Типологическая база данных : Результат запроса

NUMBER: 1681

LANGUAGE: Pashai

DIALECT: Northeast

LOCATION: NE Afghanistan

POPULATION: 100,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Kunar

GRAMMAR: DG: IIFL, vol 3.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k
b d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ɡ ɡ̤
    t̪^s ṭ^s (ṭ^sh) č č^h
    ɡ̌
    s̪ ṣ š h
v z̪ ž
m n̪ ṇ ŋ
    l̪
    r ṛ

STOPS: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k ɡ ɡ̤

AFFRICATES: t̪^s ṭ^s (ṭ^s^h) č č^h ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: v s̪ z̪ ṣ š ž h

NASALS: m n̪ ṇ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: r ṛ

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ ?

DIPHTHONGS: diphthongs

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 3

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1682

LANGUAGE: Dumaki

LOCATION: N Pakistan (Hunza)

POPULATION: 300

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Shina

GRAMMAR: DG: Lorimer, D. L. R. 1939. The Dumaki Language. Nijmegen: Dekker & van de Vegt.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k q
b d ḍ ɡ
    t^s t^sh č̣ č̣^h č č^h
    ɡ̣̌ ɡ̌
f s ṣ̌ š (x)
    z ẓ̌ (ɣ)
m n (ṇ) ñ ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p p^h b t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k ɡ q

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h č̣ č̣^h ɡ̣̌ č č^h ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f s z ṣ̌ ẓ̌ š (x) (ɣ)

NASALS: m n (ṇ) ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i I e ɛ æ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ ɐ a

BACKVOWELS: u ʋ o

NASALVOWEL: ṽ ?

DIPHTHONGS: æi æI au ɔi

TONES: hi lo

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3mf *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1683

LANGUAGE: Phalura

LOCATION: N Pakistan

POPULATION: 1,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Shina

DICTIONARY: Morgenstierne, Georg. 1941. Notes on Phalura. Oslo.

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b d ḍ ɡ
    t^s t^sh ṭ^s ṭ^sh č č^h
    d^z ḍ^z ɡ̌
    s ṣ š x h
    z ž (ɣ)
m n ṇ
    l
    r ṛ

STOPS: p p^h b t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h d^z ṭ^s ṭ^s^h ḍ^z č č^h ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: s z ṣ š ž x (ɣ) h

NASALS: m n ṇ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r ṛ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I e

CENTRALVOW: ɐ

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ɔ̄

DIPHTHONGS: ai

STRESS: on first long syllable from end of word

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 6: 3 + that very distant, that above, that below

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1684

LANGUAGE: Shina

ALTERNATEN: Brokskat, Savi

LOCATION: N Pakistan (Jammu)

POPULATION: 150,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Shina

OTHERSOURC:

AL 7:8
WALS

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b d ḍ ɡ
    ṭ^s ṭ^shč č^h
    ḍ^zɡ̌
f s ṣ š h
v z ẓ ž
m n ṇ
    l
    r ṛ

STOPS: p p^h b t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ

AFFRICATES: ṭ^s ṭ^s^h ḍ^zč č^h ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v s z ṣ ẓ š ž h

NASALS: m n ṇ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r ṛ

GLIDES: j

TONES: lev lo-ris

SYNTAX: SOV

NUMBER: 1685

LANGUAGE: Kashmiri

LOCATION: N India (Kashmir)

POPULATION: 3 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Dardic: Shina

OTHERSOURC:

Morgenstierne, Georg. 1941. "The Phonology of Kashmiri," Acta Orientalia 19, 79-99.
Kelkar, Ashok R. and Pran Nath Trisal. 1964. "Kashmiri Word Phonology: A First Sketch," AL 6:1, 13-22.
Handoo, Jawaharlal. 1973. Kashmiri Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
AL 7:8
CTIL 5, 293.
WPF

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b d̪ ḍ ɡ
    t̪^s t̪^sh č č^h
    ɡ̌
    s š h
v z
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s t̪^s^h č č^h ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: v s z š h

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c^j all but č č^h ɡ̌ š j

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all (ɔ̄ marɡinal)

NASALVOWEL:

ẽ ǝ̃ ã ũ õ ɔ̃
ı̃̄ ẽ̄ ɨ̃̄ ǝ̃̄ ã̄ ũ̄ ȭ

DIPHTHONGS: ai au

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SVO AN POSS-N

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1686

LANGUAGE: Marathi

LOCATION: W India (Maharashtra)

POPULATION: 45 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Western: South

DICTIONARY: Deshpande, Madhav K. 1968. Marathi-English Dictionary. Poona: Suvichar Prakashan Mandal.

