Типологическая база данных : Результат запроса

NUMBER: 1581

LANGUAGE: Geez

LOCATION: N Ethiopia

POPULATION: extinct

CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: North

OTHERSOURC:

Bender, Marvin L. 1976. "Two Ethio-Semitic Languages," in LE.
LA

CONSONANTS:

   p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ ʔ
b d̪ d̪^ʔ ɡ ɡʷ
f s̪ s̪^ʔ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

STOPS: p p^ʔ b t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ d̪^ʔ k k^ʔ ɡ kʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ ʔ

FRICATIVES: f s̪ s̪^ʔ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ all but c^ʔ ʔ h

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ ?

STRESS: penult

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

SYNTAX: VSO AN/NA NG N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP

COMMENTS: Geez is still used as a liturgical language by the Orthodox church.

NUMBER: 1582

LANGUAGE: Tigre

DIALECT: Mensa

LOCATION: NW Eritrea

POPULATION: 117,000

CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: North

DICTIONARY:

Da Milano, Prospero Maria. 1936. Vocabulario pratico: italiano-tigray-amarico. Milan: Genio.
Littman, Enno and Maria Höfner. 1962 Wörterbuch der Tigrè-Sprache: Tigrè-Deutsch-Englisch. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.

GRAMMAR:

Leslau, Wolf. 1945. "Grammatical Sketches in Tigré (North Ethiopic), Dialect of Mensa," JAOS 65, 164-203.

TEXTBOOKS: Camperio, Manfredo. 1936. Manuale pratico della lingua tigrè con due dizionarietti. Milan: V. Hoepli.

OTHERSOURC: Palmer, Frank R. 1962. The Morphology of the Tigre Noun. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, Univ of London.

CONSONANTS:

   p^ʔ t t^ʔ k q^ʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
    č č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
f s s^ʔ
m n ñ
    l
    r

STOPS: p^ʔ b t t^ʔ d k ɡ q^ʔ ʔ

AFFRICATES: č č^ʔ ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f s s^ʔ

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e æ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony

STRESS: VH

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

SYNTAX: SOV AN/NA NG DN/ND NUM-N N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1583

LANGUAGE: Tigrinya

LOCATION: N Ethiopia (W Tigre)

POPULATION: 5.1 million

CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: North

DICTIONARY: Bassano, Francesco de. 1918. Vocabolario tigray-italiano e repertorio italiano-tigray. Rome: C. de Luigi.

GRAMMAR: Leslau, Wolf. 1941. Documents tigrigna. Paris: Klincksieck.

TEXTBOOKS: Conti Rossini, Carlo. 1940. Lingua tigrina. Milan: Mondadori.

OTHERSOURC: Bender, Marvin L., et al. 1976. "Two Ethio-Semitic Languages," in LE, 99-199.

CONSONANTS:

   (p^ʔ) t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
    (č) (č^ʔ)
    (ɡ̌)
f s̪ s̪^ʔ
m n̪ (ñ)
    l̪
    r

STOPS: (p^ʔ) b t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k k^ʔ ɡ kʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ ʔ

AFFRICATES: (č) (č^ʔ) (ɡ̌)

FRICATIVES: f s̪ s̪^ʔ

NASALS: m n̪ (ñ)

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO:

c̄ all but ʔ ħ ʕ h
cʷ k k^ʔ ɡ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄

MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony

DIPHTHONGS: æj ɑj aj æw ɑw oj

NOUNNUMBER: s d

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN/NG DN/(ND) NUM-N N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP/(POST)

NUMBER: 1584

LANGUAGE: Amharic

LOCATION: NC Ethiopia

POPULATION: 8 million

CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Transversal

DICTIONARY: Leslau, Wolf. 1976. Concise Amharic Dictionary. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.

GRAMMAR:

Leslau, Wolf. 1969. An Amharic Reference Grammar. Los Angeles: Dept. of Near Eastern and African Languages, UCLA.
Cohen, Marcel. 1970. Traité de langue amharique. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.

TEXTBOOKS: Leslau, Wolf. 1968. Amharic Textbook. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.

