CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Moru-Madi
GRAMMAR:GD: Crazzolara, J. P. 1960. A Study of the Logbara (Ma'di) Language. London: Oxford Univ Press.
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ k kp ʔ b ʔb d̪ ʔd̪ ɡ ɡb pf ts tr dr ɡ̌ f s h v z m n ñ ŋ ŋm l r
STOPS:p b ʔb t̪ d̪ ʔd̪ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ
AFFRICATES:pf ts dz tr dr
FRICATIVES:f v s z h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ ŋm
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:
c̄ Nc b d ɡ ɡb dz dr v
GLIDES:j ʔj w ʔw
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:ɨ ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
NASALVOWEL:ã
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
DIPHTHONGS:diphthongs
TONES:hi mid lo (+6 ris/fall tones)
NOUNNUMBER:s p (only kinship terms)
DEMONSTRAT:3
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO/SOV NA GN/NG ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:1302
LANGUAGE:Mangbetu
LOCATION:NE Zaire
POPULATION:100,000
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Mangbetu-Asua
GRAMMAR:GD: Larochette, J. 1958. Grammaire des dialectes mangbetu et medje. Tervuren: Annales du Musée Royal du Congo Belge.
OTHERSOURC:LA
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ ṭ k kp ʔ b ɓ d̪ ḍ ɗ̣ ʄ ɡ ɡb ts dz f θ s h v ð z ẓ m n ñ ŋ l P B v̊ ɾ ṛ
STOPS:p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ ɗ̣ ʄ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts dz
FRICATIVES:f v θ ð s z ẓ h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:P B v̊ ɾ ṛ
MODIFIEDCO:
c̄ p t k kp Nc b d ḍ ɡ ɡʷ cʷ p ŋɡ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ o ɔ
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
TONES:
hi lo ris fall
STRESS:penult
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:2 + ref
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG/GN ND N-NUM POSS-N/N-POSS
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:1303
LANGUAGE:Asua
LOCATION:NE Zaire
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Mangbetu-Asua
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1304
LANGUAGE:Mamvu
LOCATION:NE Zaire
POPULATION:60,000
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Mangbutu-Efe
OTHERSOURC:
LA WALS
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ ṭ k kp ʔ b ɓ d̪ ḍ ɗ̣ ʄ ɡ ɡb ts dz f θ s h v ð z ẓ m n ñ ŋ l P B v̊ ɾ ṛ
STOPS:p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ ɗ̣ ʄ k ɡ kp ɡb ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts dz
FRICATIVES:f v θ ð s z ẓ h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:P B v̊ ɾ ṛ
MODIFIEDCO:Nc b d ɡ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i I ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ ɔ
TONES:hi mid lo
DEMONSTRAT:2 + ref
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG/GN N-NUM POSS-N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:1305
LANGUAGE:Mangbutu
LOCATION:Zaire
POPULATION:8,000
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Mangbutu-Efe
CONSONANTS:
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
NUMBER:1306
LANGUAGE:Ndo
ALTERNATEN:Oke'bu
LOCATION:NE Zaire
POPULATION:13,000
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Mangbutu-Efe
OTHERSOURC:WPF
CONSONANTS:
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
NUMBER:1307
LANGUAGE:Balendru
ALTERNATEN:Lendu
LOCATION:NE Zaire (Djugu)
POPULATION:180,000
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Central Sudanic: East Central: Balendru
OTHERSOURC:
Tucker, A. N. 1940. The Eastern Sudanic Languages, vol 1. London: Oxford Univ Press. LA
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ k kp b ɓ d̪ ɗ̣ (ɟ) ʄ ɡ ɡb ts č dz ɡ̌ f θ s š (h) v ð z ž m n̪ ñ l (ľ) r
STOPS:p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ̣ (ɟ) ʄ k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:ts dz č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f v θ ð s z š ž (h)
NASALS:m n̪ ñ
LATERALS:l (ľ)
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:Nc b d ɡ ɡb ɡ̌ z
GLIDES:j (ʔj) w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u ʋ o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:(ɔ̃)
SYLLABLE:rˈ zˈ
TONES:hi mid lo
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:3
PRONOUNS:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO (def aspect)/SOV (indef aspect) AN GN DN NUM-N/N-NUM POSS-N/(N-POSS)
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:1308
LANGUAGE:Berta
LOCATION:W Ethiopia
POPULATION:50,000
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Berta
DICTIONARY:Bender, M. Lionel. 1989. "Berta Lexicon," in Topics in Nilo-Saharan Linguistics, ed. by M. Lionel Bender, Hamburg, Helmut Buske, 271-304.
GRAMMAR:
Cerulli, E. 1947. "Three Berta Dialects in Western Ethiopia," Africa ??. Triulzi, A., A. A. Dafallah and M. L. Bender. 1976. "Berta," in NSLE, 513-32.
OTHERSOURC:LA
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔ b d̪ ḍ ɡ tsʔ čʔ ɡ̌ f θ s š x h ð z ɣ m n ñ ŋ l r
STOPS:p b t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ ḍ k kʔ ɡ
AFFRICATES:tsʔ čʔ ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f θ ð s z š x ɣ h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:c̄ m l ... Nc b d ɡ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
TONES:hi lo
STRESS:phonemic
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:3 + ref
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG/GN ND N-NUM N-POSS N+A+D+Num
PREPPOST:PREP/POST
NUMBER:1309
LANGUAGE:Kunama
LOCATION:Eritrea
POPULATION:40,000
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Kunama
GRAMMAR:Castelnuovo del Zappa, Giuseppe-Fermo da. 1938. Grammatica della lingua cunama. Asmara.
