GRAMMAR:Bonfante, Larissa. 1990. Etruscan: Univ of California Press. Pfiffig, Ambros Josef. 1969. Die etruskische Sprache. Graz: Akademische Druck-u. Verlagsanstalt. Pallottino, M. 1936. Elementi di lingua etrusca. Florence.
OTHERSOURC:Fowler, Murray. 1974. "Etruscan Language," EB 6, 1018-9. Pallottino, M. 1955. The Etruscans. Baltimore: Penguin. Pallottino, M. 1977. "La lingua degli Etruschi," Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica 6.
CONSONANTS:
p ph t th k kh tsh f s š h v m n l r
STOPS:p ph t th k kh
AFFRICATES:tsh
FRICATIVES:f v s š h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
VOWELS:
i u e a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u
MODIFIEDVO:vowel harmony
DIPHTHONGS:ai au ei eu ui
STRESS:initial
NOUNNUMBER:s p
SYNTAX:SVO GN N-NUM
PREPPOST:PREP/POST
NUMBER:1647
LANGUAGE:Hittite
LOCATION:Turkey
POPULATION:extinct (c. 1300 B.C.)
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Anatolian
GRAMMAR:Sturtevant, Edgar H. 1951. A Comparative Grammar of the Hittite Language. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ k b d̪ ɡ ts s x h ɣ m n̪ l r
STOPS:p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
AFFRICATES:ts
FRICATIVES:s x ɣ h
NASALS:m n̪
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:c̄ ?
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u a
FRONTVOWEL:i
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u
LONGVOWELS:v̄ ?
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:common(=m+f) neuter
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:1648
LANGUAGE:Palaic
LOCATION:Turkey
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Anatolian
CONSONANTS:
SYNTAX:SOV
NUMBER:1649
LANGUAGE:Lydian
LOCATION:Turkey
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Anatolian
CONSONANTS:
SYNTAX:SOV
NUMBER:1650
LANGUAGE:Luwian
LOCATION:Turkey
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Anatolian
DICTIONARY:Laroche, Emmanuel. 1959. Dictionnaire de la langue louvite. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve.
CONSONANTS:
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:anim inan
DEMONSTRAT:2
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN
NUMBER:1651
LANGUAGE:Lycian
LOCATION:Turkey
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Anatolian
CONSONANTS:
SYNTAX:SOV
NUMBER:1652
LANGUAGE:Proto-Indo-European
LOCATION:Ukraine
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European
GRAMMAR:
Meillet, A. 1937. Introduction à l'étude des langues indo-européennes. Paris. Hudson-Williams, T. 1935. A Short Introduction to the Study of çomparative Grammar (Indo-European). Cardiff: Univ of Wales Press.
OTHERSOURC:CTIL 9, 122.
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ k kʷ ʔ (b) b̤ d̪ d̪̣ ɡ ɡ̤ ɡʷ ɡ̤ʷ s h m n̪ l r
STOPS:p (b) b̤ t̪ d̪ d̪̤ k ɡ ɡ̤ kʷ ɡʷ ɡ̤ʷ ʔ
FRICATIVES:s h
NASALS:m n̪
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:cʷ k ɡ ɡ̤
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e ǝ o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all but ǝ
DIPHTHONGS:ei oi ai eu ou au
SYLLABLE:mˈ nˈ lˈ rˈ
NOUNNUMBER:s d p
GENDER:m f n
DEMONSTRAT:2 + ref
PRONOUNS:
1 4d 4 2 5d 5 *3 *6d *6
SYNTAX:SOV AN
PREPPOST:PREP/POST
NUMBER:1653
LANGUAGE:Classical Armenian
ALTERNATEN:Grabar
LOCATION:Armenia
POPULATION:extinct (c. 1300 B.C.)
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Armenian
DICTIONARY:Meillet, A. 1936. Esquisse d'une grammaire comparée de l'arménien classique. Vienna: Mekhitharistes.
GRAMMAR:
Jensen, Hans. 1959. Altarmenische Grammatik. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. Tumanjan, E. G. 1971. Drevnearmjanskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka. Damme, Dirk van. 1974. A Short Classical Armenian Grammar. Fribourg: Univ Press. Mann, Stuart E. 1968. An Armenian Historical Grammar in Latin Characters. London: Luzac.
OTHERSOURC:Mann, Stuart E. 1963. Armerian and Indo-European. London: Luzac.