CONSONANTS:

   (p) (p^ʔ) t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    č č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
f s̪ (s̪^ʔ) š h
    z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
    l
    ɾ

STOPS: (p) (p^ʔ) b t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: č č^ʔ ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f s̪ (s̪^ʔ) z̪ š ž h

NASALS: m n̪ ñ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: ɾ

MODIFIEDCO:

c̄ all but ʔ h
cʷ all (k k^ʔ ɡ most common)

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

STRESS: non-phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f (sg only)

DEMONSTRAT: 2 + ref

ARTICLES: def ( indef)

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf
politeness: 2 pol & 3 pol

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP/POST

NUMBER: 1585

LANGUAGE: Argobba

LOCATION: Ethiopia

CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Transversal

CONSONANTS:

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

NUMBER: 1586

LANGUAGE: Harari

LOCATION: Ethiopia

CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Transversal

OTHERSOURC:

E
WPF

CONSONANTS:

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: SOV

NUMBER: 1587

LANGUAGE: East Gurage

ALTERNATEN: Silt'e

DIALECT: Harari

LOCATION: EC Ethiopia (NW Harerge)

POPULATION: 35,000 (13,000)

CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Transversal

GRAMMAR:

Cohen, Marcel. 1931. Études d'éthiopien méridional. Paris: Paul Geuthner.
Cerulli, Enrico. 1936. La lingua e la storia di Harar. Rome: Istituto per l'Oriente.

OTHERSOURC: LA

CONSONANTS:

    t t^ʔ k q^ʔ ʔ
b d ɡ
    č č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
f s š χ h
    z
m n ñ
    l
    r

STOPS: b t t^ʔ d k ɡ q^ʔ ʔ

AFFRICATES: č č^ʔ ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f s z š χ h

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄

DIPHTHONGS: ie uo

STRESS: penult

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def (indef)

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6
politeness: 2

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP/POST

NUMBER: 1588

LANGUAGE: Gafat

LOCATION: NW Ethiopia

POPULATION: extinct (c. 1950)

CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: N-Group

GRAMMAR: GD: Leslau, Wolf. 1945. Gafat Documents. New Haven: American Oriental Society.

CONSONANTS:

   (p^ʔ) t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ kʷ k^ʔʷ
b bʷ d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
    č č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
f s̪ s̪^ʔ š x h hʷ
    z̪ ž
m n ñ
    l
    r

STOPS: (p^ʔ) b bʷ t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k k^ʔ ɡ kʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ

AFFRICATES: č č^ʔ ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f s̪ s̪^ʔ z̪ š ž x h hʷ

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony

DIPHTHONGS: æj aj ǝj oj æw aw

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2mf 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP/POST

NUMBER: 1589

LANGUAGE: Soddo

ALTERNATEN: Kistane

LOCATION: C Ethiopia

CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: N-Group

OTHERSOURC: WALS

CONSONANTS:

SYNTAX: SOV

NUMBER: 1590

LANGUAGE: Goggot

LOCATION: C Ethiopia

CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: N-Group

CONSONANTS:

NUMBER: 1591

LANGUAGE: Muher

LOCATION: C Ethiopia

CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: TT-Group

GRAMMAR: Cohen, Marcel. 1931. Études d'éthiopien méridional. Paris: Paul Geuthner.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ t̪^ʔ k q^ʔb d̪ ɡ
    č č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
f s̪ š ç
    z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k ɡ q^ʔ

AFFRICATES: č č^ʔ ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f s̪ z̪ š ž ç

NASALS: m n̪ ñ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ all ?

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all but ǝ

STRESS: non-phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p (pl rarely used)

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN N-NUM N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP/POST

NUMBER: 1592

LANGUAGE: Masqan

LOCATION: Ethiopia

CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: TT-Group

CONSONANTS:

NUMBER: 1593

LANGUAGE: Central West Gurage

ALTERNATEN: Sebat Bet Gurage

DIALECT: Chaha

LOCATION: C Ethiopia

CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: TT-Group

GRAMMAR: Leslau, Wolf. 1950. Ethiopic Documents: Gurage. New York: Viking Fund.

OTHERSOURC: LA

CONSONANTS:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    č č^ʔ
    ɡ̌
f s̪ š ç x
    z̪ ž
m n̪
    (l̪)
    r

STOPS: p^h p^ʔ b t̪ t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k k^h k^ʔ ɡ

AFFRICATES: č č^ʔ ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f s̪ z̪ š ž ç x

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: (l̪)

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO:

c̄
cʷ p b k k^ʔ ɡ f x m c^j k k^ʔ ɡ (t)

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ ɐ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ ?

