Elderkin, E. Derek. 1976. "Southern Cushitic," in NSLE, 279-97. Heine, Bernd. 1978. "The Sam Languages: A History of Rendille, Boni and Somali," AFL 6:2, 1-93. Tucker, A. N., M. A. Bryan and James Woodburn. 1977. "The East African Click Languages: A Phonetic Comparison," in Zur Sprachgeschicte und Ethnohistorie in Africa, ed. by W. Möhlig, F. Rottland and B. Heine, Berlin, Dietrich Reimer, 300-22.
CONSONANTS:
p pʔmph t̪ t̪ʔ k kʔŋk ʔ ɓ mb d̪ ɗ nd ɡ ŋɡ ts tl tlh č dz ɡ̌ f s ħ ɦ β v ɣ ʕ m n̪ ñ l r
STOPS:p pʔmph ɓ mb t̪ t̪ʔ d̪ ɗ nd k kʔŋk ɡ ŋɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts dz tl tlh č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f β v s ɣ ħ ʕ ɦ
NASALS:m n̪ ñ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
CLICKS:/ n/ /ʔ
MODIFIEDCO:
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:
i u e o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄
SYLLABLE:(C)V(N)
TONES:hi lo
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT:2 + ref
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3mf 6
SYNTAX:SOV NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:1544
LANGUAGE:Ma'a
LOCATION:NE Tanzania (Tanga)
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Ma'a
OTHERSOURC:Elderkin, E. Derek. 1976. "Southern Cushitic," in NSLE, 279-97.
CONSONANTS:
t k ʔ b d ɟ ɡ f s š x h β m n l r
STOPS:b t d ɟ k ɡ ʔ
FRICATIVES:β f s š x h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:
c̄ n Nc
GLIDES: w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
SYLLABLE:(C)V(C)
NOUNNUMBER:s p
NOUNCLASSE: nc
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 3 6
SYNTAX:SVO NA N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:1545
LANGUAGE:Asa
LOCATION:Tanzania
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Rift
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1546
LANGUAGE:Kw'adza
LOCATION:Tanzania
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Rift
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1547
LANGUAGE:Iraqw
LOCATION:NE Tanzania (Arusha)
POPULATION: 111,000
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Cushitic: Southern: Rift
OTHERSOURC:
Whiteley, W. H. 1958. A Short Description of Item Categories in Iraqw. Kampala: East African Institute of Social Research. Whiteley, W. H. 1960. "The Verbal Radical in Iraqw," ALS 1, 79-95. Elderkin, E. Derek. 1976. "Southern Cushitic," in NSLE, 279-97.
CONSONANTS:
p t k kʷ q qʷ ʔ b ɓ d (ɗ) ɡ ɡʷ tsʔ tl m n ŋ ŋʷ l ɬ r
Gray, Louis H. 1934. Introduction of Semitic Comparative Linguistics. New York: Columbia Univ Press. Moscati, Sabatino, et al. 1964. An Introduction to the Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
CONSONANTS:
p t k q ʔ b d ɡ m n l r
STOPS: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:
c̄ cɒ t θ ð s
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
DIPHTHONGS:ai au
SYLLABLE:CV(C)
NOUNNUMBER:s d p
GENDER:m f
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2mf 5d 5mf 3mf 6d 6mf
SYNTAX:N-POSS
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:1551
LANGUAGE:Eblaic
LOCATION:N Syria
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Semitic
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1552
LANGUAGE:Akkadian
LOCATION:E Iraq
POPULATION:c. 2000 B.C.
CLASSIFICA:Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: East
DICTIONARY:
Gelb, I. J. 1957. Glossary of Old Akkadian. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.
GRAMMAR:
Reiner, Erica. 1966. A Linguistic Analysis of Akkadian. The Hague: Mouton. Castellino, G. R. 1970. Grammatica accadica introduttiva. Rome: Istituto di Studi del Vicino Oriente. Lipin, L. A. 1973. The Akkadian Language. Moscow: Nauka.
OTHERSOURC:Gelb, Ignace J. 1969. Sequential Reconstruction of Proto-Akkadian. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.
Oraham, A. 1943. Assyrian-English Dictionary. Chicago. Costaz, Louis. n.d. Dictionnaire syriaque-français New York: Altai Press.
GRAMMAR:
GD: Garbell, Irene. 1965. The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Persian Azerbaijan. The Hague: Mouton. Costaz, Louis. 1955. Grammaire syriaque. Beruit: Imprimérie Catholique. Tsereteli, K. G.1964. Sovremennyj assirijskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka. Arsanis, G. V. 1968. "Sovremennyj assirijskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 489-507. Jacobi, Heidi. 1973. Grammatik des thumischen Neuaramäisch. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. Sara, Solomon I. 1974. A Description of Modern Chaldean. The Hague: Mouton.
TEXTBOOKS:Robinson, Theodore H. 1962. Paradigms and Exercises in Syriac Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
OTHERSOURC:
Hetzron, Robert. 1969. "The Morphology of the Verb in Modern Syriac (Christian Colloquial of Urmi), JAOS 89, 112-27. Solomon, Zomaya S. and Robert K. Headley, Sr. 1973. "The Phonology of Modern Spoken Syriac," AL 15, 136-47.
CONSONANTS:
ph th kh (q) ʔ b d ɡ č ɡ̌ (f) θ s š x h (v) ð z (ž) ɣ m n l ɾ
Lambert, Mayer. 1972. Traité de grammaire hébraı̈que. Hildesheim: H. A. Gerstenberg. Blau, Joshua. 1976. A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
TEXTBOOKS:Davidson, A. B.1966. An Introductory Hebrew Grammar. Edinburgh: T. T. Clark.
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ k q ʔ b d̪ ɡ m n l r
STOPS:p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:cɒ t s
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS:v̄
DIPHTHONGS:aj aw
STRESS:mostly final (sometimes penult)
NOUNNUMBER: s d p
GENDER:m f
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2mf 5mf *3mf *6mf
SYNTAX:VSO NA NG ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [1]) N-POSS Num+N+A+D
DICTIONARY: Sivan, Reuven and Edward A. Levenston. 1975. The New Bantam-Megiddo Hebrew & English Dictionary. New York: Bantam.
TEXTBOOKS:
Rosén, Haiim B. 1966. A Textbook of Israeli Hebrew. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press. Mansoor, Menahem. 1972. Modern Hebrew. Madison. Harrison, R. K. n.d. Teach Yourself Hebrew. London: English Universities Press.
OTHERSOURC:Chayen, M. J. 1973. The Phonetics of Modern Hebrew. The Hague: Mouton.
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ k (q) ʔ b d̪ ɡ t̪s ʁ m n̪ l
STOPS:p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ (q) ʔ
AFFRICATES:t̪s
NASALS:m n̪
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ʁ
MODIFIEDCO:c̄ all buttɒ sɒ
GLIDES:j
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:I ɛ
CENTRALVOW:(ǝ) a
BACKVOWELS:ʋ ɔ
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ā ū ō
STRESS:mostly final (sometimes penult)
NOUNNUMBER: s (d) p (dual only used for body parts and things which come in pairs)
GENDER:m f
DEMONSTRAT:2
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2mf 5mf 3mf 6mf
SYNTAX:SVO NA NG ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [1]) N-POSS Num+N +A +D
