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\data\typol\typology
NUMBER: 1561
LANGUAGE: Ugaritic
LOCATION: N Syria
POPULATION: c. 1400 B.C.
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: North: Northwest
GRAMMAR: GD: Gorden, Cyrus H. 1965. Ugaritic Textbook. Rome: Pontifical Biblical Institute.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k q ʔ
b d ɡ
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: cɒ t s z
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: ī ā ū
MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony
NOUNNUMBER: s d p
GENDER: m f
PRONOUNS:

   1 4d 4
2mf 5d 5
3mf 6d 6mf

SYNTAX: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N/N-NUM N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1562
LANGUAGE: Moabite
LOCATION: Jordan
POPULATION: extinct
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: North: Northwest
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1563
LANGUAGE: Classical Arabic
LOCATION: Saudi Arabia
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
DICTIONARY: Abcarius, J. John. 1974. English-Arabic Reader's Dictionary. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
GRAMMAR:

   Blachère, Régis. 1958. Éléments de l'arabe classique. Paris: Maisoneuve et Larose.
Yushmanov, N. V. 1961. The Structure of the Arabic Language. Washigton, D.C.: CAL.
Bateson, Mary Catherine. 1967. Arabic Language Handbook. Wahington, D.C.: CAL.
Fischer, Wolfdietrich. 1972. Grammatik des klassischen Arabisch. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

TEXTBOOKS:

   Ani, Salman H. al- and Jacob Y. Shammas. 1969. A Basic Course of Literary Arabic. Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill Univ.
Tritton, Arthur S. 1970. Arabic. London: English Universities Press.
Bishai, Wilson B. 1971. Concise Grammar of Literary Arabic: A New Approach. Dubuque, IA: Kendall & Hunt.

CONSONANTS:

    t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪
    ɡ̌
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: b t̪ d̪ k q ʔ
AFFRICATES: ɡ̌
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄ all ?
cɒ t d ð s (z) (l)

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
DIPHTHONGS: aj aw
SYLLABLE: CV(C)
STRESS: non-phonemic (last long syllable/initial)
NOUNNUMBER: s d p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2mf 5d 5mf
3mf 6d 6mf

SYNTAX: VSO NA NG DN NUM-N/(N-NUM [1,2]) N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1564
LANGUAGE: Eastern Arabic
DIALECT: Saudi Arabian
LOCATION: Saudi Arabia
POPULATION: 50 million
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
GRAMMAR: Schreiber, Giselher. 1970. Der arabische Dialekt von Mekka. Münster: Univ of Münster Diss.
OTHERSOURC:

    Ingham, Bruce. 1971. "Some Characteristics of Meccan Speech," BSOAS 34, 273-97.
Bakalla, M. H. 1973. The Phonology and Morphology of Meccan Arabic. London: Univ of London Diss.
E

CONSONANTS:

    t̪ k (q) (ʔ)
b d̪ ɡ
    ɡ̌
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: b t̪ d̪ k ɡ (q) (ʔ)
AFFRICATES: ɡ̌
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄ all
cɒ t d s z

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ō
SYLLABLE: CV(C)(C)
STRESS: non-phonemic
NOUNNUMBER: s d p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: VSO NUM-N N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1565
LANGUAGE: Eastern Arabic
DIALECT: Palestinian
LOCATION: Israel
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
DICTIONARY: Elihai, Yohanan. 1973. Dictionnaire de l'arabe parlé palestinien. Paris: Klincksieck.
GRAMMAR: Driver, Godfrey Rolles. 1925. A Grammar of the Colloquial Arabic of Syria and Palestine. London: Probsthain and Co.
TEXTBOOKS: Kapliwatzky, Jochanan. 1968. Colloquial Arabic. Jerusalem: Rubin Mass.
CONSONANTS:

    t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪
    ɡ̌
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: b t̪ d̪ k q ʔ
AFFRICATES: ɡ̌
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: cɒ t d s z
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: I ɛ æ
BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ō
STRESS: non-phonemic
NOUNNUMBER: s d p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N/(N-NUM [1]) N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1566
LANGUAGE: Eastern Arabic
DIALECT: Gulf
LOCATION: United Arab Emirates
POPULATION: 50 million
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
GRAMMAR: Qafisheh, Hamdi A. 1977. A Short Reference Grammar of Gulf Arabic. Tucson: Univ of Arizona Press.
TEXTBOOKS: Qafisheh, Hamdi A. 1975. A Basic Course in Gulf Arabic. Tucson: Univ of Arizona Press.
CONSONANTS:

   (p) t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
m n
    l̪
    ɾ

STOPS: (p) b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ
AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l̪
VIBRANTS: ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄
cɒ t ð s l

