CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central
OTHERSOURC:Sharma, Jagdish Chander. 1973. "Nominal and Verbal Inflection in the Dialect of the Gade Lohars," IL 34, 200-10.
CONSONANTS:
p ph t̪ t̪h ṭ ṭh k kh b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤ č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ s̪ ɦ m m̤ n̪ n̪̤ ṇ ṇ̤ l̪ l̪̤ ḷ ḷ̤ r r̤ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤
STOPS:p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤
AFFRICATES:č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
FRICATIVES:s̪ ɦ
NASALS:m m̤ n̪ n̪̤ ṇ ṇ̤
LATERALS:l̪ l̪̤ ḷ ḷ̤
VIBRANTS:r r̤ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤
GLIDES:j
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:I
CENTRALVOW:ǝ
BACKVOWELS:ʋ
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ǣ ā ū ō
NASALVOWEL:
ṽ v̄̃
NOUNNUMBER:S P
NOUNCLASSE:m f n
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 *3mf *6
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
NUMBER:1702
LANGUAGE:Khandeshi
LOCATION:N India (Maharashtra)
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central
CONSONANTS:
NUMBER:1703
LANGUAGE:Hindi
DIALECT:Bundeli
LOCATION:N India (Madhya Pradesh)
POPULATION:200 Million
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central
GRAMMAR:Jaiswal M. P. 1962. A Linguistic Study of Bundeli. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
CONSONANTS:
p ph t̪ t̪h ṭ ṭh k kh b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤ č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ s̪ v ɦ m m̤ n̪ n̪̤ l l̤ r r̤ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤
STOPS:p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤
AFFRICATES:č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
FRICATIVES:v s̪ ɦ
NASALS:m m̤ n̪ n̪̤
LATERALS:l l̤
VIBRANTS:r r̤ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤
MODIFIEDCO:c̄
GLIDES:j
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:I ɛ
CENTRALVOW:ɐ
BACKVOWELS:ʋ o
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ǝ̄ ɵ̄ ū ō ɑ̄
NASALVOWEL:
ṽ v̄̃
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:m f
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 *3mf *6 politeness: various honorifics for 2
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:1704
LANGUAGE:Hindi
LOCATION:NC India (Uttar Pradesh)
POPULATION:200 Million
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central
GRAMMAR:McGregor, R. S. 1977. Outline of Hindi Grammar. Delhi: Oxford Univ Press.
TEXTBOOKS:Bender, Ernest. 1967. Hindi Grammar and Reader. Philadelphia: Univ of Pennsylvania Press.
OTHERSOURC:
Mehrotra, Ramesh Chandra. 1964. "Hindi Phonemes," IL 25, 234-46. Arun, Vidya Bhaskar. 1961. A Comparative Phonology of Hindi and Panjabi. Ludhiana, India: Panjabi Sahitya Akademi.
CONSONANTS:
p ph t̪ t̪h ṭ ṭh k kh (q) b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤ č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ (f) s (ṣ) š (x) v (z) (ɣ) ɦ m m̤ n̪ n̪̤ ṇ l l̤ ɾ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤
STOPS:p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ (q)
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central
GRAMMAR:Singh, Jag Deva. 1970. A Descriptive Grammar of Bangru. Kurukshetra, India: Kurukshetra Univ.
CONSONANTS:
p ph t th ṭ ṭh k kh b b̤ d d̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤ č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ s ɦ m n ṇ ŋ l ḷ r ɾ̣
STOPS:p ph b b̤ t th d d̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤
AFFRICATES:č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
FRICATIVES:s ɦ
NASALS:m n ṇ ŋ
LATERALS:l ḷ
VIBRANTS:r ɾ̣
MODIFIEDCO:c̄ all but ṇ ŋ ɾ̣ ḷ h j w
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:I
CENTRALVOW:ɨ ʉ ǝ
BACKVOWELS:ʋ
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ǣ ā ū ō ɔ̄
NASALVOWEL:
ṽ all v̄̃ all
MODIFIEDVO:nasal harmony
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)V(C)(C)
STRESS:non-phonemic
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:m f
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+NUM+A+N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:1706
LANGUAGE:Urdu
LOCATION:Pakistan
POPULATION:200 million
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central
DICTIONARY:
Ferozsons Urdu-English Dictionary. n.d. Karachi: Ferozsons. DT: Bender, Ernest. 1967. Urdu Grammar and Reader. Philadelphia: Univ of Pennsylvania Press.
TEXTBOOKS:
Bailey, T. Grahame. 1967. Teach Yourself Urdu. London: English Universities Press. Barker, Muhammad Abd-al-Rahman, et al. 1967. A Course in Urdu, 3 vols. Montreal: Institute of Islamic Studies, McGill Univ.
OTHERSOURC:Bright, William and Saeed A. Khan. 1958. The Urdu Writing System. New York: American Council of Learned Societies.
