Типологическая база данных : Результат запроса

NUMBER: 1781

LANGUAGE: Farsi

ALTERNATEN: Persian

DIALECT: Hazaras

LOCATION: N Afghanistan

POPULATION: 20 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Persian

GRAMMAR: Efimov, V. A. 1965. Jazyk afganskix xazara. Moscow: Nauka.

CONSONANTS:

   p t ṭ k q
b d ḍ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s š (h)
    z ž
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ q

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f s z š ž (h)

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u

LONGVOWELS: ɛ̄ ʋ̄ ō

STRESS: final

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN/NG DN NUM-N N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP/POST

NUMBER: 1782

LANGUAGE: Farsi

ALTERNATEN: Persian

DIALECT: Shahrudi

LOCATION: Iran

POPULATION: 20 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Persian

OTHERSOURC: Yarshater, E. 1959. "The Dialect of Shahrud (Khalkhal), " BSOAS 22, 52-68.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s̪ š x h
v z̪ ɣ
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v s̪ z̪ š x ɣ h

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u (o) ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ɔ̄

DIPHTHONGS: ei ou āi āu

NOUNNUMBER: s p

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV GN POSS-N

PREPPOST: PREP/POST

NUMBER: 1783

LANGUAGE: Tajiki

ALTERNATEN: Tajik

LOCATION: Tajikistan

POPULATION: 20 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Persian

DICTIONARY:

Arzumanov, D. and X. K. Karimov. 1957. Russko-tadzhikskij slovar'. Moscow.
Raxim, M. V. and L. V. Uspenskaja. 1954. Tadzhiksko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.

GRAMMAR:

Kerimova, A. A. 1959. Govor tadzhikov buxary. Moscow.
Rastorgueva, V. S. 1963. A Short Sketch of Tajik Grammar. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Kerimova, A. A. 1966. "Tadzhikskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 212-36.

OTHERSOURC: OPYT

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t^h k^h q^hb d ɡ
    (t^s) č
    ɡ̌
f s š χ h
v z (ž) ʁ
m n
l
r

STOPS: p^h b t^h d k^h ɡ q^h

AFFRICATES: (t^s) č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v s z š (ž) χ ʁ h

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)(C)

STRESS: final

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6
politeness: 5 is also used as a polite form for 2

SYNTAX: SOV NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP/(POST)

NUMBER: 1784

LANGUAGE: Tati

LOCATION: SW Russia (S Dagestan ASSR)

POPULATION: 35,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Tati

GRAMMAR: Grjunberg, A. L. 1966. "Tatskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 281-301.

OTHERSOURC: OPYT

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ G
    č
    ɡ̌
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ G

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y æ

BACKVOWELS: u ɑ

DIPHTHONGS: ei ɔu øy

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: final in noun; variable in verb

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP/POST

NUMBER: 1785

LANGUAGE: Fars

LOCATION: Iran

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Fars

CONSONANTS:

NUMBER: 1786

LANGUAGE: Lari

LOCATION: SW Iran

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Fars

CONSONANTS:

NUMBER: 1787

LANGUAGE: Luri

LOCATION: SW Iran

POPULATION: 4.3 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Luri

OTHERSOURC: E

CONSONANTS:

SYNTAX: SOV

NUMBER: 1788

LANGUAGE: Kumzari

LOCATION: N Oman

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Indo-Iranian: Iranian: Southwest: Luri

CONSONANTS:

NUMBER: 1789

LANGUAGE: Albanian

DIALECT: Tosk

LOCATION: S Albania

POPULATION: 3 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Albanian

DICTIONARY: Drizari, Nelo. 1957. Albanian-English and English-Albanian Dictionary. New York: Frederic Ungar.

GRAMMAR: Newmark, Leonard. 1957. Structural Grammar of Albanian. IJAL 23:4, Part II.

TEXTBOOKS:

Drizari, Nelo. 1959. Spoken and Written Albanian. New York: Frederick Ungar.
Camaj, Martin. 1969. Lehrbuch der albanischen Sprache. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
    t^s č
    d^z ɡ̌
f θ s š h
v ð z ž
m n ñ
    l l^ɯ
    ɾ

STOPS: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ

AFFRICATES: t^s d^z č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v θ ð s z š ž h

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: l l^ɯ

VIBRANTS: ɾ

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u ɔ

DIPHTHONGS: ai ei oi ui yi ie ye ua (ue)

STRESS: penult

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f (n)

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3mf *6mf

SYNTAX: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N N-POSS/(POSS-N)

PREPPOST: PREP

COMMENTS: The national language is based on the Tosk dialect.

NUMBER: 1790

LANGUAGE: Albanian

DIALECT: Gheg

LOCATION: N Albania

POPULATION: 3 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Albanian

OTHERSOURC:

Lowman, G. S. 1932. "The Phonetics of Albanian," Lg 8, 271-93.
Byron, Janet. 1976. Selecton among Alternates in Language Standardization. The Hague: Mouton,
AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s č
    d^z ɡ̌
f θ s š x h
v ð z ž ɣ
m n ñ
    l l^ɯ
    ɾ r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: t^s d^z č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v θ ð s z š ž x ɣ h

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: l l^ɯ

VIBRANTS: ɾ r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ȳ ē ɛ̄ ā ū ō

NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ỹ ɛ̃ ã ũ

DIPHTHONGS: ie yi ei ai ui ue ɔi

STRESS: penult

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

SYNTAX: SVO

NUMBER: 1791

LANGUAGE: Classical Greek

ALTERNATEN: Linear B

DIALECT: Mycenaean

LOCATION: Greece (Knossos)

POPULATION: c. 1,000 B.C.

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek

OTHERSOURC: Chadwick, John. 1970. The Decipherent of Linear B. Cambridge, Eng: Cambridge Univ Press.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t t^h k k^h
b d ɡ
    s
    z
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p p^h b t t^h d k k^h ɡ

FRICATIVES: s z

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: cʷ k k^h ɡ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

DIPHTHONGS: ai au eu oi ou ei ui

TONES: hi low fall

NOUNNUMBER: s (d) p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2 + ref

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3mfn 6dmfn 6mfn

SYNTAX: SOV/SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1792

LANGUAGE: Classical Greek

DIALECT: Cyprian

LOCATION: Cyprus

POPULATION: c. 500 B.C.

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek

OTHERSOURC: Chadwick, John. 1970. The Decipherent of Linear B. Cambridge, Eng: Cambridge Univ Press.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t t^h k k^h
b ɡ
    s x
    z
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p p^h b t t^h k k^h ɡ

FRICATIVES: s z x

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

TONES: hi low fall

NOUNNUMBER: s (d) p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2 + ref

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3mfn 6dmfn 6mfn

SYNTAX: SOV/SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1793

LANGUAGE: Classical Greek

LOCATION: Greece

POPULATION: c. 500 B.C.

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek

GRAMMAR:

Goodwin, William Watson. 1930. Greek Grammar. Boston: Ginn and Company.
McKay, K. L. 1974. Greek Grammar for Students. Canberra: Dept of Classics, Australian National University.

TEXTBOOKS: Ruck, Carl A. P. 1972. Ancient Greek: A New Approach. Cambridge: MIT Press.

OTHERSOURC: Allen, W. Sidney. 1968. Vox Graeca. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h
b d̪ ɡ
    s h
m n̪ ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ k k^h ɡ

FRICATIVES: s h

NASALS: m n̪ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

FRONTVOWEL: i y ɛ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ȳ ē ɛ̄ ā ū ɔ̄

DIPHTHONGS: ai au eu oi

TONES: hi low fall

NOUNNUMBER: s (d) p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2 + ref

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3mfn 6dmfn 6mfn

SYNTAX: SOV/SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1794

LANGUAGE: Greek

LOCATION: Greece

POPULATION: 9 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek

GRAMMAR:

Mirambel, André. 1959. La langue grecque moderne. Paris: Klincksieck.
Householder, Fred W., Kostas Kazazis and Andreas Koutsoudas. 1964. Reference Grammar of Literary Dhimotiki. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Thomson, George. 1967. A Manual of Modern Greek. London: Collets.

TEXTBOOKS: Kahane, Henry, Renée Kahane and Ralph L. Ward. 1945. Spoken Greek. New York: Henry Holt and Company.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t^s
    d^z
f θ s x
v ð z ɣ
m n̪
    l
    ɾ

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

AFFRICATES: t^s d^z

FRICATIVES: f v θ ð s z x ɣ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: ɾ

GLIDES: j

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2 + ref

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3mfn *6mfn
politeness: 2 intim & 2 pol

SYNTAX: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1795

LANGUAGE: Greek

DIALECT: Cypriot

LOCATION: Cyprus

POPULATION: 9 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek

GRAMMAR: Newton, Brian. 1972. Cypriot Greek. The Hague: Mouton.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ c k
    č
f θ š x
v ð z ž ɣ
m n̪
    l
    r

STOPS: p t̪ c k

AFFRICATES: č

FRICATIVES: f v θ ð s z š ž x ɣ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ all but ð z ž ɣ

GLIDES: j

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6mfn

SYNTAX: DN NUM-N

NUMBER: 1796

LANGUAGE: Tsakonian

LOCATION: S Greece (E Peloponnesos)

POPULATION: 30O

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Greek

CONSONANTS:

COMMENTS: All bilingual in Greek

NUMBER: 1797

LANGUAGE: Oscan

LOCATION: Italy

POPULATION: extinct

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Osco-Umbrian

GRAMMAR: Budk, Carl Darling. 1904. A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian. Boston: Ginn.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f s h
v z
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

FRICATIVES: f v s z h

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j w

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u

LONGVOWELS: v̄

DIPHTHONGS: ai ei oi au ou

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

SYNTAX: SOV NA NG DN N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1798

LANGUAGE: Umbrian

LOCATION: Italy

POPULATION: extinct

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Osco-Umbrian

GRAMMAR: Buck, Carl Darling. 1904. A Grammar of Oscan and Umbrian. Boston: Ginn.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f s ç h
v z
m n
    l
    ɾ r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

FRICATIVES: f v s z ç h

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: ɾ r

GLIDES: j w

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u

LONGVOWELS: v̄

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

SYNTAX: SOV NA NG DN N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1799

LANGUAGE: Sabellian

LOCATION: Italy

POPULATION: extinct

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Osco-Umbrian

CONSONANTS:

NUMBER: 1800

LANGUAGE: Faliscan

LOCATION: Italy

POPULATION: extinct

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic

GRAMMAR: Giacomelli, Gabriella. 1963. La Lingua falisca. Florence: Leo S. Olschki.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f s h
    z
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

FRICATIVES: f s z h

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

DIPHTHONGS: ai oi au ou