Типологическая база данных : Результат запроса

NUMBER: 1861

LANGUAGE: German

LOCATION: Germany

POPULATION: 100 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

DICTIONARY: Betteridge, Harold T., ed. 1958. The New Cassell's German Dictionary. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.

GRAMMAR: Lederer, Herbert. 1969. Reference Grammar of the German Language. New York: Charles Scribner's.

TEXTBOOKS: Lohnes, Walter F. W. and F. W. Strothmann. 1967. German: A Structural Approach. New York: Norton.

OTHERSOURC: Moulton, William G. 1962. The Sounds of English and German. Chicago: Univ of Chicago Press.

CONSONANTS:

p^h t̪^h k^h (ʔ)
b d̪ ɡ
p^f t̪^s
f s š x h
v z ž ʁ
m n̪ ŋ
l̪

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h d̪ k^h ɡ (ʔ)

AFFRICATES: p^f t̪^s

FRICATIVES: f v s z š ž x h

NASALS: m n̪ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: ʁ

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I Y ɛ œ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ȳ ē ↔ō ɛ̄ ū ō ɑ̄

DIPHTHONGS: ai oi au

STRESS: generally initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 1

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6 + indef
politeness: 2 & 5 each have familiar & polite forms; however 2 pol = 5 pol

SYNTAX: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1862

LANGUAGE: Yiddish

LOCATION: W Russia

POPULATION: 4 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

DICTIONARY: Bergman, Aaron. 1968. Student's Dictionary: English-Yiddish, Yiddish-English. New York: Kinderbuch.

GRAMMAR: Fal'kovich, E. M. 1966. "Evrejskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 599-629.

TEXTBOOKS: Weinreich, Uriel. 1967. College Yiddish. New York: Yivo Institute for Jewish Research.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s č
f s š x h
v z ž ʁ
m n
    l l^ɯ

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: t^s č

FRICATIVES: f v s z š ž x h

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l l^ɯ

VIBRANTS: ʁ

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I ɛ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ

DIPHTHONGS: aj ej oj

SYLLABLE: nˈ lˈ

STRESS: phonemic, but mostly penult

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6 + indef

SYNTAX: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: PREP

COMMENTS: In 1939 there were an estimated twelve million speakers of Yiddish, Hitler's massacre of the Jews during WWII, and the subsequent dispersal of East European Jews around the world (with consequent assimilation to various cultures and languages) has reduced the number to perhaps four million.

NUMBER: 1863

LANGUAGE: Luxembourgeois

LOCATION: Luxembourg

POPULATION: 390,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

OTHERSOURC: E

CONSONANTS:

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1864

LANGUAGE: Dutch

LOCATION: Netherlands

POPULATION: 20 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

DICTIONARY: Prick Van Wely, F. P. H. 1951. Cassell's English-Dutch, Dutch-English Dictionary. London: Cassell.

TEXTBOOKS:

Bloomfield, Leonard. 1944. Spoken Dutch. New York: Holt.
Shetter, Wiiliam Z. 1958. Introduction to Dutch. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Koolhoven, H. 1961. Dutch. New York: David McKay.

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d
    (č)
f s š x h
v z (ɣ) ʁ
m n ŋ
    l

STOPS: p b t d k

AFFRICATES: (č)

FRICATIVES: f v s z š x (ɣ) h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: ʁ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I ɛ œ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ȳ ē ↔ō ā ū ō

DIPHTHONGS: ɛi œi yu ɔu āi ōi ūi īu ēu

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: common (m+f) neuter

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6
politeness: 2 = 2fam; 5 = 2 pol & 5

SYNTAX: SOV/SVO AN NG/(GN) DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1865

LANGUAGE: Afrikaans

LOCATION: South Africa

POPULATION: 3 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

TEXTBOOKS: Burgers, M. P. O. 1957. Teach Yourself Afrikaans. London: The English Universities Press.

OTHERSOURC:

Pienaar, P. de V. and A. G. Hooper. 1948. An Afrikaans-English Phonetic Reader. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand Univ. Press.
AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d (ɡ)
    č
f s š x
v (z) ɦ
m n ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k (ɡ)

AFFRICATES: č

FRICATIVES: f v s (z) š x ɦ

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: ɛ œ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ȳ ē ↔ō ɛ̄ (↔ē) (ǝ̄) ā ū ō ɔ̄

DIPHTHONGS: ai āi ǝi ɔi ɔ̄i ui ōi ēu ou œy

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6
politeness: + 2 polite

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1866

LANGUAGE: Frisian

LOCATION: Netherlands (Frisian Islands)

POPULATION: 730,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
f s x h
    z
m n ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

FRICATIVES: f s z x h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all but ǝ

COMMENTS: Frisian, the language most closely related to English, has for some time been on the decline. All speakers are bilingual in Dutch or German.

NUMBER: 1867

LANGUAGE: English

DIALECT: British

LOCATION: England

POPULATION: 300 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

GRAMMAR: Quirk, Randolph and Sidney Greenbaum. 1973. A Concise Grammar of Contemporary English. New York : Harcount Brace Jovanovich.