OTHERSOURC:LA
CONSONANTS:
t̪ k b d̪ ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š h m n ñ ŋ l r
STOPS:b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f s š h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:c̄ t d k s m n l
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄
TONES:hi lo
STRESS:phonemic
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4die 4ie 2 5d 5 3 6d 6
SYNTAX:SOV NA NG/GN DN/ND N-POSS/(POSS-N [kinship terms])
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:1310
LANGUAGE:Bega
ALTERNATEN:Gumuz
LOCATION:Ethiopia
POPULATION:53,000
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Komuz: Gumuz
OTHERSOURC:WALS
CONSONANTS:
SYNTAX:SVO
NUMBER:1311
LANGUAGE:Anej
ALTERNATEN:Gule
LOCATION:N Sudan
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Komuz: Koman
CONSONANTS:
COMMENTS:Most speakers are bilingual in Arabic.
NUMBER:1312
LANGUAGE:Kwama
ALTERNATEN:Northern Mao
LOCATION:Ethiopia
POPULATION:14,000
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Komuz: Koman
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1313
LANGUAGE:Opo
LOCATION:Ethiopia
POPULATION:2,000
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Komuz: Koman
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1314
LANGUAGE:Komo
LOCATION:E Sudan
POPULATION:6,000
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Komuz: Koman
OTHERSOURC:LA
CONSONANTS:
p pʔ t tʔ k kʔ ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ s sʔ š h m n l r
STOPS:p pʔ b ɓ t tʔ d ɗ k kʔ ɡ ʔ
FRICATIVES:s sʔ š h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:
cʷ p d k ɡ s š cj
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
NASALVOWEL:ṽ
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
DIPHTHONGS:diphthongs
TONES:hi mid lo normal
DEMONSTRAT:1
PRONOUNS:
1 4ie 2 5 3mfn 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG ND N-POSS
NUMBER:1315
LANGUAGE:Twampa
ALTERNATEN:Uduk
LOCATION:Sudan (Upper Nile)
POPULATION:5,000
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: Komuz: Koman
OTHERSOURC:LA
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ t tʔ k kʔ b ɓ d̪ d ɗ ɡ č ɡ̌ ɸ s h ɣ m n ñ ŋ l r
STOPS:p b ɓ t̪ d̪ t tʔ d ɗ k kʔ ɡ
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:ɸ s ɣ h
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:
r̄ cj cʷ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS:(v̄)
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
DIPHTHONGS:ai
DEMONSTRAT:3 + ref
PRONOUNS:
1 4ie 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA/(AN) NG ND/(DN) N-POSS
NUMBER:1316
LANGUAGE:Meroitic
LOCATION:Egypt
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Nilo-Saharan: ?
OTHERSOURC:Greenberg, Joseph H. 1971. "Nilo-Saharan and Meroitic," in CTIL 7, 421-42.
CONSONANTS:
COMMENTS:This is the language of the ancient Meroitic kingdom of Egypt and the Sudan. It's classification as Nilo-Saharan remains controversial.
NUMBER:1317
LANGUAGE:Ancient Egyptian
LOCATION:Egypt
POPULATION:c. 2,500 B.C.
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Ancient Egyptian
GRAMMAR:
Sander-Hansen, C. E. 1963. Ågyptische Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. Donadoni, Sergio. 1963. Appunti di grammatica egiziana. Milan: Istituto Editoriale Cisalpino. du Bourguet, Pierre. 1971. Grammaire égyptienne. Louvain: Peeters. černy, Jaroslav. 1975. A Late Egyptian Grammar. Rome: Biblical Institute Press.
CONSONANTS:
p t k q ʔ b d ɡ č ɡ̌ m n r
STOPS: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
NASALS:m n
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u
NOUNNUMBER:s d p
GENDER:m f
DEMONSTRAT:2
ARTICLES:def indef
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6
SYNTAX:VSO NA NG DN/ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [2]) N-POSS D+Num+N+A
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:1318
LANGUAGE:Coptic
LOCATION:Egypt
POPULATION:extinct (19th c.)
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Ancient Egyptian
DICTIONARY:
Cerny, J. 1976. Coptic Etymological Dictionary. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
GRAMMAR:
Elanskaja, A. I. 1964. Koptskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka. Kosack, Wolfgany. 1974. Lehrbuch des Koptischen. Graz: Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt.
OTHERSOURC:
Houghton, Herbert Pierrepont. 1959. The Coptic Verb. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Knudsen, Ebbe E. 1961. "Saidic Coptic Vowel Phonemes," Acta Orientalia 26, 29-42.
CONSONANTS:
p t k b d ɟ ɡ č ɡ̌ s š x h β v m n l r
STOPS: p b t d ɟ k ɡ
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:β v s š x h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ū ō
SYLLABLE:CV(C)(C)
STRESS:penult
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:m f
DEMONSTRAT:2
ARTICLES:def indef
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:1319
LANGUAGE:Proto-Berber
LOCATION:N Africa
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Berber
OTHERSOURC:
Prasse, Karl-G. 1972-74. Manuel de grammaire touaregue, 3 vols. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
