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\data\typol\typology
NUMBER: 1801
LANGUAGE: Proto-Romance
LOCATION: Italy
POPULATION: c. 500 A.D.
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance
OTHERSOURC: Hall, Robert A., Jr. 1976. Proto-Romance Phonology. New York: Elsevier.
CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
f s̪
m n̪
    l̪
    ɾ

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
FRICATIVES: f s̪
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: l̪
VIBRANTS: ɾ
MODIFIEDCO: c̄
GLIDES: j w
FRONTVOWEL: i I e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u ʋ o ɔ
DIPHTHONGS: ai ei au
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f
SYNTAX: SVO NA NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1802
LANGUAGE: Latin
DIALECT: Classical
LOCATION: C Italy
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic
DICTIONARY: Simpson, D. P. 1960. Cassell's New Latin Dictionary. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
GRAMMAR: Serbat, Guy. 1975. Les structures du latin. Paris: A. & J. Picard.
TEXTBOOKS: Moreland, Floyd L. and Rita M. Fleischer. 1974. Latin: An Intensive Course. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
OTHERSOURC:

   Palmer, L. R. 1954. The Latin Language. London: Faber & Faber.
Allen, W. Sidney. 1965. Vox Latina. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k kʷ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
f s h
m n̪
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ kʷ ɡʷ
FRICATIVES: f s h
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: c̄
GLIDES: j w
FRONTVOWEL: I ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ō
DIPHTHONGS: ae au ui (oe) (eu)
STRESS: non-phonemic (penult/antepenult)
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f n
DEMONSTRAT: 3 + ref
PRONOUNS:

    1 4
2 5
*3mfn *6mfn

SYNTAX: SOV NA NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST: PREP/(POST)
NUMBER: 1803
LANGUAGE: Sardinian
LOCATION: Italy (Sardinia)
POPULATION: 1 million
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance
GRAMMAR: Wagner, M. L. 1951. La lingua sarda. Berne: Francke.
OTHERSOURC:

   Mazzola, Michael Lee. 1976. Proto-Romance and Sicilian. Lisse: Peter de Ridder.
WALS

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    ts
    dz
f s
v
m n̪ ñ
    l ʎ
    ɾ

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: ts dz
FRICATIVES: f v s
NASALS: m n̪ ñ
LATERALS: l ʎ
VIBRANTS: ɾ
MODIFIEDCO: v̄
GLIDES: j
FRONTVOWEL: i ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u ɔ
STRESS: phonemic
SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 1804
LANGUAGE: Rumanian
ALTERNATEN: Daco-Rumanian
LOCATION: Rumania
POPULATION: 22 million
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Eastern
DICTIONARY:

   Levitchi, Leon. 1960. Dictionar romin-englez. Bucharest: Editura Stiintifica.
Levitchi, Leon, ed. 1974. Dictionar englez-roman. Bucharest: Editura Academiei.

GRAMMAR:

   Guillermou, Alain. 1953. Manuel de langue roumaine. Paris: Klincksieck.
Agard, Frederick B. 1958. Structural Sketch of Rumanian. Supplement to Lg 34:3.
Repina, T. A. 1968. Rumynskij jazyk. Moscow: Moscow Univ Press.

TEXTBOOKS:

   Augerot, James E. and Florin D. Popescu. 1971. Modern Romanian. Seattle: Univ of Washington Press.
Cazacu, B., et al. 1978. Cours de langue roumaine. Bucharest: Editura Didactica.

OTHERSOURC:

   Ruhlen, Merritt. 1973. Rumanian Phonology. Stanford: Stanford Univ Diss.
AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    ts č
    ɡ̌
f s š h
v z ž
m n̪
    l
    ɾ

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: ts č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f v s z š ž h
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: ɾ
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   i ɨ u
e ǝ o
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o
DIPHTHONGS: ai au ij ea oa uw ou eau ieu
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
STRESS: phonemic, but largely predictable
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f [the so called neuter nouns in Rumanian behave like masc nouns in the singular, and fem nouns in the plural]
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
politeness: 2 has 3 forms: (1) formal, (2) familiar, (3)intimate
3mf & 6mf have polite and plain forms.

SYNTAX: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND/(DN) NUM-N N-POSS D+Num+N+A
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1805
LANGUAGE: Istro-Rumanian
LOCATION: Croatia (Istrian Peninsula)
POPULATION: 1,000
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Eastern
DICTIONARY: Maiorescu, Ioan. 1900. Itinerar in Istria si vocabularul istriano-roman. Bucharest: Socecu.
GRAMMAR:

   Kovačec, August. 1971. Descrierea istroromanei actuale. Bucharest: Editura Academiei.
Puscariu, Sextil. 1926. Studii istroromane, vol 2. Bucharest: Academia Romana.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ c k
b d̪
    ts č
    (ɡ̌)
f s š h
v z ž ɣ
m n̪ ñ
    l̪ ʎ
    ɾ

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ c k
AFFRICATES: ts č (ɡ̌)
FRICATIVES: f v s z š ž ɣ h
NASALS: m n̪ ñ
LATERALS: l̪ ʎ
VIBRANTS: ɾ
GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e æ
CENTRALVOW: ǝ (a)
BACKVOWELS: u o ɒ
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
STRESS: phonemic
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f (+ pseudo-neuter, cf. Rumanian)
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf

SYNTAX: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1806
LANGUAGE: Megleno-Rumanian
LOCATION: N Greece
POPULATION: 12,000
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Eastern
DICTIONARY: Capidan, T. 1935. Meglenoromanii, vol 3: Dictionarul Meglenoroman. Bucharest: Academia Romana.
GRAMMAR: Capidan, T. 1925. Meglenoromanii, vol 1: Istoria si graiul lor. Bucharest: Academia Romana.
CONSONANTS:

   p t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
    ts č̌
    dz ɡ̌
f s š
v z ž
m n ñ
    l lɯ ʎ
    r

STOPS: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: ts dz č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f v s z š ž
NASALS: m n ñ
LATERALS: l lɯ ʎ
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e (ɛ)
CENTRALVOW: ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ō
DIPHTHONGS: ea oa au eu iu ou ia ie io iu
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f (+ pseudo-neuter, cf. Rumanian)
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf

SYNTAX: SVO NA/AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N+A
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1807
LANGUAGE: Arumanian
LOCATION: N Greece
POPULATION: 250,000
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Eastern
DICTIONARY: Papahagi, Tache. 1974. Dictionarul dialectului aroman. Bucharest: Editura Academiei.
GRAMMAR: Capidan, T. 1932. Aromanii: Dialectul aroman. Bucharest: Academia Romana.
OTHERSOURC: Caragiu-Marioteanu, Matilda.1968. Fono-morfologie aromana. Bucharest: Editura Academiei.
CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ c k
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
    ts č
    dz ɡ̌
f (θ) s š h
v (ð) z ž (ɣ)
m n̪ ñ
    l ʎ
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: ts dz č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f v (θ) (ð) s z š ž (ɣ) h
NASALS: m n̪ ñ
LATERALS: l ʎ
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e
CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o
DIPHTHONGS: ea ia ie io iu oa wa
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f (+ pseudo-neuter, cf. Rumanian)
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
politeness: 3mf & 6mf have polite and plain forms.

SYNTAX: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND/(DN) NUM-N N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1808
LANGUAGE: Dalmatian
LOCATION: Yugoslavia
POPULATION: extinct (c.1898)
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Italo-Romance
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1809
LANGUAGE: Italian
LOCATION: Italy
POPULATION: 60 million
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Italo-Romance
GRAMMAR: Hall, Robert A., Jr. 1971. La struttura dell'italiano. Rome: Armando Armando.
TEXTBOOKS:

   Speight, Kathleen. 1962. Italian. London: English Universities Press.
Traversa, Vincenzo. 1967. Parola e pensiero. New York: Harper & Row.

OTHERSOURC:

   Agard, Frederick B. and Robert J. Di Pietro 1965. The Sounds of English and Italian. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.
Migliorini, Bruno B. and T. Gwynfor Griffith. 1966. The Italian Language. New York: Barnes & Noble.
AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪s č
    d̪z ɡ̌
f s̪ š
v
m n̪ ñ
    l̪ ʎ
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: t̪s d̪z č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f v s̪ š
NASALS: m n̪ ñ
LATERALS: l̪ ʎ
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: c̄ all but š ñ ǝ
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
DIPHTHONGS: ja jo je jɛ ju wɔ wa we wi ɛj aj ɔj uj ɛw aw
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
STRESS: phonemic, but mostly penult
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 3
ARTICLES: def indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
politeness: 2 has 3 forms: (1) intimate, (2) plain, (3) polite
5 has 2 forms:(1) initimate-plain, (2) polite

SYNTAX: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/(N-POSS) D+Num+N+A
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1810
LANGUAGE: Italian
DIALECT: Sicilian
LOCATION: Italy (Sicily)
POPULATION: 60 million
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Italo-Romance
OTHERSOURC:

   Fodale, Peter. 1964. The Sicilian Dialects as a Diasystem: A Study in Structural Dialectology. Ann Arbor: Univ of Michigan Diss.
Mazzola, Michael Lee. 1976. Proto-Romance and Sicilian. Lisse: Peter de Ridder.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ḍ̄ ɡ
    ts č
    dz ɡ̌
   f s š
   v
m n̪ ñ ŋ
    l
    ɾ

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ ḍ̄ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: ts dz č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f v s š
NASALS: m n̪ ñ ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: ɾ
MODIFIEDCO: c̄ all but v j w (ḍ is always lonɡ)
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: I ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C) mˈ nˈ
STRESS: phonemic
SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 1811
LANGUAGE: Friulian
LOCATION: Rumania
POPULATION: 400,000
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Rhaeto-Romance
GRAMMAR: Iliescu, Maria. 1972. Le frioulan à partir des dialectes parlés en Roumanie. The Hague: Mouton.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d g
    č
    ɡ̌
f s
v z
m n ñ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f v s z
NASALS: m n ñ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: I ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ
LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ō
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1812
LANGUAGE: Friulian
LOCATION: Italy
POPULATION: 600,000
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Rhaeto-Romance
CONSONANTS:

   




SYNTAX: SVO
NUMBER: 1813
LANGUAGE: Ladin
LOCATION: N Italy (S Tyrol)
POPULATION: 12,000
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Rhaeto-Romance
CONSONANTS:

   




NUMBER: 1814
LANGUAGE: Romansch
DIALECT: Engadin
LOCATION: S Switzerland
POPULATION: 50,000 (9,000)
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Rhaeto-Romance
GRAMMAR: Borodina, M. A. 1969. Sovremennyj literaturnyj retoromanskij jazyk shvejtsarii. Leningrad: Nauka.
CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
    t̪s č ć
    d̪z ɡ̌
f s̪ š ç h
v z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
    l̪ ʎ
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ ɟ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: t̪s d̪z č ɡ̌ ć
FRICATIVES: f v s̪ z̪ š ž ç h
NASALS: m n̪ ñ
LATERALS: l̪ ʎ
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ɛ œ
CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: ī ȳ ē ↔ō ɛ̄ ā ū ō ɔ̄
DIPHTHONGS: ai au ea ɛi īǝ ou yǝ yi ui uǝ iǝ iē iø uɛ̄ uē uɛ uī
STRESS: phonemic
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf

SYNTAX: SVO NA/AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1815
LANGUAGE: Romansch
DIALECT: Surselva
LOCATION: S Switzerland
POPULATION: 50,000 (26,000)
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Rhaeto-Romance
GRAMMAR: Borodina, M. A. 1969. Sovremennyj literaturnyj retoromanskij jazyk Shvejtsarii. Leningrad: Nauka.
CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɟ ɡ
    t̪s č ć
    d̪z
f s̪ š ç h
v z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ
    l̪ ʎ
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ ɟ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: t̪s d̪z č ć
FRICATIVES: f v s̪ z̪ š ž ç h
NASALS: m n̪ ñ
LATERALS: l̪ ʎ
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ ?
DIPHTHONGS: ai au iu ɛu ie uǝ ia iu ieu
STRESS: phonemic
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf

SYNTAX: SVO NA/AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1816
LANGUAGE: Franco-Provençal
LOCATION: SE France
POPULATION: 332,000
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Gallo-Romance
OTHERSOURC: Martinet, André. 1956. La description phonologique avec application au parler franco-provençal d'Hautiville ( Savoie). Geneva: Droz.
CONSONANTS:

   p t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
f θ s š
v ð z ž
m n ñ
    l̪ ʎ
    ɾ r

STOPS: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ
FRICATIVES: f v θ ð s z š ž
NASALS: m n ñ
LATERALS: l̪ ʎ
VIBRANTS: ɾ r
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ
LONGVOWELS: ɛ̆ ă ɔ̆
NASALVOWEL: ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃
SYLLABLE: (C) (C)V [ɾ]
STRESS: phonemic (final or penult)
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f
ARTICLES: def indef
SYNTAX: SVO NA/AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1817
LANGUAGE: Franco-Provençal
DIALECT: Gascon
LOCATION: SW France (Gascony)
POPULATION: 332,000 (255,000)
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Gallo-Romance
DICTIONARY: Palay, Simin. 1974. Dictionnaire du béarnais et du gascon modernes. Paris: CNRS.
GRAMMAR:

   Kelly, Reine Cardaillac. 1973. A Descriptive Analysis of Gascon. The Hague: Mouton.
Darrigrand, R. and M. Grosclaude. 1971. Abrégé de grammaire béarnaise et gasconne. Bordeaux.

OTHERSOURC: Kelly, Reine Cardaillac. 1971. "The Sound System of a Gascon Dialect," Linguistics 68, 5-12.
CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪s č
    ɡ̌
f s š
    z ž
m n̪ ñ
    l̪ ʎ
    ɾ r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: t̪s č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f s z š ž
NASALS: m n̪ ñ
LATERALS: l̪ ʎ
VIBRANTS: ɾ r
MODIFIEDCO: c̄ t m n l
GLIDES: j (ɥ) w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ɛ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
DIPHTHONGS: au eu ɛu iu ou triph
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
STRESS: phonemic
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: def indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
politeness: 2 intim/2 pol

SYNTAX: SVO NA/AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1818
LANGUAGE: French
DIALECT: Parisian
LOCATION: France
POPULATION: 66 million
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Gallo-Romance
DICTIONARY: Dubois, Marguerite-Marie. 1960. Larousse Modern French-English, English-French Dictionary. New York: McGraw Hill.
GRAMMAR: Chevalier, Jean-Claude, et al. 1964. Grammaire Larousse du français contemporain. Paris: Larousse.
TEXTBOOKS: Harris, Julian and André Léveque. 1973. Basic Conversational French. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
OTHERSOURC:

   Armstrong, Lilias E. 1964. The Phonetics of French. London: G. Bell and Sons.
AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
f s š
v z ž ʁ
m n̪ ñ
    l

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
FRICATIVES: f v s z š ž
NASALS: m n̪ ñ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: ʁ
GLIDES: j ɥ w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø ɛ œ
CENTRALVOW: ǝ a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ (ɑ)
NASALVOWEL: (œ̃) æ̃ õ ɑ̃
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(G)V(C)(C)
STRESS: final
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 1
ARTICLES: def indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
+ indef
politeness: 2 intim & 2 pol (2pol = 5)

SYNTAX: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N+A
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1819
LANGUAGE: French
DIALECT: Canadian
LOCATION: Canada
POPULATION: 66 million
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Gallo-Romance
GRAMMAR: Morgan, Raleigh, Jr. 1975. The Regional French of County Beauce, Quebec. The Hague: Mouton.
OTHERSOURC: Ellis, Patricia M. 1965. "Les phonèmes du français maillardvillois," Canadian Journal of Linguistics 11, 7-30.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f s š
v z ž
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ
FRICATIVES: f v s z š ž
NASALS: m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j ɥ w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø ɛ œ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ ɑ
NASALVOWEL: ẽ ø̃ ã ɔ̃
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
STRESS: final
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 1
ARTICLES: def indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf + indef
politeness: 2 intim & 2 pol (2pol = 5)

SYNTAX: SVO NA/(AN) NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N+A
PREPPOST: PREP
NUMBER: 1820
LANGUAGE: Provençal
LOCATION: S France
POPULATION: 355,000
CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Italic: Romance: Western: Gallo-Romance
DICTIONARY:

   Piat, L. 1970. Dictionnaire français-occitanien. Aix-en-Provence: Ramoun Berenguié.
Alibert, Louis. 1965. Dictionnaire occitan-français. Toulouse: Institut d'Études Occitanes.

GRAMMAR: Journot, Jean. 1967. Elements de gramatica occitana. Toulouse: Institut d'Études Occitanes.
OTHERSOURC:

   Coustenoble, Hélène N. 1945. La phonétique du provençal moderne. Hertford: Stephen Austin and Sons.
Bec, Pierre. 1973. Manuel pratique d'occitan moderne. Paris: A. & J. Picard.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪s
    d̪z
f s
v z ʁ
m n̪ ñ
    l̪
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: t̪s d̪z
FRICATIVES: f v s z
NASALS: m n̪ ñ
LATERALS: l̪
VIBRANTS: r R
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e ø ɛ œ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o
DIPHTHONGS: ei ɛi eu ɛu ai ɑu ɔi ɔu ou ui øi œi je jɛ ja jɔ jo ju jø jei jɛi jeu jɛu jai jɑu jɔu jou jœi
STRESS: penult & final
NOUNNUMBER: s p
GENDER: m f
DEMONSTRAT: 3
ARTICLES: def indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf

SYNTAX: SVO NA/AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
PREPPOST: PREP
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