNATEN: Guioca
LOCATION: Democratic Republic of Congo
POPULATION: 1 million
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi
GRAMMAR: Santos, Eduardo dos. 1962. Elementos de Gramática Guioca. Lisbon: Agência Geral do Ultramar.
OTHERSOURC: Martins, João Vicente. 1951. Subsı́dios Etnográficos para a História dos Povos de Angola. Lisbon: Agência Geral do Ultramar.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s š h
v z ž
m n ñ
    l
    ɾ

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f v s z š ž h
NASALS: m n ñ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: ɾ
MODIFIEDCO: Nc b d ɡ v z ž
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
STRESS: penult
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 12 (rational beings, trees, abstract nouns, verbs used as nouns)
DEMONSTRAT: 3
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1048
LANGUAGE: Luimbi
LOCATION: Angola
POPULATION: 500
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi
DICTIONARY: Baião, Domingos Vieira. 1939. Dicionário Ganguela-Portugês. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Filológicos.
GRAMMAR: Baião, Domingos Vieira. 1938. Elementos de Gramática Ganguela. Lisbon: Centro de Estudos Filológicos.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k
mb nd ŋɡ
    ts č
ndz ñɡ̌
(θ) s h
v z
m n ñ
    l

STOPS: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
AFFRICATES: ts ndz č ñɡ̌
FRICATIVES: v (θ) s z h
NASALS: m n ñ
LATERALS: l
MODIFIEDCO: Nc p b t d k ɡ ts dz ɡ̌
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u ɔ
MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 3
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1049
LANGUAGE: Luchazi
ALTERNATEN: Lucazi
POPULATION: 60,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi
OTHERSOURC: WALS
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 1050
LANGUAGE: Lwena
ALTERNATEN: Luvale
LOCATION: E Angola (Moxico)
POPULATION: 90,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi
DICTIONARY: Horton, A. E. 1953. A Dictionary of Luvale. El Monte, CA: Rahn Brothers Printing.
GRAMMAR:

   Horton, A. E. 1949. A Grammar of Luvale. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ Press.
White, C. M. N. 1949. A Short Lwena Grammar. London: Longmans.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
mb nd̪ ŋɡ
    č
ñɡ̌
f s̪ š h
v z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ ŋ
    ľ̪

STOPS: p mb t̪ nd̪ k ŋɡ
AFFRICATES: č ñɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f v s̪ z̪ š ž h
NASALS: m n̪ ñ ŋ
LATERALS: ľ̪
MODIFIEDCO:

   cj p v h m l
cʷ p mb t nd k ŋɡ f v s h m n ñ l

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony
SYLLABLE: (C)(G)V
TONES: hi hi-mid lo-mid lo
STRESS: penult
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 10 (persons, trees, liquids, body parts, inanimate)
DEMONSTRAT: 4 (3 + this here)
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6
3 & 6 vary with noun class

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1051
LANGUAGE: Mbuunda
POPULATION: 25,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1052
LANGUAGE: Nyengo
POPULATION: 5,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1053
LANGUAGE: Mbwela
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1054
LANGUAGE: Nkangala
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1055
LANGUAGE: Ngangela
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Chokwe-Luchazi
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1056
LANGUAGE: Salampasu
POPULATION: 60,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Salampasu-Ndembo
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1057
LANGUAGE: Ndembo
LOCATION: Zambia
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Salampasu-Ndembo
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1058
LANGUAGE: Ruund
ALTERNATEN: Lunda
LOCATION: Democratic Republic of Congo
POPULATION: 82,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Salampasu-Ndembo
OTHERSOURC: WALS
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 1059
LANGUAGE: Luyi
ALTERNATEN: Luyana
LOCATION: SW Zambia (Western)
POPULATION: 50,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Kwangwa
GRAMMAR:

   Jacottet, E. 1896. Études sur les langues du Haut-Zambèze. Paris: Ernest Leroux.
Givón, Talmy. 1970. The Si-Luyana Language. Lusaka, Zambia: Insitute for Social Research, Univ of Zambia.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
mb nd̪ ŋɡ
    č
    (ñɡ̌)
f s̪
β
m n̪ ñ ŋ
    l̪

STOPS: p mb t̪ nd̪ k ŋɡ
AFFRICATES: č (ñɡ̌)
FRICATIVES: β f s̪
NASALS: m n̪ ñ ŋ
LATERALS: l̪
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony
SYLLABLE: (C)(G)V
STRESS: penult
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 9 (6 pl)
DEMONSTRAT: 4 (3 + close to both speaker & hearer)
SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1060
LANGUAGE: Mbowe
LOCATION: SW Zambia (Western)
POPULATION: 5,500
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone K: Kwangwa
CONSONANTS:

   




typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-modifiedvo,typology-tones,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-modifiedvo,typology-nounnumber,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-modifiedvo,typology-syllable,typology-tones,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-modifiedvo,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,
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