GRAMMAR: Apte, Mahadeo Laxman. 1962. A Sketch of Marathi Transformational Grammar. Madison: Univ of Wisconsin Diss.

OTHERSOURC:

James, A. Lloyd and S. G. Kanhere. 1928. "The Pronunciation of Marathi," BSOAS 4, 791-801.
Kelkar, Ashok Ramchandra. 1958. The Phonology and Morphology of Marathi. Ithaca: Cornell Univ Diss.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    t^s t^shč č^h
    d^z d̤^z ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
f s ṣ š h
v
m m̤ n̪ n̪̤ ṇ ŋ
    l̪ ḷ
    ɾ

STOPS: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h d^z d̤^zč ɡ̌ č^h ɡ̤̌

FRICATIVES: f v s ṣ š h

NASALS: m m̤ n̪ n̪̤ ṇ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪ ḷ

VIBRANTS: ɾ

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e æ

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ǝ̄ ū

NASALVOWEL:

ṽ
v̄̃

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfn *6mfn
politeness: + 2 pol

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1687

LANGUAGE: Marathi

DIALECT: Kasargod

LOCATION: S India ( N Kerala)

POPULATION: 45 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Western: South

OTHERSOURC:

Ghatage, A. M. 1970. "Marathi of Kasargod," IL 31, 138-44.
E

CONSONANTS:

   p t ṭ k
b d ḍ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
(f) s (š) (h)
v
m n ṇ
    l
    ṛ̣

STOPS: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: (f) v s (š) (h)

NASALS: m n ṇ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: ṛ̣

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

NASALVOWEL:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3mfn *6mfn

SYNTAX: SOV

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1688

LANGUAGE: Marathi

DIALECT: Kunabi

LOCATION: India ( W Maharashtra)

POPULATION: 45 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Western: South

GRAMMAR: Ghatage, A. M. 1966. Kunabi of Mahad. Bombay: State Board of Literature and Culture.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d d̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    t̪^s č č^h
    d̪^z d̪̤^z ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    š h
v v̤
m m̤ n n̤ ŋ
    l̪ l̪̤
    r r̤

STOPS: p p^h b b̤ t t^h d d̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

AFFRICATES: t̪^s d̪^z d̪̤^z č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

FRICATIVES: v v̤ s š h

NASALS: m m̤ n n̤ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪ l̪̤

VIBRANTS: r r̤

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: ɛ̄ ɔ̄

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3fF *6fF
F=m+n

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1689

LANGUAGE: Konkani

LOCATION: W India (Mysore)

POPULATION: 1.5 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Western: South

GRAMMAR:

Ghatage, A. M. 1963. Konkani of South Kanara. Bombay: State Board for Literature and Culture.
Ghatage, A. M. 1968. Konkani of Kankon. Bombay: State Board for Literature and Culture.

OTHERSOURC: Katre, Lalita S. 1970. "Konkani Kinship Terms," IL 31, 149-61.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    t̪^sč č^h
    d̪^z d̪̤^z ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
f s̪ š h
v v̤
m m̤ n̪ n̪̤ ṇ ŋ
    l̪ l̪̤ ḷ
    r

STOPS: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

AFFRICATES: t̪^s d̪^z d̪̤^zč č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

FRICATIVES: f v v̤ s̪ š h

NASALS: m m̤ n̪ n̪̤ ṇ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪ l̪̤ ḷ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ǝ̄ ā ū ō

NASALVOWEL:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3mfn *6mfn

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1690

LANGUAGE: Sindhi

LOCATION: S Pakistan

POPULATION: 7 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Western: Northwest

GRAMMAR: Jegorova, R. P. 1966. Jazyk sindxi. Moscow: Nauka.

