Типологическая база данных : Результат запроса

NUMBER: 1601

LANGUAGE: Ubyx

LOCATION: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR)

POPULATION: extinct (1992)

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest

DICTIONARY: Vogt, Hans. 1963. Dictionnaire de la langue oubykh. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

GRAMMAR:

Dumézil, Georges. 1931. La langue des oubykhs. Paris: Champion.
Kumaxov, M. A. 1967. "Ubyxskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 689-704.

OTHERSOURC:

Dumézil, G. and A. Namitok. 1954. "Le système des sons de l'oubykh," Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris 50.
Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (Tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck.
Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.
AL 6:8

CONSONANTS:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t^sh t^sʔ t^lʔṭ^sḥṭ^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d^z ḍ^z ɡ̌
f s ṣ ṣ^ʔ z
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

STOPS: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^sh t^sʔ d^z t^lʔṭ^shṭ^sʔ ḍ^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f s z ṣ ṣ^ʔ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO:

c^j č^h c^ʔ ɡ̌ š ž k^h k^ʔ ɡ x q^h q^ʔ χ ʁ
cʷ = t^h t^ʔ d t^sh t^sʔ d^z s z ṣ ẓ ṣ^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ɡ x q^h q^ʔc^ɒ(pharyngealized) p^h p^ʔ b v m q^h q^ʔ χ ʁ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

ǝ
a

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

LONGVOWELS: ā

DIPHTHONGS: ǝj ǝw

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV NA /(AN) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

COMMENTS: The Ubyx lived, until 1864, on the eastern coast of the Black Sea, north of the Abxaz. In 1864 most of them moved to Turkey, where the last speaker died in 1992.

NUMBER: 1602

LANGUAGE: Abxaz

ALTERNATEN: Abkhaz

LOCATION: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR)

POPULATION: 55,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Abxaz-Abaza

DICTIONARY: Brazhba, X. S., ed. 1964. Russko-abxazskij slovar'. Suxumi.

GRAMMAR:

Lomtatidze, K. V. 1967. "Abxazskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 101-22.
Grammatika abxazskogo jazyka. 1968. Suxumi: Alashara.

OTHERSOURC:

Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (Tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck.
Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔč^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f s̪ š x h
v z̪ ž ɣ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

STOPS: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO:

c^j k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ š ž x ɣ
cʷ t^h t^ʔ d k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ t^sh t^sʔ d^z š ž̌ x ɣ h ɦ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

ǝ
a

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

DIPHTHONGS: aj aw ǝj ǝw

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: hum non-hum

DEMONSTRAT: 3 [that yonder may be used as ref]

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2mf 5
3mfn 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN/NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1603

LANGUAGE: Abaza

LOCATION: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR)

POPULATION: 30,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Abxaz-Abaza

DICTIONARY:

Tugova, V. B. 1967. Abazinsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija.
Zhirov, X. D. and N. B. Ekba, eds. 1956. Russko-abazinskij slovar'. Moscow.

GRAMMAR: Lomtatidze, K. V. 1967. "Abazinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 123-44.

OTHERSOURC:

Allen, W. S. 1956. "Structure and System in the Abaza Verbal Complex," Transactions of the Philological Society (Hertford).
Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
(f) s̪ š χ h
    z̪ ž ʁ ɦ
m n̪̪
    l
    r

STOPS: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: (f) s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h ɦ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO:

c^j k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ š ž x ɣ l
cʷ = k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ š ž̌ x ɣ h ɦ

GLIDES: j w

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

DIPHTHONGS: aj aw ǝj ǝw

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: a i

DEMONSTRAT: 3

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2mf 5
3mfn 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN/NA GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1604

LANGUAGE: Abaza

DIALECT: Tapanta

LOCATION: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR)

POPULATION: 85,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Abxaz-Abaza

GRAMMAR: Genko, A. N. 1955. Abazinskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.

OTHERSOURC: AL 6:8

CONSONANTS:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^ʔ q^h ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f f^ʔ s̪ ṣ̌ χ h
v z̪ ʁ ɦ
m n̪̪
    l ɬ ɬ^ʔ
    ɮ
    r

STOPS: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ q^h ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f f^ʔ v s̪ z̪ ṣ̌ χ ʁ h ɦ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l ɬ ɬ^ʔɮ

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

ǝ
a

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2mf 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: SOV NA GN N-NUM POSS-N

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1605

LANGUAGE: Adygh

ALTERNATEN: Adyghe

LOCATION: SW Russia (Adygej AO)

POPULATION: 80,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Circassian

DICTIONARY:

Vodozhdokova, X. D., ed. 1960. Russko-adygejskij slovar'. Moscow.