CONSONANTS:
p ph t̪ t̪h k kh b d̪ ɡ ts tsh č čh dz ɡ̌ (f) s š x h v z ž (ɣ) m n̪ l lɯ ɾ r
STOPS:p ph b t̪ t̪h d̪ k kh ɡ
AFFRICATES:ts tshdz č čh ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:(f) v s z š ž x (ɣ) h
NASALS:m n̪
LATERALS:l lɯ
VIBRANTS:ɾ r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e ǝ o ɛ ɔ a
FRONTVOWEL:i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o ɔ
DIPHTHONGS:aj aw ea ew iw oj ja eaj iaj
SYLLABLE:(C)V(C)(C)
STRESS:final
NOUNNUMBER:s p
DEMONSTRAT:3
ARTICLES:def
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6
SYNTAX:VSO NA/(AN) NG ND NUM-N N-POSS/POSS-N
PREPPOST:PREP
NUMBER:1654
LANGUAGE:Armenian
DIALECT:East
LOCATION:Armenia
POPULATION:6 million
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Armenian
GRAMMAR:Tumanjan, E. G. 1966. "Armjanskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 562-98.
OTHERSOURC:AL 7:8
CONSONANTS:
ph pʔ t̪h tʔ kh kʔ b d̪ ɡ tsh tsʔ čh čʔ dz ɡ̌ f s̪ š x h v z̪ ž ɣ m n̪ l ɾ r
STOPS:ph pʔ b t̪h tʔ d̪ kh kʔ ɡ
AFFRICATES:tsh tsʔ dz čh čʔ ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f v s̪ z̪ š ž x ɣ h
NASALS:m n̪
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ r
GLIDES:j
VOWELS:
i u e ǝ o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o
STRESS:final
NOUNNUMBER:s (d) p
DEMONSTRAT:3
ARTICLES:def indef
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6
SYNTAX:SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST:(PREP)/POST
NUMBER:1655
LANGUAGE:Armenian
DIALECT:West
LOCATION:E Turkey
POPULATION:6 million
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Armenian
OTHERSOURC:
AL 7:8 WALS
CONSONANTS:
p t k b d ɡ ts č dz ɡ̌ f s š x h v z ž ɣ m n l ɾ r
STOPS:p b t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES:ts dz č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f v s z š ž x ɣ h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ r
GLIDES:j
VOWELS:
i u e ǝ o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o
STRESS:phonemic
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN
PREPPOST:(PREP)/POST
NUMBER:1656
LANGUAGE:Tocharian A
LOCATION:NW China (Turkestan)
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Tocharian
DICTIONARY:
Windekens, A. J. van. 1941. Lexique étymologique des dialectes tokhariens. Louvain: Muséon.
GRAMMAR:Sieg, Emil and Wilhelm Siegling. 1931. Tocharische Grammatik. Gøttingen: Dandenhoe.
OTHERSOURC:
Windekens, A. J. van. 1944. Morphologie comparée du tokharien. Louvain: Muséon. Zimmer, Stefan. 1976. Tocharische Bibliographie, 1959-1975. Heidelberg: Carl Winter. Adams, Douglas Q. 1978. "Ablaut and Umlaut in the Tocharian Vowel System, " JAOS 98, 446-50.
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ c k ts č s š m n ñ ŋ l ʎ r
STOPS:p t̪ c k
AFFRICATES:ts č
FRICATIVES:s š
NASALS:m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l ʎ
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
i u e ǝ o a
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:ī ā ū
NASALVOWEL:ṽ
NOUNNUMBER:s p
PRONOUNS:
1mf 4 2 5 *3mfn *6mf
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:1657
LANGUAGE:Tocharian B
LOCATION:NW China (Turkestan)
POPULATION:extinct
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Tocharian
GRAMMAR:GD: Krause, Wolfgang and Werner Thomas. 1960, 1964. Tocharisches Elementarbuch, 2 vols. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.
OTHERSOURC:Windekens, A. J. van. 1976. Le tocharien confronté avec les autres langues indo-européenes, 2 vols. Louvain: Centre International de Dialectologie Générale.
Monier-Williams, Monier. 1976. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Apte, Vaman Shivram. 1974. The Student's English-Sanskrit Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
GRAMMAR:
Gonda, Jan. 1966. A Concise Elementary Grammar of the Sanskrit Language. University, Alabama: Univ of Alabama Press. Renou, Louis. 1968. Grammaire sanskrite. Paris: Adrien-Maisonneuve.
TEXTBOOKS:
Bhandarkar, Ramkrishna Gopal. 1966. First Book of Sanskrit. Bombay: Karnatak. Allen, W. S. 1953. Phonetics in Ancient India. London: Oxford Univ Press. Emeneau, M. B. and B. A. van Nooten. 1968. Sanskrit Sandhi and Exercises. Berkeley: Univ of Califonia Press.
CONSONANTS:
p ph t̪ t̪h ṭ ṭh c ch k kh b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ d̤̣ ɟ ɟ̤ ɡ ɡ̤ s̪ ṣ š h v ɦ m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ l̪ r
STOPS:p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ c ch ɟ ɟ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