OTHERSOURC:

Bordie, John G. 1958. A Descriptive Sindhi Phonology. Austin: Univ of Texas Diss.
Rohra, S. K. 1971. "Sindhi, Kacchi, and Emigrant Sindhi," IL 32, 123-31.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ ɓ d d̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɗ̣ ʄ ɡ ɡ̤ ɠ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
f s š x h
v z ɣ
m n ṇ ñ ŋ
    l
    ɾ ɾ̣

STOPS: p p^h b b̤ ɓ t t^h d d̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ ɗ̣ ʄ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤ ɠ̤

AFFRICATES: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

FRICATIVES: f v s z š x ɣ h

NASALS: m n ṇ ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: ɾ ɾ̣

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I

CENTRALVOW: ǝ

BACKVOWELS: ʋ

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ɛ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3mf *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1691

LANGUAGE: Sindhi

DIALECT: Katchi

LOCATION: W India (Gujarat)

POPULATION: 7 million (400,000)

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Western: Northwest

OTHERSOURC: Rohra, S. K. 1971. "Sindhi, Kacchi, and Emigrant Sindhi," IL 32, 123-31.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h c c^h k k^h
b ɓ d ḍ ɗ̣ ɟ ʄ ɡ ɠ
    s h
m n ṇ ñ ŋ
    l
    r ṛ

STOPS: p p^h b ɓ t t^h d ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ɗ̣ c c^h ɟ ʄ k k^h ɡ ɠ

FRICATIVES: s h

NASALS: m n ṇ ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r ṛ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I

CENTRALVOW: ǝ

BACKVOWELS: ʋ

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ɛ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f

NUMBER: 1692

LANGUAGE: Lahnda

LOCATION: NE Pakistan

POPULATION: 15 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Western: Northwest

OTHERSOURC: Bahri, Hardev. 1963. Lahndi Phonetics. Allahabad: Bharati Press.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
f s š x
v z ɣ ɦ
m n ṇ
    l ḷ
    r ɾ̣

STOPS: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

AFFRICATES: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

FRICATIVES: f v s z š x ɣ ɦ

NASALS: m n ṇ

LATERALS: l ḷ

VIBRANTS: r ɾ̣

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I

CENTRALVOW: ɐ

BACKVOWELS: ʋ

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ū ō ɑ̄ ĩ̄ ẽ̄ ũ̄ ȭ ɑ̃̄

DIPHTHONGS: diphthongs

SYNTAX: SOV NUM-N

NUMBER: 1693

LANGUAGE: Parya

LOCATION: Tajikistan

POPULATION: 1,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

CONSONANTS:

NUMBER: 1694

LANGUAGE: Baluj

ALTERNATEN: Jatt

LOCATION: Afghanistan

POPULATION: 1,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

CONSONANTS:

NUMBER: 1695

LANGUAGE: Punjabi

ALTERNATEN: Panjabi

LOCATION: NW India (Panjab)

POPULATION: 40 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

GRAMMAR: Gill, Harjeet Singh and Henry A. Gleason, Jr. 1963. A Reference Grammar of Panjabi. HSL 3.

TEXTBOOKS:

Gill, H. S. and H. A. Gleason, Jr. 1963. A Start in Panjabi. HSL 11.

OTHERSOURC:

Gill Harjeet Singh. 1960. "Panjabi Tonemics," AL 2:6, 11-8.
Arun, Vidya Bhaskar. 1961. A Comparative Phonology of Hindi and Panjabi. Ludhiana, India: Panjabi Sahitya Akademi.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b d̪ ḍ ɡ
    č č^h
    ɡ̌
(f) s̪ š
v (z̪) ɦ
m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ
    l̪ ḷ
    r ɾ̣

STOPS: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ k k^h ɡ

AFFRICATES: č č^h ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: (f) v s̪ (z̪) š ɦ

NASALS: m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪ ḷ

VIBRANTS: r ɾ̣

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ č ɡ̌ m n l v s

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I

CENTRALVOW: ǝ

BACKVOWELS: ʋ

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ǣ ā ū ō ɔ̄

NASALVOWEL:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

MODIFIEDVO: nasal harmony

DIPHTHONGS: Iǝ Io Iɔ Ia ʋa ǝi ǝe ǝu

TONES: hi-ris mid lo-fall

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 [*6]
6 only in oblique cases; in nominative case 3=6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1696

