CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group A: Bata
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1422
LANGUAGE:Musgu
DIALECT:Vulum
LOCATION:SW Chad (N Mayo-Kebbi)
POPULATION:50,000 (8,500)
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B
GRAMMAR:Tourneux, Henry. 1978. Le mulwi ou vulum de mogroum (Tchad). Paris: SELAF.
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ k b ɓ d̪ ɗ ɡ f s h v z m n̪ (ñ) ŋ l ɬ ɮ ɾ
STOPS:p b ɓ t̪ d̪ ɗ k ɡ
FRICATIVES:f v s z h
NASALS:m n̪ (ñ) ŋ
LATERALS:l ɬ ɮ
VIBRANTS:ɾ
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i (y) e (ø)
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:ī (ē) ā ū (ō)
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)V(C) Nˈ
TONES:hi lo ris fall
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:m f (sing only)
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4ie 2 5 3mf 6hN N=non-hum
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:1423
LANGUAGE:Gidar
LOCATION:N Cameroon
POPULATION:50,000
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1424
LANGUAGE:Buduma
LOCATION:W Chad (Lac)
POPULATION:25,000
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B
OTHERSOURC:
Benton, P. A. 1912. Notes on Some Languages of the Western Sudan. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1968 by Frank Cass & Co, London, as The Languages and Peoples of Bornu, vol 1.] WALS
CONSONANTS:
p t k b d ɡ č ɡ̌ f h m n l r
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:
c̄ Nc b ɡ ɡ̌
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3mf 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG ND N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:1425
LANGUAGE:Kotoko
LOCATION:N Cameroon
POPULATION:40,000
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B
CONSONANTS:
NOUNNUMBER:s p
SYNTAX:NG
NUMBER:1426
LANGUAGE:Logone
ALTERNATEN:Lagwan
LOCATION:Cameroon
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: Biu-Mandara: Group B
OTHERSOURC:WALS
CONSONANTS:
SYNTAX:SVO
NUMBER:1427
LANGUAGE:Hausa
LOCATION:N Nigeria (Kano)
POPULATION:20 million (12 million speak it as a first language)
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Hausa
DICTIONARY:
Abraham, R. C. 1962. Dictionary of the Hausa Language. London: Univ of London Press. Skinner, Neil. 1970. English-Hausa Dictionary. Zatia: Northern Nigerian Publishing Company.
GRAMMAR:
Abraham, R. C. 1959. The Language of the Hausa People. London: Univ of London Press. Taylor, F. W. 1959. A Practical Hausa Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
TEXTBOOKS:
Hodge, Carleton T. and Ibrahim Umaru. 1963. Hausa Basic Course. Washington, D.C.: Foreign Service Institute. Kraft, Charles H. and Marguerite E. Kraft. 1973. Introductory Hausa. Berkeley: Univ of California Press. Kraft, Charles H. and Anthony Kirk-Greene. 1973. Teach Yourself Hausa. London: English Universities Press. Cowan, J. Ronayne and Russell G. Schuh. 1975. Spoken Hausa. Ithaca, N.Y.: Spoken Language Services.
OTHERSOURC:
Kraft, Charles H. 1963. A Study of Hausa Syntax, 3 vols. HSL 8-10. Hoffman, Carl. 1969. "Hausa," in TNL, 73-84.
CONSONANTS:
t k kʷ kj kʔ kʔʷ kʔj ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡʷ ɡj č ɡ̌ ɸ s sʔ š h z m n l ɾ ɾ̣
STOPS:b ɓ t d ɗ k kʷ kj kʔ kʔʷ kʔj ɡ ɡʷ ɡj ʔ
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:ɸ s sʔ z š h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ ɾ̣
MODIFIEDCO:c̄
GLIDES: j ʔj w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:I ɛ
CENTRALVOW:ǝ
BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ā ū ō
DIPHTHONGS:ai au
SYLLABLE:(C)V(C) Nˈ
TONES:hi lo fall downdrift
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2 + ref
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3mf 6 + indef
SYNTAX:SVO AN/NA NG DN/ND N-NUM N-POSS D+A+N+Num
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:1428
LANGUAGE:Gwandara
LOCATION:C Nigeria (Benue-Plateau)
POPULATION:30,000
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Hausa
OTHERSOURC:Matsushita, Shuji. 1974. A Comparative Vocabulary of Gwandara Dialects. Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kp b d ɡ ɡb č ɡ̌ s š h z m n l ɾ
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ kp ɡb
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:s z š h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:
cj p k ɡ cʷ b k ɡ č h
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
NASALVOWEL:ṽ all
TONES:hi mid lo (+ 6 contour tones)
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:N-POSS
NUMBER:1429
LANGUAGE:Karekare
LOCATION:Nigeria
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1430
LANGUAGE:Bole
LOCATION:NE Nigeria (Bornu)
POPULATION:32,000
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
TEXTBOOKS:Lukas, J. 1971. "Über das erweiterte Verb im Bolanci (Nordnigerien)," JAL 10, 1-14.
OTHERSOURC:Benton, P. A. 1912. Notes on Some Languages of the Western Sudan. London: Oxford Univ Press. [Reprinted 1968 by Frank Cass & Co, London, as The Languages and Peoples of Bornu, vol 1.]
CONSONANTS:
p t k ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɠ č ɡ̌ f s š h z m n ŋ l r
STOPS:p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ɠ ʔ
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f s z š h
NASALS:m n ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:Nc b d ɡ ɡ̌ z
GLIDES:j ʔj w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
TONES:hi fall
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:2
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3mf 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG ND N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:1431
LANGUAGE:Bele
LOCATION:Nigeria
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1432
LANGUAGE:Ngamo
LOCATION:NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
POPULATION:18,000
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1433
LANGUAGE:Maha
LOCATION:N Nigeria (North-Eastern)
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
OTHERSOURC:Newman, Paul. 1965. "A Brief Note on the Maha Language," JWAL 2:1, 57-8.
CONSONANTS:
p t k b ɓ d ɗ ɡ č ɡ̌ s š h m n ŋ l ɬ ɮ r
STOPS: p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:s š h
NASALS:m n ŋ
LATERALS:l ɬ ɮ
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:
m̄ Nc
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2mf 5 3mf 6
NUMBER:1434
LANGUAGE:Kirfi
LOCATION:Nigeria
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1435
LANGUAGE:Deno
LOCATION:Nigeria
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1436
LANGUAGE:Kubi
LOCATION:Nigeria
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1437
LANGUAGE:Galambu
LOCATION:Nigeria
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1438
LANGUAGE:Gera
LOCATION:Nigeria
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Bole
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1439
LANGUAGE:Kanakuru
LOCATION:NE Nigeria (North-Eastern)
POPULATION:20,000
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Tangale
OTHERSOURC:
STAL WALS
CONSONANTS:
p t k ʔ b ɓ d ɗ ɡ ɡ̌ f s š m n ñ ŋ l r
STOPS:p b ɓ t d ɗ k ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f s š
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:c̄
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄
TONES:
hi lo
SYNTAX:SVO
NUMBER:1440
LANGUAGE:Tangale
LOCATION:E Nigeria (North-Eastern)
POPULATION:100,000
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Chadic: West: Group A: Bole-Angas: Tangale
OTHERSOURC:
Jungraithmayr H. 1971. "The Tangale Vowel Harmony System Roconsidered," JAL 10, 28-33. WALS
