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\data\typol\typology
NUMBER: 1101
LANGUAGE: Bisa
POPULATION: 41,500
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Bisa-Lamba
GRAMMAR: GD: Madan, A.C. 1906. Wisa Handbook. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k
mb nd ŋɡ
    č
    ñ̃ɡ̌
f s
βʷ v z
m n ŋ
    l

STOPS: p mb t nd k ŋɡ
AFFRICATES: č ñ̃ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: βʷ f v s z
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
MODIFIEDCO: Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌
GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
STRESS: penult
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 10
DEMONSTRAT: 3 + ref
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6
2=3

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1102
LANGUAGE: Lala
POPULATION: 64,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Bisa-Lamba
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1103
LANGUAGE: Swaka
POPULATION: 12,500
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Bisa-Lamba
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1104
LANGUAGE: Lamba
LOCATION: Togo
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Bisa-Lamba
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1105
LANGUAGE: Lamba
POPULATION: 75,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Bisa-Lamba
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1106
LANGUAGE: Seba
POPULATION: 7,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Bisa-Lamba
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1107
LANGUAGE: Lenje
POPULATION: 33,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Lenje-Tonga
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1108
LANGUAGE: Soli
POPULATION: 13,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Lenje-Tonga
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1109
LANGUAGE: Ila
LOCATION: Zambia
POPULATION: 130,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Lenje-Tonga
GRAMMAR: GD: Smith, Edwin W. 1907. A Handbook of the Ila Language. Oxford. [Reprinted 1964 by Gregg Press, Ridgewood, NJ]
CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s š h
v vh z ž
m n ŋ
    l
    (r)

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f v vh s z š ž h
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: (r)
MODIFIEDCO:

   Nc p b t d k ɡ č ɡ̌ f vh s z š
cj
cʷ

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: I ɛ æ
BACKVOWELS: ʋ o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ō
DIPHTHONGS: ai oi
SYLLABLE: (C)V
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 9
DEMONSTRAT: 3
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6
2=3
3 & 6 vary with noun class

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1110
LANGUAGE: Tonga1
POPULATION: 90,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Lenje-Tonga
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1111
LANGUAGE: Tonga1
LOCATION: Zambia
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone M: Lenje-Tonga
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1112
LANGUAGE: Manda
POPULATION: 10,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Manda
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1113
LANGUAGE: Matengo
POPULATION: 58,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Manda
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1114
LANGUAGE: Mpoto
POPULATION: 58,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Manda
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1115
LANGUAGE: Tonga2
LOCATION: Malawi
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Manda
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1116
LANGUAGE: Tumbuka
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Tumbuka
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1117
LANGUAGE: Nyanja
ALTERNATEN: Chichewa
LOCATION: Malawi
POPULATION: 1 million
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Nyanja
DICTIONARY:

   English-Cinyanja Dictionary. n.d. London: United Society for Christian Literature.
Scott, David Clement. 1929. Dictionary of the Nyanja Language. London: United Society for Christian Literature.
Dicionário Cinyanja-Português. 1963. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar.
Dicionário Portugês-Cinyanja. 1964. Lisbon: Junta de Investigaçõs do Ultramar.

GRAMMAR:

   Elementos de Gramática Cinyanja. 1964. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar.

TEXTBOOKS:

   Thomoson, T. D. 1955. A practical Approach to Chinyanja. Zomba, Malawi: Government Printer.
Price, Thomas. 1966. The Elements of Nyanja for English-Speaking Students. Blantyre, Malawi: The Synod Bookshop.

CONSONANTS:

   p ph t th k kh
b d ɡ
    ts č
    dz ɡ̌
f s (h)
v z
m n ŋ
    l
    (r)

STOPS: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ
AFFRICATES: ts dz č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f v s z (h)
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: (r)
MODIFIEDCO: Nc p b t d k ɡ ts č ɡ̌ f v s z
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
SYLLABLE: (C)(G) V
STRESS: penult
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 8 (personal, impersonal, abstract, diminutives)
DEMONSTRAT: 3
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6
3 & 6 vary with noun class

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+NUM +D
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1118
LANGUAGE: Senga
ALTERNATEN: Nsenga
LOCATION: Zambia
POPULATION: 45,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Senga-Sena
OTHERSOURC: WALS
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 1119
LANGUAGE: Kunda
POPULATION: 73,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Senga-Sena
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1120
LANGUAGE: Nyungwe
LOCATION: Mozambique
POPULATION: 700,000
CLASSIFICA: Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone N: Senga-Sena
GRAMMAR: Courtois, Victor José. 1899. Elementos de Grammatica Tetense. Coimbra: Universidade de Coimbra.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s š h
v z
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f v s z š h
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
STRESS: penult
NOUNNUMBER: s p
NOUNCLASSE: 9 (persons, inanimate, abstract, diminutives)
DEMONSTRAT: 3
ARTICLES: indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND N-NUM
PREPPOST: PREP
typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-diphthongs,typology-syllable,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-dictionary,typology-grammar,typology-textbooks,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-modifiedco,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-longvowels,typology-syllable,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,typology-language,typology-alternaten,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-othersourc,typology-consonants,typology-syntax,typology-language,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-consonants,typology-language,typology-location,typology-population,typology-classifica,typology-grammar,typology-consonants,typology-stops,typology-affricates,typology-fricatives,typology-nasals,typology-laterals,typology-vibrants,typology-glides,typology-vowels,typology-frontvowel,typology-centralvow,typology-backvowels,typology-stress,typology-nounnumber,typology-nounclasse,typology-demonstrat,typology-articles,typology-pronouns,typology-syntax,typology-preppost,
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