LANGUAGE: Marwari

ALTERNATEN: Shekhawati

LOCATION: Pakistan

POPULATION: 220,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

OTHERSOURC: WALS

CONSONANTS:

SYNTAX: SOV

NUMBER: 1697

LANGUAGE: Banjari

ALTERNATEN: Lamani, Lambadi

LOCATION: NW India

POPULATION: 1.5 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

OTHERSOURC:

PCSD IV, 4-5.
WALS

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d d̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    s h
m n ṇ ŋ
    l ḷ
    r

STOPS: p p^h b b̤ t t^h d d̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

AFFRICATES: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

FRICATIVES: s h

NASALS: m n ṇ ŋ

LATERALS: l ḷ

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

NASALVOWEL: ṽ all

SYNTAX: SOV

NUMBER: 1698

LANGUAGE: Malvi

ALTERNATEN: Rajasthani

LOCATION: NW India (Madhya Pradesh)

POPULATION: 22 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

OTHERSOURC:

Bhattacharya, Shefali. 1974. "Malvi Kinship Terms," IL 35, 119-28.
E

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t t^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d d̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    s
v
m n ṇ
    l ḷ
    r

STOPS: p p^h b b̤ t t^h d d̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

AFFRICATES: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

FRICATIVES: v s

NASALS: m n ṇ

LATERALS: l ḷ

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i

CENTRALVOW: ǝ

BACKVOWELS: u

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ō

NASALVOWEL:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

STRESS: non-phonemic

SYNTAX: SOV AN

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1699

LANGUAGE: Gujarati

LOCATION: WC India (Madhya Pradesh)

POPULATION: 23 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

DICTIONARY: Mazmudar, M. A., ed. 1969. Gala's Advanced Dictionary (English-Gujarati ). Gomtipur, India: Gala.

GRAMMAR: Cardona, George. 1965. A Gujarati Reference Grammar. Philadelphia: Univ of Pennsylvania Press.

TEXTBOOKS:

Lambert, H. M. 1971. Gujarati Language Course. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.

OTHERSOURC:

Pandit, P. B. 1957. "Nasalization, Aspiration and Murmur in Gujarati," IL 17, 165-72.
Paudit, Prabodh Bechardas. 1965. Phonemic and Morphemic Frequencies of the Gujarati Language. Poona: Deccan College.
Dave, Radhekant. 1967. "A Formant Analysis of the Clear, Nasalized, and Murmured Vowels in Gujarati," IL 28, 1-30.
CJIL 5, 117.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    s š
v ɦ
m n̪ ṇ
    l ḷ
    ɾ

STOPS: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

AFFRICATES: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

FRICATIVES: v s š ɦ

NASALS: m n̪ ṇ

LATERALS: l ḷ

VIBRANTS: ɾ

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

NASALVOWEL: ĩ ɛ̃ ã ũ ɔ̃

MODIFIEDVO:

v̤ all
ṽ̤ all but e o

DIPHTHONGS: aI aʋ

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6
politeness: 3 forms of 2: (1) fam, (2) pol, (3) formal.

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 1700

LANGUAGE: Bhili

ALTERNATEN: Wagdi

DIALECT: Bahelia

LOCATION: WC India (Madhya Pradesh)

POPULATION: 2.7 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central

OTHERSOURC:

Srivastava, G. P. 1968. "Bahelia Phonology," IL 29, 67-79.
E
WPF

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h ṭ ṭ^h k k^h
b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤
    č č^h
    ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
    s̪ h
v
m m̤ n̪ n̪̤ ŋ
    l l̤
    r r̤ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤

STOPS: p p^h b b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭ^h ḍ ḍ̤ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤

AFFRICATES: č č^h ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌

FRICATIVES: v s̪ h

NASALS: m m̤ n̪ n̪̤ ŋ

LATERALS: l l̤

VIBRANTS: r r̤ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I e ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ɛ̄ ā ū ō

NASALVOWEL:

ṽ all
v̄̃ all

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)(C)

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV