Типологическая база данных : Результат запроса

NUMBER: 1841

LANGUAGE: Irish

ALTERNATEN: Gaelic

DIALECT: Mayo, Erris

LOCATION: Ireland

POPULATION: 500,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Goidelic

GRAMMAR: Fhailigh, Éamonn Mhac an. 1968. The Irish of Erris, Co. Mayo. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t̪^h t^h k^h
b d̪ d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
ɸ s š ç x h
β^j ɣ
m n̪ n ñ ŋ
    l̪ l ʎ
    ɾ

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h d̪ t^h d k^h ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: ɸ β^j s š ç x ɣ h

NASALS: m n̪ n ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪ l ʎ

VIBRANTS: ɾ

MODIFIEDCO: c^j p b k ɡ ɸ m n ŋ l ɾ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: ʋ o

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ō

NASALVOWEL:

ı̃ ẽ ã ũ (õ)
ı̃̄ ẽ̄ ũ̄ ȭ ɑ̃̄

STRESS: initial

NUMBER: 1842

LANGUAGE: Irish

ALTERNATEN: Gaelic

DIALECT: Mayo, Tourmakeady

LOCATION: Ireland

POPULATION: 500,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Goidelic

OTHERSOURC: de Búrca, Seán. 1970. The Irish of Tourmakeady, Co. Mayo. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t̪^h (t) c k^h
b d̪ (d) ɟ ɡ
    (č)
    (ɡ̌)
ɸ s ç x h
̤β (z) ɣ
m n̪ n ñ ŋ
    l̪ l ʎ
    ɾ

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h d̪ (t) (d) c ɟ k^h ɡ

AFFRICATES: (č) (ɡ̌)

FRICATIVES: ɸ β s (z) ç x ɣ h

NASALS: m n̪ n ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪ l ʎ

VIBRANTS: ɾ

MODIFIEDCO: c^j all but ɣ h k ɡ c ɟ x ŋ l̪

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ū ō ɑ̄

NASALVOWEL: (ṽ)

DIPHTHONGS: iǝ uǝ ǝi ǝu

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)

STRESS: initial

NUMBER: 1843

LANGUAGE: Irish

ALTERNATEN: Gaelic

DIALECT: Aran

LOCATION: Ireland

POPULATION: 500,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Goidelic

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f s x h
v ɣ
m n ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

FRICATIVES: f v s x ɣ h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO:

c^j
cʷ

GLIDES: w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I ɛ æ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ʌ

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ǝ̄ ū ō ɔ̄

STRESS: non-phonemic

NUMBER: 1844

LANGUAGE: Scottish Gaelic

LOCATION: Scotland

POPULATION: 100,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Goidelic

GRAMMAR:

Holmer, Nils M. 1938. Studies on Argyllshire Gaelic. Uppsala: Almgvist & Wiksells.
Holmer, Nils M. 1957. The Gaelic of Arran. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
Holmer, Nils M. 1962. The Gaelic of Kintyre. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.

OTHERSOURC: Dorian, Nancy C. 1978. "The Fate of Morphological Complexity in Language Death: Evidence from East Sutherland Gaelic," Lg 54, 590-609.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t̪^h (t^h) c^h k^h (ʔ)
b d̪ (d ) ɟ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s š ç x h
v (z) ɣ
m n̪ n̪̥ (n) ñ ñ̥ ŋ
    l l̥ l^ɯ ʎ (ʎ̥)
    r r̥

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h d̪ (t^h) (d) c^h ɟ k^h ɡ (ʔ)

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v s (z) š ç x ɣ h

NASALS: m n̪ n̪̥ (n) ñ ñ̥ ŋ

LATERALS: l l̥ l^ɯ ʎ (ʎ̥)

VIBRANTS: r r̥

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ nasals and liquids

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i Y e ɛ œ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: ʋ o ɔ

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all but ǝ

NASALVOWEL: (ṽ)

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s d p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 3

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: VSO NA NG ND NUM-N POSS-N N+A+D

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1845

LANGUAGE: Manx

LOCATION: England (Isle of Man

POPULATION: extinct (20th century)

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Goidelic

OTHERSOURC: E

CONSONANTS:

VOWELS:

SYNTAX: VSO

NUMBER: 1846

LANGUAGE: Breton

LOCATION: NW France

POPULATION: 1.2 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Brythonic

GRAMMAR: Ternes, Elmar. 1970. Grammaire structurale du breton de l'Ile de Groix. Heidelberg: Carl Winter.

TEXTBOOKS: Hemon, Roparz. 1972. Cours élémentaire de breton. n.p.: Al Liamm.

OTHERSOURC:

Hemon, Roparz. 1975. A Historical Morphology and Syntax of Breton. Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies.
AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t̪^h k^h
b d̪ ɡ
    č^h
    ɡ̌
f s̪ š h
v z̪ ž
m n̪ ñ ŋ
    l̪
    r

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h d̪ k^h ɡ

AFFRICATES: č^h ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v s̪ z̪ š ž h

NASALS: m n̪ ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j ɥ w w̃

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: ī ȳ ē ↔ō ā ū ō ɑ̄

NASALVOWEL: (ɛ̃)

DIPHTHONGS: (ea) (eo) eā eō ei øy ou ae

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)

STRESS: final

NOUNNUMBER: s (d) p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 3

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: VSO NA/(AN) NG ND NUM-N POSS-N/(POSS-N-POSS) Num+N+A+D

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1847

LANGUAGE: Welsh

LOCATION: Great Britain (Wales)

POPULATION: 660,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Brythonic

DICTIONARY: Evans, H. Meurig and W. O. Thomas. 1953. The New Welsh Dictionary. Llandebie: Christopher Davies.

GRAMMAR: James, Dan L. 1966. Modern Welsh Course. Cardiff: Univ of Wales Press.

TEXTBOOKS: Bowen, John T. 1960. Welsh. London: English Universities Press.

OTHERSOURC: Hamp. Eric P. 1951. "Morphophonemes of the Keltic Mutations," Lg 27, 230-47.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    (ɡ̌)
f θ s š x h
v ð
m n ŋ
    l l̥
    r r̥

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: (ɡ̌)

FRICATIVES: f v θ ð s š x h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l l̥

VIBRANTS: r r̥

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ɨ̄ ā ū ō

DIPHTHONGS: ae ai au ei eu aw ew iw wi oe oi ou ow

STRESS: penult

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6
politeness: 2 intim, 2 pol [2 pol=5]

SYNTAX: VSO NA/(AN) NG ND NUM-N POSS-N/(POSS-N-POSS)

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1848

LANGUAGE: Cornish

LOCATION: England (Cornwall)

POPULATION: extinct (c. 1800)

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Celtic: Brythonic

GRAMMAR: Smith, A. S. D. 1965. Cornish Simplified. Cornwall: An Lef Kernewek.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f θ s š x h
v ð
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v θ ð s š x h

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w w̥

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I ɛ æ

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ȳ ē ā ū ō

DIPHTHONGS: aw ow aj ej ew oj

STRESS: penult

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6

SYNTAX: SVO NA/(AN) NG ND NUM-N POSS-N/(POSS-N-POSS)

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1849

LANGUAGE: Proto-Germanic

LOCATION: N Germany

POPULATION: c. 500 B. C.

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic

GRAMMAR: Coetsem, Frans van and Herbert L. Kufner, eds. 1972. Toward a Grammar of Proto-Germanic. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.

OTHERSOURC:

Antonsen, Elmer M. 1975. A Concise Grammar of the Older Runic Inscriptions. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.
AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k kʷ
b d̪ ɡ
f θ s̪ h hʷ
    z̪
m n̪
    l̪
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ kʷ

FRICATIVES: f θ s̪ z̪ h hʷ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u

LONGVOWELS: ī ǣ ū ɔ̄

DIPHTHONGS: ei ai eu au

SYLLABLE: nˈ lˈ rˈ

STRESS: initial

SYNTAX: SOV NA GN/NG ND N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP/POST

NUMBER: 1850

LANGUAGE: Gothic

DIALECT: Crimean

LOCATION: SW Russia (Crimea)

POPULATION: extinct (c. 1700 A.D.)

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: East

GRAMMAR: Stearns, MacDonald, Jr. 1978. Crimean Gothic. Saratoga, CA: Anma Libri.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪
f θ s̪ š x
v ɣ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k

FRICATIVES: f v θ s̪ š x ɣ

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ō

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def

SYNTAX: SVO AN

NUMBER: 1851

LANGUAGE: Gothic

LOCATION: E Bulgaria

POPULATION: c. 350 A.D.

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: East

DICTIONARY: Regan, Brian T. 1974. Dictionary of the Biblical Gothic Language. Phoenix: Wellspring Books.

GRAMMAR:

Mossé, Fernand. 1956. Manuel de la langue gotique. Paris: Aubier.
Krause, Wolfgang. 1968. Handbuch des Gotischen. Munich: C. H. Beck'sche.