CONSONANTS:
p ph t̪ t̪h ṭ ṭh k kh b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤ č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ f s š x h v z (ž) ɣ m n̪ l ɾ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤
STOPS:p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̤̪ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤
AFFRICATES:č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
FRICATIVES:f v s z š (ž) x ɣ h
NASALS:m n̪
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤
MODIFIEDCO:c̄
GLIDES:j
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:I (ɛ)
CENTRALVOW:ǝ
BACKVOWELS:ʋ (ɔ)
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ā ū ō
NASALVOWEL:
ṽ all v̄̃ all
DIPHTHONGS:
ai au ãi ãu
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:m f
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5 *3 *6 politeness: 3 forms of 2
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:1707
LANGUAGE:Dogri
LOCATION:India Jammu)
POPULATION:2.2 million
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central
OTHERSOURC:E
CONSONANTS:
SYNTAX:SOV
NUMBER:1708
LANGUAGE:Western Pahari
LOCATION:N India (Jammu)
POPULATION:2 million
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central
OTHERSOURC:Varma, Siddheshwar. 1936. "The Rudhari Dialect," IL 6, 128-96.
CONSONANTS:
MODIFIEDCO:c̄
TONES:hi falling
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:m f
DEMONSTRAT:4: this very near/this/that visible/that invisible
ARTICLES:def indef
PRONOUNS:
1 4 2 5mf *3mf *6mf
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:1709
LANGUAGE:Garhwali
LOCATION:N India ( N Uttar Pradesh)
POPULATION:1 million
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central
OTHERSOURC:
Chandrasekhar, A. 1970. "The Phonemes of Garhwali," IL 31, 80-5. E
CONSONANTS:
p ph t̪ t̪h ṭ ṭh c ch k kh b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɟ ɟ̣ ɡ ɡ̤ s h m n l r
STOPS:p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ d̤̣ c ch ɟ ɟ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤
FRICATIVES:s h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ā ū ō
NASALVOWEL:ṽ
STRESS:non-phonemic
SYNTAX:SOV
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:1710
LANGUAGE:Kumauni
ALTERNATEN:Johari
LOCATION:N India (Uttar Pradesh)
POPULATION:1 million
CLASSIFICA:Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Indic: Central
GRAMMAR:Apte, Mahadeo L. and D. P. Pattanayak. 1967. An Outline of Kumauni Grammar. Durham: Duke Univ.
TEXTBOOKS:Clark, T. W. 1963. Introduction to Nepali. Cambridge, Eng.: W. Heffer & Sons.
OTHERSOURC:
Southworth, Franklin C. 1967. Nepali Transformational Structure: A Sketch. Poona: Deccan College. Bandhu, C. M., et al. 1971. Nepali Segmental Phonology. Kirtipur, Nepal: SIL. Hari, Maria. 1973. "Tentative Systematic Organization of Nepali Sentences," in CSDP I, 203-58. Bandhu, Churamani. 1973. "Clause Patterns in Nepali," in CSDP II, 1-79.
CONSONANTS:
p ph t̪ t̪h ṭ ṭh k kh b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤ ts tsh dz d̤z s h m n̪ ŋ l ɾ
STOPS:p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤
Tiwary, K. M. 1968. "The Echo-word Construction in Bhojpuri," AL 10:4, 32-8. Trammel, Robert L. 1971. "The Phonology of the Northern Standard Dialect of Bhojpuri," AL 13, 126-41. Singh, Kripa Shankar. 1972. "A Sketch of the Hierarchical Structure of Bhojpuri," IL 33, 42-58.
CONSONANTS:
p ph t̪ t̪h ṭ ṭh k kh b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤ č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ s h m n̪ ñ ŋ l̪ r r̤
STOPS:p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤
Jha, Subhadra. 1944. "Maithili Phonetics," IL 8,435-59. Davis, Alice I. 1973. "Maithili Sentences," in CSDP I, 259-319. Williams, Jennifer. 1973. "Clause Patterns in Maithili, " in PCSD II, 345-452.
CONSONANTS:
p ph t th ṭ ṭh k kh b b̤ d d̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤ č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ s h m m̤ n n̤ ŋ l l̤ ɾ ɾ̤
GRAMMAR:Karpushkin, B. M. 1964. Jazyk orija. Moscow: Nauka.
OTHERSOURC:
Pattanayak, Debi Prasanna. 1966. A Controlled Historical Reconstruction of Oniya, Assamese, Bengali and Hindi. The Hague: Mouton. Majumdar, Paresh Chandra. 1970. A Historical Phonology of Oriya. Calcutta: Sanskrit College.
CONSONANTS:
p ph t̪ t̪h ṭ ṭh k kh b b̤ d̪ d̪̤ ḍ ḍ̤ ɡ ɡ̤ č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ v s ɦ m n ṇ ŋ l ḷ r ɾ̣ ɾ̣̤
STOPS:p ph b b̤ t̪ t̪h d̪ d̪̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤
Christmas, R. B. and J. E. Christmas. 1973a. "Sentence Patterns in Kupia," in PCSD I, 125-95. Christmas, R. B. and J. E. Christmas. 1973b. "Clause Patterns in Kupia," in PCSD II, 257-343.