CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Nguni
DICTIONARY:
Doke, C. M. and B. W. Vilakazi. 1953. Zulu-English Dictionary. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ Press. Doke, C. M. , D. M. Malcolm and J. M. A. Sikakana. 1958. English- Zulu Dictionary. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ Press.
GRAMMAR:Malcolm, D. M. 1966. A New Zulu Manual. Johannesburg: Longmans.
TEXTBOOKS:
Doke, Clement M. 1961. Textbook of Zulu Grammar. Cape Town: Longmans. Ziervogel, D., J. A. Louw and P. C. Taljaard. 1976. A Handbook of the Zulu Language. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.
CONSONANTS:
ph pʔ th tʔ k kh kʔ b ɓ d ɡ mpfʔ tsʔntlʔ (č) čʔ klʔ mbv ndl ɡ̌ f s š (x) h v z ɦ m n ñ ŋ l ɬ ɮ (r)
STOPS:ph pʔ b ɓ th tʔ d k kh kʔ ɡ
AFFRICATES:mpfʔmbv tsʔntlʔndl (č) čʔ ɡ̌ klʔ
FRICATIVES:f v s z š (x) h ɦ
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l ɬ ɮ
VIBRANTS:(r)
CLICKS:
/ /h ɡ/ n/ ŋ/ɡ || ||h ɡ|| n|| ŋ||ɡ ! !h ɡ! n! ŋ!ɡ
MODIFIEDCO:Nc pfʔ bv tsʔ dz tlʔ dl čʔ ɡ̌ klʔ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ɔ
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
SYLLABLE:mˈ rˈ
TONES:hi lo fall
STRESS:penult
NOUNNUMBER:s p
NOUNCLASSE:8
DEMONSTRAT:3
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3* 6* 3 & 6 vary with noun class
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG ND/DN N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:1162
LANGUAGE:Swati
LOCATION:Swaziland
POPULATION:1.3 million
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Nguni
GRAMMAR:Ziervogel, D. 1976. A Grammar of the Swati Language. Pretoria: J. L. van Schaik.
CONSONANTS:
ph pʔ th tʔ kh kʔ b ɓ d ɡ tsh tɸh č kxʔ dz dl dβ ɡ̌ f s š x v z ž ɦ m n ñ ŋ l ɬ r
STOPS:ph pʔ b ɓ th tʔ d kh kʔ ɡ
AFFRICATES:tsh dz dl tɸh dβ č ɡ̌ kxʔ
FRICATIVES:f v s z š ž x ɦ
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l ɬ
VIBRANTS:r
CLICKS:
/ /h n/ n/h ɡ/ ŋ/ ŋ/ɡ (|| and ! are used only in foreiɡn words)
MODIFIEDCO:Nc ph pʔ b t d kh kʔ ɡ dl ts dz tɸ dβ č ɡ̌ kxʔ f v s z š ɬ
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Tswa-Ronga
DICTIONARY:
Quintão, José Luı́s. 1951a. Dicionários Xironga-Português e Português-Xironga. Lisbon: Agência Geral das Colónias. Sá Nogueira, Rodrigo de. 1960. Dicionário Ronga-Português. Lisbon: Junta de Investigações do Ultramar.
GRAMMAR:
Junod, Henri A. 1896. Grammaire ronga. Lausanne: Georges Bridel. Quintão, José Luı́s. 1951b. Gramática de Xironga (Landim). Lisbon: Agência Geral das Colónias.
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ ṭ k b d̪ ḍ ɡ ps t̪s tl č (bz) d̪z dl ɡ̌ f s̪ š h (β) v z̪ ž m n̪ ŋ l̪ ɬ̪ ṛ
STOPS:p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ
AFFRICATES:ps (bz) t̪s d̪z tl dl č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:(β) f v s̪ z̪ š ž h
NASALS:m n̪ ŋ
LATERALS:l̪ ɬ̪
VIBRANTS:ṛ
MODIFIEDCO:
Nc cj cʷ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
STRESS:penult
NOUNNUMBER:s p
NOUNCLASSE:8
DEMONSTRAT:5 (3 + that further on, that very far)
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:1169
LANGUAGE:Chopi
LOCATION:Mozambique
POPULATION:200,000
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Chopi
Santos, Luiz Feliciano dos. 1941. Gramática da Lı́ngua Chope. Lourenço Marques: Imprensa Nacional. Junod, Henri Philippe. n.d. Éléments de grammaire tchopi. Lisbon: Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa.
CONSONANTS:
p ph t th k kh b ɓ (d) ɗ ɡ pf ts tsh č (bv) dz ɡ̌ s š h m n ñ ŋ l r
STOPS:p ph b ɓ t th (d) ɗ k kh ɡ
AFFRICATES:pf (bv) ts tsh dz č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:s š h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
CLICKS:|| !
MODIFIEDCO:
Nc p b t d k ɡ pf ts dz č ɡ̌ s cj cʷ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
SYLLABLE:Nˈ
TONES:hi mid lo
STRESS:penult
NOUNNUMBER:s p
NOUNCLASSE:8
DEMONSTRAT:4 (3 + very far)
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6 3 & 6 vary with noun class
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG ND/(DN) N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:1170
LANGUAGE:Tonga-Inhambane
LOCATION:Mozambique
CLASSIFICA:Niger-Kordofanian: Niger-Congo: South Central: Eastern: Benue-Zambesi: Nyima: Wel: Bantoid: Broad Bantu: Narrow Bantu: Central: Zone S: Chopi
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1171
LANGUAGE:Songhai
DIALECT:Zarma
LOCATION:SW Niger (Niamey)
POPULATION:600,000 (175,000)
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Songhai
DICTIONARY:Marie, E. 1914. Vocabulaire français-djerma et djerma-français. Paris: Leroux.
GRAMMAR:Tersis, Nicole. 1972. Le Zarma. Paris: SELAF.
TEXTBOOKS:Cooper, Paul V. and Oliver Rice. 1966. Djerma Basic Course. Washington, D.C.: English Language Services.
CONSONANTS:
p t c k kʷ b d ɟ ɡ ɡʷ f s x z m n ñ ŋ l ɾ
STOPS:p b t d c ɟ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ
FRICATIVES:f s z x
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:
c̄ b t d k ɡ m n l r j Nc (p t c k s z) b d ɟ ɡ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
NASALVOWEL:ã (ı̃ ẽ õ)
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:(C)V(C) Nˈ
TONES:hi lo ris fall ris-fall fall-ris
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:2
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SOV NA GN ND N-NUM POSS-N N+A+Num+D
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:1172
LANGUAGE:Songhai
DIALECT:Gao
LOCATION:Mali (Gao)
POPULATION:600,000
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Songhai
DICTIONARY:
Williamson, Kay. 1967. Songhai Word List. Research Notes from the Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages 1.3. Ibadan: Univ of Ibadan. Zimmerman, D. W. 1968. Dictionaire français-sonrai. n.p.
GRAMMAR:GD: Prost, A. 1956. La langue sonay et ses dialects. Dakar: IFAN.
DICTIONARY:Benton, Philip A. 1911. Kanuri Readings. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1968 in The Languages and Peoples of Bornu, vol. 2, London, Frank Cass]
GRAMMAR:
Benton, Philip A. 1917. Primer of Kanuri Grammar. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1968 in The Languages and Peoples of Bornu, vol 2, London. GD: Lukas, Johannes. 1937. A Study of the Kanuri Language. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1967 by Dawsons of Pall Mall, London.]
TEXTBOOKS:Awobuluyi, Oladele. 1969. Introductory Kanuri. Washington D.C.: CAL.
OTHERSOURC:
Ward, Ida C. 1926. "Some Notes on the Pronunciation of the Kanuri Language of West Africa," BSOAS 4, 139-46. Awobuluyi, Oladele. 1971. "The Phonology of Yerwa Kanuri," Research Notes from the Department of Linguistics and Nigerian Languages 4.1, 1-21. Ibadan: Univ of Ibadan. STAL LA
CONSONANTS:
p t k ʔ b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š h z m n n ̃ ŋ l ľ ɾ
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f s z š h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l ľ
VIBRANTS:ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:
c̄ Nc ?
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:ɨ ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
DIPHTHONGS:ai ei oi ui au ea ǝi ǝu io iu ou
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)V(C) Nˈ
TONES:hi lo ris fall
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:2
ARTICLES:def indef
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SOV NA NG/(GN) ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+Num+D
PREPPOST:(PREP)/POST
NUMBER:1176
LANGUAGE:Kanembu
LOCATION:Chad
POPULATION:2,250
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Saharan: Western
OTHERSOURC:WALS
CONSONANTS:
SYNTAX:SOV
NUMBER:1177
LANGUAGE:Tubu
ALTERNATEN:Tebu, Kashirda
LOCATION:N Chad
POPULATION:200,000
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Saharan: Western
GRAMMAR:
GD: Jourdan, P. 1935. Notes grammaticales et vocabulaire de la langue daza. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner. Le Coeur, Charles and M. Le Coeur. 1955. Grammaire et textes teda-daza. Dakar: IFAN.
OTHERSOURC:LA
CONSONANTS:
p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ ɸ s š h z m n ñ ŋ l ɾ
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:ɸ s z š h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:c̄
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i I e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
NASALVOWEL:ṽ
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:2 + ref
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SOV NA GN/NG ND N-NUM N-POSS N+D+A
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:1178
LANGUAGE:Zagawa
LOCATION:E Chad
POPULATION:60,000
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Saharan: Eastern
OTHERSOURC:LA
CONSONANTS:
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i (I) e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u (ʋ) o ɔ
TONES:hi mid lo
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SOV NA ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:1179
LANGUAGE:Berti
LOCATION:N Sudan
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Saharan: Eastern
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1180
LANGUAGE:Mimi1
DIALECT:Gaudefroy-Demombynes
LOCATION:Sudan
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Maban
OTHERSOURC:Gaudefroy-Demombynes, M. 1905. "Documents sur les langues de l'Oubangui-Chari," Actes du XVI Congrès International des Orientalistes."