OTHERSOURC:

Moulton, William G. 1948. "The Phonemics of Gothic," Lg 24, 76-86.
Marchand, James W. 1973. The Sounds and Phonemes of Wulfila's Gothic. The Hague: Mouton.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k kʷ
b d̪ ɡ
f θ s xʷ h
    z
m n̪
    l̪
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ kʷ

FRICATIVES: f θ s z xʷ h

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ s m n l r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

DIPHTHONGS: iu

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
*3mfn *6mfn

SYNTAX: SOV NA NG DN N-NUM N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP

COMMENTS: Except for Runic inscriptions, Wulfila's translation of the Bible in Gothic is the earliest Germanic Text.

NUMBER: 1852

LANGUAGE: Vandalic

LOCATION: Germany

POPULATION: extinct

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: East

CONSONANTS:

NUMBER: 1853

LANGUAGE: Burgundian

LOCATION: Germany

POPULATION: extinct

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: East

CONSONANTS:

NUMBER: 1854

LANGUAGE: Runic

LOCATION: Norway

POPULATION: c. 500 A.D.

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: North

GRAMMAR: Antonsen, Elmer H. 1975. A Concise Grammar of the Older Runic Inscriptions. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f θ s h
    z
m n ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

FRICATIVES: f θ s z h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u

LONGVOWELS: ī ǣ ū ɔ̄

DIPHTHONGS: ai iu ɵu au

NOUNNUMBER: s p

SYNTAX: SOV NA GN(inan)/NG(anim) ND N-NUM N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP

COMMENTS: Earliest attestation of a Germanic language.

NUMBER: 1855

LANGUAGE: Danish

LOCATION: Denmark

POPULATION: 5 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: North

DICTIONARY:

Nielsen, B. Kjaerulff. 1964. Engelsk-Dansk Ordbog. Copenhagen: Nordisk.
Vinterberg, Hermann and C. A. Bodelsen: 1954,1956. Dansk-Engelsk Ordbog, 2 vols. Copenhagen: Nordisk.

GRAMMAR:

Bredsdorff, Elias, 1970. Danish: An Elementary Grammar and Reader. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Diderichsen, Paul. 1972. Essentials of Danish Grammar. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.

TEXTBOOKS:

Koefoed, H. A. 1964. Teach Yourself Danish. London: English Universities Press.
Norlev, Erling and H. A. Koefoed. 1973. The Way to Danish. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ
f s š h
v ð ɣ ʁ
m n ŋ
l

STOPS: p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ

FRICATIVES: f v ð s š ɣ h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: ʁ

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø ɛ œ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all but ǝ

DIPHTHONGS: ai ɔi au ɔu ɛu œu eu iu yu øu

STRESS: usually initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: common (m+f) neuter

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfnc 6
c=common
masc and fem are semantically determined by sex; common and neuter are grammatically determined by noun class.
politeness: 2 & 5 each have polite and intimate forms; however 2 pol=5 pol

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1856

LANGUAGE: Swedish

LOCATION: Sweden

POPULATION: 9 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: North

DICTIONARY: Wessely, Ignaz Emanuel. 1941. Wessely's Swedish-English Dictionary. Philadelphia: David McKay.

TEXTBOOKS:

McClean, R. J. 1969. Teach Yourself Swedish. London : English Universities Press.
Borland, Harold H. 1970. Swedish for Students. London: George G. Harrap.

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t̪^h ṭ^h k^h
b d̪ ḍ ɡ
f s̪ ṣ̌ ç h
v
m n̪ ṇ ŋ
    l̪ ḷ
    ɹ

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h d̪ ṭ^h ḍ k^h ɡ

FRICATIVES: f v s̪ ṣ̌ ç h

NASALS: m n̪ ṇ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪ ḷ

VIBRANTS: ɹ

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: y I ɛ œ æ

CENTRALVOW: ʉ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ȳ Ȳ ē ↔ō ɛ̄ ʋ̄ ō ɑ̄

TONES: fall fall-fall (falling tone accurs on monosyllabic words, fall-fall on polysyllabic words.)

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: common (m+f) neuter

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfnc 6
c=common
politeness: 2 forms of 2: 2 intim/2 pol

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN(NG) DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1857

LANGUAGE: Norwegian

LOCATION: Norway

POPULATION: 4 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: North

DICTIONARY:

Gleditsch, T. 1948. Engelsk-Norsk Ordbok. Oslo: H. Aschehoug.
Haugen, Einar, ed. 1965. Norwegian-English Dictionary. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

TEXTBOOKS:

Haugen, Einar. 1964. Spoken Norwegian. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Marm, Ingvald. 1967. Teach Yourself Norwegian. New York: David McKay.

OTHERSOURC: Vanvik, Arne. 1972. "A Phonetic-Phonemic Analysis of Standard Eastern Norwegian," Norwegian Journal of Linguistics 25:2, 119-64.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ (ṭ) k
b d̪ (ḍ) ɡ
f s̪ (ṣ̌) š ç h
v
m n̪ (ṇ) ŋ
    l̪ (ḷ)
    ɾ

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ (ṭ) (ḍ) k ɡ

FRICATIVES: f v s̪ (ṣ̌) š ç h

NASALS: m n̪ (ṇ) ŋ

LATERALS: l̪ (ḷ)

VIBRANTS: ɾ

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: y I ø ɛ æ

CENTRALVOW: ʉ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ȳ ē ↔ō ǣ ʉ̄ ā ū ō

DIPHTHONGS: ai æʉ ɛi ɔi ʉi øy øu æi æu

TONES: lo-ris hi-fall-ris

STRESS: mostly initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: common (m+f) neuter

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfnc 6
c=common
politeness: 2 forms of 2: 2 intim/2 pol

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N N-POSS/(POSS-N) D+A+N

PREPPOST: PREP

COMMENTS: Modern Norwegian has two different standards. Bokmål reflects the heavy Danish influence during the Middle Ages, while Nynorsk represents an attempt to preserve a 'purer' older form of Norwegian, denuded of Danish borrowings. There is some hostility between the two gruops, but the two varieties of speech are easily mutually intellegible.

NUMBER: 1858

LANGUAGE: Norwegian

DIALECT: Trondheim

LOCATION: Norway

POPULATION: 4 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: North

OTHERSOURC: Vanvik, Arne. 1966. "A Phonetic-Phonemic Analysis of the Dialect of Trondheim. Oslo: Universititsforlaget.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t̪^h ṭ^h c^h k^h
b d̪ ḍ ɟ ɡ
f s š ç h
v
m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ
    l̪ ḷ ʎ ʎ̥
    ɾ ɾ̣

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h d̪ ṭ^h ḍ c^h ɟ k^h ɡ

FRICATIVES: f v s š ç h

NASALS: m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪ ḷ ʎ ʎ̥

VIBRANTS: ɾ ɾ̣

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I Y ɛ œ æ

CENTRALVOW: ʉ

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ ɑ

LONGVOWELS: ī ȳ ē ↔ō ǣ ʉ̄ ū ō ɑ̄

DIPHTHONGS: ei øy øʉ (ɑi) (ɔy)

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C) nˈ lˈ

TONES: lo-level hi-fall

SYNTAX: SVO

NUMBER: 1859

LANGUAGE: Icelandic

LOCATION: Iceland

POPULATION: 210,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: North

DICTIONARY:

Arngrı́mur, Sigurdsson. 1970. Íslenzk-ensk orðabók. Reykjavik: Prentsmiðjan Leiftur.
Bogason, Sigurður Örn. 1966. English-Icelandic Dictionary. Reykjavik: Isafoldarprentsmiðja.

GRAMMAR: Einarsson, Stefán. 1967. Icelandic: Grammar, Texts, Glossary. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Univ Press.

TEXTBOOKS:

Glendening, P. J. T. 1961. Teach Yourself Icelandic. London: English Universities Press.
TD: Jónsson, Snoebjörn. 1966. A Primer of Modern Icelandic. London: Oxford Univ Press.

OTHERSOURC:

Haugen, Einar. 1958. "The Phonemes of Modern Icelandic," Lg 34, 55-88.
Malone, Kemp. 1970. "The Phonemes of Modern Icelandic," in Studies in Honor of Albert Morey Sturtevant, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 5-21.
AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t t^h k k^h
f θ s h
v ð
m n ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p p^h t t^h k k^h

FRICATIVES: f v θ ð s h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i I Y ø ɛ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u ɔ

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

DIPHTHONGS: ui ei oi ou ai øi au

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4d 4
2 5d 5
3mfn 6mfn
politeness: 2 forms of 2: (1) intim [2 pol=5] (2) pol

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N N-POSS

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1860

LANGUAGE: Faroese

LOCATION: Netherlands (Faroe Islands)

POPULATION: 40,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: North

DICTIONARY: Svabo, J. C. 1966, 1970. Dictionarium Færoense. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

GRAMMAR: Lockwood, W. G. 1955. An Introduction to Modern Faroese. Copenhagen: Munksgaard.

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t̪^h k^h
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s ṣ š h
v
m n̪ ñ ŋ
    l̪ ʎ
    r

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h d̪ k^h ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v s ṣ š h

NASALS: m n̪ ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪ ʎ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ p b t d k ɡ f s m n l r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I Y ɛ œ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ↔ō ā ū ō

DIPHTHONGS: ɛa ɔa ʋY ɔu ʉu ai ɛi ɔi

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6mfn
politeness: 2 forms of 2: 2 intim/2 pol

SYNTAX: SVO AN NG/(GN) DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

PREPPOST: PREP