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: I
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: ʋ (ɔ)
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ɔ̄
DIPHTHONGS: iw ij aw āw aj āj uw
SYLLABLE: (C)CV(C)(C) (no CCVCC)
STRESS: non-phonemic
NOUNNUMBER: s d p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N/(N-NUM [1,2]) N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1567
LANGUAGE: Eastern Arabic
DIALECT: Iraqi
LOCATION: Iraq
POPULATION: 50 million ( 10 million)
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
DICTIONARY: Clarity, Beverly E., Karl Stowasser and Ronald G. Wolf, eds. 1964. A Dictionary of Iraqi: English-Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
GRAMMAR: Erwin, Wallace M. 1963. A Short Reference Grammar of Iraqi Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetwon Univ Press.
TEXTBOOKS: Erwin, Wallace M. 1969. A Basic Course in Iraqi Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
OTHERSOURC: Ani, Salman H. al-. 1970. Arabic Phonology. The Haque: Mouton.
CONSONANTS:

   (p) t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ (ɡ)
    č
    ɡ̌
m n̪
    l̪
    ɾ

STOPS: (p) b t̪ d̪ k (ɡ) q ʔ
AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: l̪
VIBRANTS: ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄ all
cɒ (p) (b) t (f) ð s (z) (m) (l)

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: I æ
BACKVOWELS: ʋ (o)
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ō
DIPHTHONGS: aj āj aw āw iw ēw
SYLLABLE: (C)CV(C)(C)
STRESS: non-phonemic (last long syllable/penult in 2-syllable words; antepenult in words of 3 or more syllables)
NOUNNUMBER: s d p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N/(N-NUM [1,2]) N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1568
LANGUAGE: Eastern Arabic
DIALECT: Lebanese
LOCATION: Lebanon
POPULATION: 50 million
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
TEXTBOOKS: Kassab, Jean. 1970. Manuel du parler arabe moderne au moyen-orient. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
CONSONANTS:

    t k (q) ʔ
b d
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: b t d k (q) ʔ
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄ all
cɒ t d s z

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all but ǝ
SYLLABLE: CV(C)
STRESS: non-phonemic
NOUNNUMBER: s d p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: VSO/SVO NA NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1569
LANGUAGE: Eastern Arabic
DIALECT: Syrian
LOCATION: Syria
POPULATION: 50 million (7 million)
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
DICTIONARY: Stowasser, Karl and Moukhtar Ani. 1964. A Dictionary of Syrian Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
GRAMMAR:

   Cowell, Mark W. 1964. A Reference Grammar of Syrian Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Grotzfeld, Heinz. 1965. Syrisch-arabische Grammatik. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

TEXTBOOKS:

   Benedict, Warren C. and Ziad N. Kayyal. 1971. Levantine Arabic Basic Course, 4 vols. Beirut: Foreign Service Institute.
Ferguson, Charles A., et al. 1961. Damascus Arabic. Washington, D.C.: CAL.

CONSONANTS:

   (p) t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ (ɡ)
m n̪
    l
    r

STOPS: (p) b t̪ d̪ k (ɡ) q ʔ
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄ all
cɒ b t d s z m n

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: I e æ
CENTRALVOW: (ǝ)
BACKVOWELS: ʋ o
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ō
STRESS: last long syllable; otherwise initial
NOUNNUMBER: s d p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: VSO/SVO NA NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1570
LANGUAGE: Eastern Arabic
DIALECT: Egyptian
LOCATION: Egypt
POPULATION: 50 million
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
DICTIONARY: Elias, Edward A. 1962. Practical Dictionary of the Colloquial Arabic of the Middle East. Cairo: Elias' Modern Press.
GRAMMAR:

    Tomiche, Nada. 1964. Le parler arabe du Caire. The Hague: Mouton.
Khalafallah, Abdelghany A. 1969. A Descriptive Grammar of Saɛi:di: Egyptian Colloquial Arabic. The Hague: Mouton.
Wise, Hilary. 1975. A Transformational Grammar of Spoken Egyptian Arabic. Oxford: Blackwell.

TEXTBOOKS:

    Mitchell, T. F. 1962. Collloquial Arabic. London: English Universities Press.
Harrell, Richard S., Laila Y. Tewfik and George D. Selim. 1963. Lessons in Colloquial Egyptian Arabic. Washigton, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.