GRAMMAR:

Kumaxov, M. A. 1967. "Adygejskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 145-64.
Jakovlev, N. and D. Ashxamaf. 1941. Grammatika adygejskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.

OTHERSOURC:

Kumaxova, Z. J. 1972. Razvitie adygskix literaturnyx jazykov. Moscow: Nauka.
Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (Tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck.
Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ d̪^z
f s̪ š š^ʔ x χ h
    z̪ ž ɣ ʁ
m n̪
    l ɬ ɬ^ʔ
    r

STOPS: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ

FRICATIVES: f s̪ z̪ š š^ʔ ž x ɣ χ ʁ h

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l ɬ ɬ^ʔ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO:

c^j č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ š ž
cʷ p^ʔ t^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^ʔ ʔ t^sh d^z š š^ʔ ž x χ ʁ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

ɨ
ǝ

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ

LONGVOWELS: ā

DIPHTHONGS: ej ew we ǝj ǝw

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 3

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN/NA GN DN NUM-N [1]/N-NUM [>1] POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1606

LANGUAGE: Kabardian

LOCATION: SW Russia (Abxaz ASSR)

POPULATION: 270,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northwest: Circassian

DICTIONARY:

Kardanov, B. M. 1957. Kabardinsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
Kardanov, B. M. and A. T. Bichoev. 1955. Russko-kabardinsko-cherkesskij slovar'. Moscow.

GRAMMAR:

Grammatika kabardino-cherkesskogo literaturnogo jazyka. 1957. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Shagirov, A. K. 1967. "Kabardinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 165-83.

OTHERSOURC:

Kuipers, Aert H. 1960. Phoneme and Morpheme in Kabardian. The Hague: Mouton.
Henderson, Eugénie J. A. 1970. Acoustic Features of Certain Consonants and Consonant Clusters in Kabardian," BSOAS 33, 92-106.
Kumaxova, Z. J. 1972. Razvitie adygskix literaturnyx jazykov. Moscow: Nauka.
Paris, Catherine. 1974. Système phonologique et phénomènes phonétiques dans le parler besney de Zennun Köyü (tcherkesse oriental). Paris: Klincksieck.
Dumézil, Georges. 1975. Le verbe oubykh. Paris: Klincksieck.
AL 6:8

CONSONANTS:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ q^h q^ʔ q^hʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ ʔʷ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f f^ʔ s š š^ʔ v z
m n̪
    l ɬ ɬ^ʔ
    r

STOPS: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ q^h q^ʔ q^hʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ ʔʷ

AFFRICATES: t̪^sh t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f f^ʔ v s z š š^ʔ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l ɬ ɬ^ʔ

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

ǝ
a

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

LONGVOWELS: (ı̄) (ē) ā (ū) (ō)

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)

STRESS: penult/antepenut

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 3 [yonder = ref]

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV NA/(AN) GN DN N-NUM POSS-N

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1607

LANGUAGE: Bats

ALTERNATEN: Tsova-Tush

LOCATION: Georgia

POPULATION: 3,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Nax

GRAMMAR:

Desheriev, J. D. 1953. Batsbijskij jazyk. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Desheriev, J. D. 1967. "Batsbijskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 228-46.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ
m n
    l ɬ
    r

STOPS: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ t t^ʔ d n l

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

   i u
    ǝ o
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: ī ō ɑ̄

NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ẽ ũ õ ɑ̃

DIPHTHONGS:

ai ǝi ie oi ui
ãi ẽi ĩe õi ũi

STRESS: root initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

NOUNCLASSE: 7: m, f, non-rational beings, nature, things, objects, ideas

DEMONSTRAT: 3

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6
3 & 6 vary with noun class

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

COMMENTS: all bilingual in Georgian

NUMBER: 1608

LANGUAGE: Chechen

LOCATION: SW Russia (Chechen-Ingush ASSR)

POPULATION: 420,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Nax: Chechen-Ingush

DICTIONARY: Matsiev, A. G. 1961. Chechensko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.

GRAMMAR: Desheriev, J. D. 1967. "Chechenskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 190-209.