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

STRESS: penult

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def (indef)

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2mf 5mf
3mf 6mf

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP/POST

NUMBER: 1594

LANGUAGE: Peripheral West Gurage

LOCATION: C Ethiopia

CLASSIFICA: Afro-Asiatic: Semitic: West: South: Ethiopic: South: Outer: TT-Group

CONSONANTS:

NUMBER: 1595

LANGUAGE: Proto-Kartvelian

LOCATION: Georgia

CLASSIFICA: Kartvelian

OTHERSOURC: Gamkrelidze, Thomas V. 1966. "A Typology of Common Kartvelian," Lg 42, 69-83.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h p^ʔ t^h t^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔb d ɡ
    t^sh t^sʔ ć^h ć^ʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d^z ɡ́ ɡ̌
    s ś š x h
    z ź ɣ
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p^h p^ʔ b t^h t^ʔ d k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^sh t^sʔ d^z ć^h ć^ʔ ɡ́ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: s z ś ź š x ɣ h

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

NUMBER: 1596

LANGUAGE: Georgian

LOCATION: Georgia

POPULATION: 3.3 million

CLASSIFICA: Kartvelian

GRAMMAR:

Tschenkéli, Kita. 1958. Einführung in die georgische Sprache, 2 vols. Zürich: Amirani.
Chikobava, A. S. 1967. "Gruzinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 22-61.
Vogt, Hans. 1971. Grammaire de la langue géorgienne. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

TEXTBOOKS:

Tsibaxashvili, G. I. 1973. Elementarnyj kurs gruzinskogo jazyka. Tbilisi: Tbilisi Univ.

OTHERSOURC:

Robins, R. H. 1952. "Notes on the Phonetics of the Georgian Word," BSOAS 14, 55-72.
Chikobáva. Arnol'd. 1971. Gruzinskij jazyk. Tbilisi: Ganatleba.
AL 6:8.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^ʔ b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
    s̪ š χ h
v z̪ ž ʁ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

STOPS: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: v s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

SYLLABLE: (c)(c)(c)(c)(c)(c)v(c)(c)(c)(c)(c)

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 3

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN/(NA) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/(N-POSS) D+Num+A+N

ERGATIVE: Erg

COMMENTS: yes

NUMBER: 1597

LANGUAGE: Svan

LOCATION: NW Georgia

POPULATION: 35,000

CLASSIFICA: Kartvelian

GRAMMAR: Topuria, V. T. 1967. "Svanskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 77-94.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔb d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
    s̪ š x h
(v) z̪ ž ɣ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

STOPS: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: (v) s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN

ERGATIVE: Erg

PREPPOST: PREP/POST

NUMBER: 1598

LANGUAGE: Mingrelian

ALTERNATEN: Zan

LOCATION: W Georgia

POPULATION: 300,000

CLASSIFICA: Kartvelian: Zan

GRAMMAR: Kiziria, A. I. 1967. "Zanskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 62-76.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
(f) s̪ š x h
v z̪ ž ɣ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

STOPS: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: (f) v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: (ǝ) a

BACKVOWELS: u o

STRESS: final

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6mfn

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

ERGATIVE: Erg

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1599

LANGUAGE: Laz

LOCATION: SW Georgia

POPULATION: 50,000

CLASSIFICA: Kartvelian: Zan

OTHERSOURC: Dumézil, Georges. 1937. Contes lazes. Paris: Institut d'Ethnologie.

CONSONANTS:

PRONOUNS: indef

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

NUMBER: 1600

LANGUAGE: Basque

LOCATION: N Spain

POPULATION: 1 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian

DICTIONARY:

Arbelaitz, O.M. 1968. Diccionario castellano-vasco y vasco-castellano. Bilbao: La Gran Enciclopedia Vasca.
Eiguren, Joe V. ed, 1974. English-Basque, Basque-English Dictionary. Nampa, Idaho: Basque Publications.

GRAMMAR:

N'Diaye, Geneviиve. 1970. Structure de dialecte basque de Maya. The Hague: Mouton.
Lafitte, Pierre. 1962. Grammaire basque. Bayonne, Ikas.

TEXTBOOKS:

Lopez Mendizбbal, Isaac 1949. La lengua vasca. Buenos Aires: Editorial Vasca Ekin.
Eiguren, Joe V. 1974. How to Learn to Speak Basque. Nampa, Idaho: Basque Publications.

OTHERSOURC:

Lochak, Dorita. 1960. "Basque Phonemics," AL 2:3, 12-31.
Bouda. Karl. 1949. Baskisch-kaukasische Etymologien. Heidelbeng. AL 6:8 & 8:3.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ (c) k
b d̪ (ɟ) ɡ
    t^s (ṭ^s) č
(f) s (ṣ) š x
m n̪ ñ
    l ʎ
    ɾ r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ (c) (ɟ) k ɡ

AFFRICATES: t^s (ṭ^s) č

FRICATIVES: (f) s (ṣ) š x

NASALS: m n̪ ñ

LATERALS: l ʎ

VIBRANTS: ɾ r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

NOUNNUMBER: s p

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV NA GN ND NUM-N POSS-N

ERGATIVE: Erg