OTHERSOURC: Harrel, Richard S. 1957. The Phonelogy of Colloquial Egyptian Arabic. New York: American Council of Learned Societies.
CONSONANTS:

    t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
m n̪
    l̪
    ɾ

STOPS: b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: l̪
VIBRANTS: ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄ all
cɒ t d s z

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: I (e) (æ)
BACKVOWELS: ʋ (o) ɑ
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ǣ ū ō ɑ̄
SYLLABLE: CV(C)(C)
STRESS: non-phonemic (mostly penult)
NOUNNUMBER: s d p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1571
LANGUAGE: Eastern Arabic
DIALECT: Cypriot Maronite
LOCATION: Cyprus
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
GRAMMAR: Tsiapera, Maria. 1964. A Descriptive Analysis of Cypriot Maronite Arabic. The Hague: Mouton.
CONSONANTS:

    p t̪ k ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
m n̪
    l̪
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: l̪
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   cj p k v z n l
cɒ t ð s

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
NOUNNUMBER: s (d) p
GENDER: m f
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: SVO NA N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1572
LANGUAGE: Eastern Arabic
DIALECT: Chad
LOCATION: Chad
POPULATION: 50 million
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
DICTIONARY: Roth-Laly, Arlette. 1969-72. Lexique des parlers arabes tchado-soudanais, 4 vols. Paris: CNRS.
GRAMMAR: Hagège, Claude. 1973. Profil d'un parler arabe du Tchad. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
TEXTBOOKS: Abu Absi, Samir and Andre Sinaud. 1968. Basic Chad Arabic. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
CONSONANTS:

    t c k ʔ
b d ɗ ɟ ɡ ɠ
f s š χ h
    z
m n ñ
    l
    r

STOPS: b t d ɗ c ɟ k ɡ ɠ ʔ
FRICATIVES: f s z š χ h
NASALS: m n ñ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: c̄ ɟ f r only
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i (e)
CENTRALVOW: ɨ a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɑ
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ɨ̄ ā ū
NOUNNUMBER: s (d) p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG ND NUM-N/(N-NUM [1,2]) N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1573
LANGUAGE: Western Arabic
DIALECT: Tunisian
LOCATION: Tunisia
POPULATION: 50 million
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
DICTIONARY: Nicolas, A. 1938. Dictionnaire arabe-français. Idiome tunisien. Tunis: C. Abella.
TEXTBOOKS: Inglefield, Patrick L., Kacem Ben-Hamza and Toufik Abida. 1970. Tunisian Arabic Basic Course, 2 vols. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
OTHERSOURC: Maamouri, Mohamed. 1967. The Phonology of Tunisian Arabic. Ithaca: Cornell Univ Diss.
CONSONANTS:

    t k q
b d ɡ
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: b t d k ɡ q
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄
cɒ b t d ð s m l r

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: I
CENTRALVOW: ǝ
BACKVOWELS: ʋ
LONGVOWELS: ī ǣ ū
STRESS: non-phonemic (final/penult)
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1574
LANGUAGE: Western Arabic
DIALECT: Algerian
LOCATION: Algeria
POPULATION: 50 million
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
DICTIONARY: Belkhassem, Ben Sédira. 1954. Dictionnaire français-arabe de la langue parlé en Algérie. Algiers.
GRAMMAR: Grand'henry, Jacques. 1976. Les parlers arabes de la région du mzab. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
TEXTBOOKS: Tapiéro, Norbert. 1971. Manuel d'arabe algérien moderne. Paris: Klincksieck.
CONSONANTS:

    t̪ k q (ʔ)
b d̪ ɡ
    ɡ̌
m n̪
    l
    r

STOPS: b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q (ʔ)
AFFRICATES: ɡ̌
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄
cɒ t d s z l r

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i
CENTRALVOW: (ǝ) a
BACKVOWELS: u
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
DIPHTHONGS: ej ou
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
STRESS: non-phonemic (final/penult)
NOUNNUMBER: s (d) p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: VSO/SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1575
LANGUAGE: Western Arabic
DIALECT: Moroccan
LOCATION: Morocco
POPULATION: 50 million (17 million )
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
DICTIONARY:

   Harrell, Richard S., ed. 1966. A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic: Arabic-English. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Sobelman, Harvey and Richard S. Harrell, eds. 1963. A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic: English-Moroccan. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.

GRAMMAR:

   Harrell, Richard S. 1962. A Short Reference Grammar of Moroccan Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Marçais, P. 1977. Esquisse grammaticale de l'arabe maghrébin. Paris: Maisonneuve.

TEXTBOOKS:

   Harrell, Richard S. 1965. A Basic Course in Moroccan Arabic. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown Univ Press.
Abdel-Massih, Ernest T. 1973. An Introduction to Moroccan Arabic. Ann Arbor: Center for Near Eastern and North African Studies.

CONSONANTS:

   (p) t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
m n̪
    l̪
    ɾ

STOPS: (p) b t̪̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: l̪
VIBRANTS: ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄ all but z
cɒ t d s ɾ (b z m l)
cʷ b k ɡ q f χ ʁ m

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: e
CENTRALVOW: ɐ
BACKVOWELS: o
LONGVOWELS: ī ā ū
DIPHTHONGS: aj aw ej ew
STRESS: non-phonemic (final/penult)
NOUNNUMBER: s (d) p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: SVO/(VSO) NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS D+N+A
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1576
LANGUAGE: Western Arabic
DIALECT: Mauritanian
LOCATION: Mauritania
POPULATION: 50 million
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
GRAMMAR: Cohen, David. 1963. Le dialecte arabe hassaniya de Mauritanie. Paris: Klincksieck.
TEXTBOOKS: Leriche, A. 1952. Cours de langue maure. Saint Louis: IFAN.
CONSONANTS:

    t̪ c k qɒ ʔ
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
m n̪ ñ
    l̪
    r

STOPS: b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ qɒ ʔ
NASALS: m n̪ ñ
LATERALS: l̪
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄
cɒ t d q ð s z l r (b ɡ f m n)

GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: I
CENTRALVOW: ǝ ɐ
BACKVOWELS: ʋ
LONGVOWELS: ī ā ū
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
STRESS: non-phonemic
NOUNNUMBER: s d p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2 + ref
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
NUMBER: 1577
LANGUAGE: Maltese
LOCATION: Malta
POPULATION: 50 million (325,000)
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: Central: Canaanite
DICTIONARY: Busuttil, Edgar D. 1941. Kalepin (dizjunarju) malti-ingliz. Valletta, Malta: St. Joseph Institute.
GRAMMAR: Aquilina, Joseph. 1959. The Structure of Maltese. Malta: Royal Univ of Malta.
TEXTBOOKS: Aquilina, Joseph. 1965. Teach Yourself Maltese. London: English Universities Press.
OTHERSOURC:

   Borg, Alexander. 1973. "The Segmental Phonemes of Maltese," Linguistics 109, 5-11.
Fenech, Edward. 1978. Contemporary Journalistic Maltese. Leiden: E. J. Brill.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    ts č
    dz ɡ̌
m n̪
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES: ts dz č ɡ̌
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: c̄ all but v
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
DIPHTHONGS: ie ew iw ej aj aw
STRESS: non-phonemic
NOUNNUMBER: s (d) p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def (indef)
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1578
LANGUAGE: Epigraphic South Arabian
LOCATION: Yemen
POPULATION: extinct
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1579
LANGUAGE: South Arabian
DIALECT: Shahari
LOCATION: S Oman
POPULATION: 426,000 (5,000)
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South
OTHERSOURC: Johnstone, T. M. 1975. " The Modern South Arabian Languages," AFL 1, 93-121.
CONSONANTS:

    t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    ɡ̌
f θ s̪ s̪ʔ š sʔ
 ð ðʔ z̪
m n
    l ʔl ɬ
    ɮ
    r ʔr

STOPS: b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES: ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f θ ð ʔð s̪ s̪ʔ z̪ š sʔ
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l ʔl ɬ ɮ
VIBRANTS: r ʔr
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
NASALVOWEL: ṽ all ?
NOUNNUMBER: s (d) p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4d 4
2mf 5d 5mf
3mf 6d 6mf

SYNTAX: NUM-N N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1580
LANGUAGE: South Arabian
DIALECT: Harsusi
LOCATION: South Yemen
POPULATION: 426,000 (400,000)
CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South
DICTIONARY: Johnstone, T. M. 1977. Harsusi Lexicon. London: Oxford Univ Press.
OTHERSOURC: Johnstone, T. M. 1975. "The Modern South Arabian Languages," AFL 1, 93-121.
CONSONANTS:

    t̪h t̪ʔ kh kʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    ɡ̌
f θ s̪ s̪ʔ š šʔ
 ð ʔð z̪
m n
    l ʔl ɬ
    ɮ
    r ʔr

STOPS: b t̪h t̪ʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES: ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f θ ð ʔð s̪ s̪ʔ z̪ š šʔ
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l ʔl ɬ ɮ
VIBRANTS: r ʔr
GLIDES: j w
CENTRALVOW: ǝ a
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ō
DIPHTHONGS: aj aw ej ew ēw īw ōj ūj
NOUNNUMBER: s (d) p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def
PRONOUNS:

   1 4d 4
2mf 5d 5mf
3mf 6d 6mf

SYNTAX: NUM-N N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
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