OTHERSOURC:

Jakovlev, N. F. 1940. Sintaksis chechenskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Chokaev, K. Z. 1968, 1970. Morfologija chechenskogo jazyka, 2 vols. Groznyj.
Magomedov, A. G. 1974. Sistema glasnyx checheno-ingushskogo jazyka. n.p.: Checheno-ingushskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ
    d̪^z ɡ̌
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p^h p^ʔ b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ d̪^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ q^χ q^χʔ

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ t^h d k^h ɡ s z χ m n l r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i y u
e ø o
æ a

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø æ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

NASALVOWEL:

ı̃ ẽ ã ũ
ı̄̃ ē̃ ā̃ ū̃

DIPHTHONGS:

ie uo oa uø
ĩe ũo ũø
iē uō u↔ō
ĩē ũō ũ↔ō

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

STRESS: root initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

NOUNCLASSE: 6

DEMONSTRAT: 3

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1609

LANGUAGE: Ingush

LOCATION: SW Russia (Chechen-Ingush ASSR)

POPULATION: 158,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Nax: Chechen-Ingush

DICTIONARY:

Ozdoev, I. A. 1961. Orfograficheskij slovar' ingushskogo jazyka. Groznij.
Ozdoev, I. A. 1980. Russko-ingushskij slovar'. Moscow: Russkij Jazyk.

GRAMMAR: Dolakova, P. I. 1967. "Ingushskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 210-27.

OTHERSOURC: Magomedov, A. G. 1974. Sistema glasnyx checheno-ingushskogo jazyka. n.p.: Checheno-ingushskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ q^h q^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t^sh t^sʔ č^h č^ʔ
    d^z ɡ̌
m n̪
    l
    r r̥

STOPS: p^h p^ʔ b t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s^h t^sʔ d^z č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r r̥

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ p^h t^h d k^h t^s^h d^z ɡ̌ s z m n l r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: ī ǣ ā

NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ã ũ

DIPHTHONGS: ie uo oa ĩe

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

NOUNNUMBER: s p

NOUNCLASSE: 6: m f...

DEMONSTRAT: 3

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1610

LANGUAGE: Avar

LOCATION: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

POPULATION: 270,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Avar

DICTIONARY: Saidov, M. S. and S. I. Mikailov. 1951. Russko-avarskij slovar'. Maxachkala.

GRAMMAR: Madieva, G. I. 1967. "Avarskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 255-71.

OTHERSOURC: Bokarev, A. A. 1949. Sintaksis avarskogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ k^hʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ t̄^lʔ č^h č^ʔ q̄^χ q̄^χʔ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ k^hʷ ɡʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^sh t̪^sʔ t̄^lʔ č^h č^ʔ q̄^χ q̄^χʔ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ k^h k^ʔ q q^ʔ ʔ t^s^h (t^l) t^sʔ t^l^ʔ č^h č^ʔ s š x χ χʷ ɬ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

STRESS: phonemic, but usually 1st or 2nd

NOUNNUMBER: s p

NOUNCLASSE: 3: masc, fem, non-hum

DEMONSTRAT: 5 (3 + that above, that below)

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfH *6mfH
H=non-human

SYNTAX: SOV AN POSS-N

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1611

LANGUAGE: Andi

LOCATION: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

POPULATION: 9,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

GRAMMAR: Tsertsvadze, I. I. 1967. "Andijskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 276-92.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ t^lh t^lʔ č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ
    ɡ̌
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ k^hʷ k^ʔʷ ɡʷ q^ʔʷ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ t^l^h t^l^ʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ q^χ q^χʔ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ b d k^h k^ʔ ɡ q^h q^ʔ q^hʷ q^ʔʷ t^s^h t^sʔt^l^ʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ s š x l ɬ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ ?

NASALVOWEL: ṽ ?

DIPHTHONGS: diphthongs

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

NOUNCLASSE: 5: m f animate N (non-human) inanimate (2 classes)

DEMONSTRAT: 5 (3 + that above, that below)

PRONOUNS:

1mf 4ie
2mf 5
*3 *6
3 & 6 vary with noun class

SYNTAX: SVO/SOV AN GN

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1612

LANGUAGE: Botlix

LOCATION: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

POPULATION: 3,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

GRAMMAR:

GD: Gudava, T. E. 1962. Botlixskij jazyk. Tbilisi
Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Botlixskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 293-306.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ t̄^lh t̄^lʔ č^h č^ʔk̄^x k̄^xʔ q̄^χ q̄^χʔ
    ɡ̌
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^sh t̪^sʔ t̄^lh t̄^lʔ č^h č^ʔɡ̌ k̄^x k̄^xʔ q̄^χ q̄^χʔ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ k^ʔ t^s^h t^sʔ č^h č^ʔ k^x s š ç x ɬ t^l^h t^l^ʔ k^xʔ q^χ q^χʔ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ẽ ã ũ (õ)

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

NOUNCLASSE: 3: m, f, N (=things, phenomena, animals)

DEMONSTRAT: 3

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfH *6
H=non-human

SYNTAX: AN GN

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1613

LANGUAGE: Godoberi

LOCATION: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

POPULATION: 2,500

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

GRAMMAR: Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Godoberinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 307-21.

OTHERSOURC: Job, Michael, ed. 2004. The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Vol. 3: The Northeast Caucasian Languages, Part 1. Ann Arbor: Caravan Books.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    (t̪^sh) t̪^sʔ t̄^l t^lʔ č^h č^ʔ k̄^xq̄^χ q^χʔ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: (t̪^sh) t̪^sʔ t̄^l t^lʔ č^h č^ʔ k̄^xq̄^χ q^χʔ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO:

c̄ t^h q t^sh t^l č^h k^x s š ç x ɬ
c^j k^h k^ʔ ɡ k̄ t̄

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ã ũ

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

NOUNCLASSE: 3: m, f, N (in pl only hum/non-hum)

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1614

LANGUAGE: Chamalal

LOCATION: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

POPULATION: 4,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

GRAMMAR:

Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967. "Chamalinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 384-399.
Bokarev, A. A. 1949. Ocherk grammatiki chamalinskogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^sh t̪^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č^h (č^ʔ) (q^χ) q^χʔ ɡ̌
    s̪ s̪̄^ʔ š š̄^ʔ z̪
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s^h t̪^sʔ t^l t^l^ʔ č^h (č^ʔ) ɡ̌ (q^χ) q^χʔ

FRICATIVES: s̪ s̪̄^ʔ z̪ š š̄^ʔ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ s s^ʔ (š) š^ʔ ç x (x^ʔ) ɬ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e (o)
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u (o)

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū

NASALVOWEL:

ı̃ ẽ ã ũ
ı̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

NOUNCLASSE: 5: m f n1 n2 n3 (pl: hum/non-hum)

DEMONSTRAT: 6 (2 + this above, this below, that above, that below)

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6
3 & 6 vary with noun class.

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1615

LANGUAGE: Bagulal

LOCATION: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

POPULATION: 4,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

GRAMMAR: Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Bagvalinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 351-67.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t̪^h t̪^ʔ c^h c^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
    t̪^sʔ t^lʔ č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ
    s̪ s̪̄^ʔ š š̄^ʔ z̪
m n̪
    l ɬ̄
    r

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ c^h c^ʔ ɟ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^sʔ t^l^ʔ č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ

FRICATIVES: s̪ s̪̄^ʔ z̪ š s̄̌^ʔ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l ɬ̄

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ s š ɬ ç x s^ʔ š^ʔ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e (o)
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u (o)

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū (ō)

NASALVOWEL:

ı̃ (ẽ) ã ũ (õ)
ı̃̄ (ẽ̄) ã̄ ũ̄ (ȭ)

STRESS: phonemic?

NOUNNUMBER: s p

NOUNCLASSE: 3: masc, fem, non-hum (In pl, hum/non-hum only)

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfH *6hH
H=non-human

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1616

LANGUAGE: Tindi

LOCATION: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

POPULATION: 5,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

GRAMMAR: Gudava, T. E. 1967. "Tindinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 368-83.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    (t̪^sh) t̪^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č č^ʔk̄^x q^χ q^χʔ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

STOPS: p b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: (t̪^sh) t̪^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č č^ʔk̄^x q^χ q^χʔ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ t^s t^l č k^x s š ç x ɬ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: ̄v̄ all

NASALVOWEL:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all (ẽ̄ ȭ rare)

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

NOUNCLASSE: 3: m f N (pl: human/N only)

DEMONSTRAT: 6 (2 + this above, this below, that above, that below)

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6
3 & 6 vary with noun class.

SYNTAX: SVO AN NUM-N

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1617

LANGUAGE: Karata

LOCATION: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

POPULATION: 5,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

GRAMMAR: Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967. "Karatinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 322-35.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    (t̪^sh) t̪^sʔt̄^lh t^lʔč^ʔk̄^xk̄^xʔq̄^χq̄^χʔ
m n̪
    l ɬ
r

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: (t̪^sh) t̪^sʔt̄^lh t^lʔč^ʔk̄^xk̄^xʔq̄^χq̄^χʔ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ k^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ t^s^h t^sʔ t^l^ʔ č^h č^ʔ k^x s š ç x ɬ t^l^h

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

NASALVOWEL: ı̃ (ẽ) ã (õ) ũ

NOUNNUMBER: s p

NOUNCLASSE: 3: m f N (pl: hum/N)

DEMONSTRAT: 4 (2 + that above, that below)

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3mfH 6hH

SYNTAX: GN

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1618

LANGUAGE: Axvax

LOCATION: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

POPULATION: 5,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Andi

GRAMMAR:

Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967a. "Axvaxskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 336-50.
Magomedbekova, Z. M. 1967b. Axvaxskij jazyk. Tbilsi: Metsniereba.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h (p^ʔ) t̪^h t̪^ʔ k^h k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    (t̪^sh) t̪^sʔ t^lh t^lʔ č^h č^ʔ q^χ q^χʔ ɡ̌
    s̪ š ç̄ x χ h
    z̪ ž ɣ ʁ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

STOPS: p^h (p^ʔ) b t̪^h t̪^ʔ d̪ k^h k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: (t̪^s^h) t̪^sʔ t^l^h t^l^ʔ č^h č^ʔ ɡ̌ q^χ q^χʔ

FRICATIVES: s̪ z̪ š ž ç̄ x ɣ χ ʁ h

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ k^ʔ q q^ʔ t^s^h t^sʔ t^l t^l^ʔ (č^h) (č^ʔ) (k^x) s (š) ç x ɬ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

NASALVOWEL:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

NOUNNUMBER: s p

NOUNCLASSE: 3: masc hum, fem hum, non-hum [In pl only hum/non-hum]

DEMONSTRAT: 8 (3 + this not far, this above, this below, that above, that below)

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfH *6hH
H=non-human

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN POSS-N

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1619

LANGUAGE: Xvarshi

DIALECT: Inxokari

LOCATION: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

POPULATION: 1,800

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Dido

GRAMMAR: Bokarev, E. A. 1967. "Xvarshinskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 421-35.

OTHERSOURC: TJD

CONSONANTS:

   p p^ʔ t̪ t̪ʷ t̪^ʔ k kʷ k^ʔ qʷ q̌^ʔʷ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s t̪^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

STOPS: p p^ʔb t̪ t̪ʷ t̪^ʔ d̪ k kʷ k^ʔ ɡ qʷ q̌^ʔʷ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s t̪^sʔ t^l t^l^ʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i ɨ u
e o
ɑ

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ

BACKVOWELS: u o ɑ

NASALVOWEL: ṽ all

MODIFIEDVO: v̰ (pharynɡealized) all but ɨ

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

NOUNCLASSE: 6: m f a i,diminutives, the words 'child' & 'family'

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3mM *6mM
[m=masc; M=non-masc]

SYNTAX: SVO/SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1620

LANGUAGE: Dido

ALTERNATEN: Tsez

LOCATION: SW Russia (Daghestan ASSR)

POPULATION: 7,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Caucasian: Northeast: Dagestan: Avaro-Andi-Dido: Dido-Hinux

GRAMMAR: Bokarev, E. A. 1967. "Tsezskij jazyk," in JNS 4, 404-20.

OTHERSOURC:

TJD
Job, Michael, ed. 2004. The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Vol. 3: The Northeast Caucasian Languages, Part 1. Ann Arbor: Caravan Books.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^ʔ t̪ t̪^ʔ k k^ʔ ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s t̪^sʔ t^l t^lʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔ
m n̪
    l ɬ
    r

STOPS: p p^ʔ b t̪ t̪^ʔ d̪ k k^ʔ ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s t̪^sʔ t^l t^l^ʔ č č^ʔq^χ q^χʔ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l ɬ

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: ē ā

MODIFIEDVO: v̰ (pharynɡealized) all

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

NOUNCLASSE: 4: m f a i

DEMONSTRAT: 3: near/far/far invisible

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3(mM) *6(mM)
m=masc; M=non-masc; in oblique cases only

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

ERGATIVE: erg

PREPPOST: POST