OTHERSOURC:

Jones, Daniel. 1950. An Outline of English Phonetics. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons.
Gimson, A. C. 1962. An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English. London: Edward Arnold.
AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t^h k^h
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f θ s š h
v ð z ž
m n ŋ
    l
    ɹ̣

STOPS: p^h b t^h d k^h ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v θ ð s z š ž h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: ɹ̣

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I e æ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ ɐ

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɒ

LONGVOWELS: ī ǝ̄ ū ɔ̄ ɑ̄

DIPHTHONGS: eI aI ɔI oʋ ɑʋ Iǝ ɛǝ ʋa

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)

STRESS: phonemic, but largely predictable

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6
2=5
politeness: a few varieties of British English preserve a polite/intimate distinction for the 2 pronoun (i.e thou/you)

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1868

LANGUAGE: English

DIALECT: Scottish

LOCATION: Scotland

POPULATION: 300 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f θ s š x h
v ð z ž
m n ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v θ ð s z š ž x h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ʉ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ʌ

SYNTAX: SVO

NUMBER: 1869

LANGUAGE: English

DIALECT: West Canadian

LOCATION: W Canada

POPULATION: 300 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f θ s š h
v ð z ž
m n ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v θ ð s z š ž h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ā ū ō

SYNTAX: SVO

NUMBER: 1870

LANGUAGE: English

DIALECT: American

LOCATION: USA

POPULATION: 300 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Germanic: West

DICTIONARY: Guralnik, David B., ed. 1970. Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

GRAMMAR: Stageberg, Norman C. 1971. An Introductory English Grammar. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.

OTHERSOURC:

Kenyon, John Samuel. 1943. American Pronunciation. Ann Arbar: George Wahr.
Thomas, Charles Kenneth. 1958. An Introduction to the Phonetics of American English. New York: The Ronald Press.
King, Harold V. 1961. English Phonology. Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Publishers.
Bronstein, Arthur J. 1960. The Pronunciation of American English. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p^h t^h k^h
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f θ s š h hʷ
v ð z ž
m n ŋ
    l^ɯ
    ɹ̣

STOPS: p^h b t^h d k^h ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v θ ð s z š ž h hʷ

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l^ɯ

VIBRANTS: ɹ̣

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I ɛ æ

CENTRALVOW: (ɨ̄) ǝ ɐ a

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ ɑ

DIPHTHONGS: Ii eI aI ɔI oʋ ʋu aʋ

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1871

LANGUAGE: Old Prussian

LOCATION: NE Poland

POPULATION: extinct (c. 1700)

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Baltic: West

DICTIONARY: Toporov, V. N. 1975. Prusskij jazyk. Moscow: Nauka.

GRAMMAR: Schmalstieg, William R. 1974. An Old Prussian Grammar. University Park: Pennsyvania State Univ Press.

OTHERSOURC: Levin, Jules F. 1974. The Slavic Element in the Old Prussian Elbing Vocabulary. UCPL 77.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
(f) s̪ š (h)
v z̪ (ž)
m n̪
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

FRICATIVES: (f) v s̪ z̪ š (ž) (h)

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c^j all

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

DIPHTHONGS: ai au ei

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

ARTICLES: def indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6mf

SYNTAX: NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1872

LANGUAGE: Latvian

LOCATION: Latvia

POPULATION: 2 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Baltic: East

GRAMMAR: Grabis, R. 1966. "Latyshskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 466-99.

TEXTBOOKS: Lazdina, Tereza Budina. 1966. Teach Yourself Latvian. London: English Universities Press.

OTHERSOURC:

Grava, Arnolds. 1970. "Phonemic Inventory of Vowels and Diphthongs in Latvian," Linguistics 56, 31-51.
Al 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
    t^s (č)
    d^z ɡ̌
(f) s š x (h)
v z ž
m n ñ
    l ʎ
    r r^j

STOPS: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ

AFFRICATES: t^s d^z (č) ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: (f) v s z š ž x (h)

NASALS: m n ñ

LATERALS: l ʎ

VIBRANTS: r r^j

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ m n ñ l ʎ r j v

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I e æ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: ʋ (ɔ)

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ǣ ā ū

DIPHTHONGS: ai au ei ie ui uo (oi)

TONES: long-level falling ris-ʔ-fall

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
2=intim; 5=2 polite & 2 pl

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1873

LANGUAGE: Latvian

DIALECT: Lagalian

LOCATION: Latvia

POPULATION: 2 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Baltic: East

OTHERSOURC: Al 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t k ʔ
b d ɡ
    t^s č
    d^z ɡ̌
f s š (x) (h)
v z ž
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s d^z č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v s z š ž (x) (h)

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e æ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: ī ā ū

SYNTAX: SVO

NUMBER: 1874

LANGUAGE: Lithuanian

LOCATION: Lithuania

POPULATION: 3 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Baltic: East

DICTIONARY:

Laučka, A., B. Piesarskas and E. Stasiulevičiute. 1978. English Lithuanian Dictionary. Vilnius: Mokslas.

GRAMMAR:

Ambrazas, V. 1966. "Litovskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 501-27.
Peterson, M. N. 1955. Ocherk litovskogo jazyka. Moscow.

TEXTBOOKS: Dambriunas, Leonardas, Antanas Klimas and William R. Schmalstieg. 1966. Introdution to Modern Lithuanian. Brooklyn: Franciscan Fathers Press.

OTHERSOURC: Klimas, Antanas. 1970. "Some Attempts to Inventory Lithuanian Phonames," in Baltic Linguistics, ed. by Thomas F. Magner and William R. Schmalstieg, University Park, Penneylvania State Univ Press, 93-102.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s č
    d^z ɡ̌
(f) s š (x) h
v z ž
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: t^s d^z č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: (f) v s z š ž (x) h

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c^j all

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I ɛ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: ʋ o

LONGVOWELS: ī ē ǣ ā ū ō

DIPHTHONGS: ai au ei ie ui uo

SYLLABLE: (C) (C)V(N,L)

TONES: rls fall short

NOUNNUMBER: s (d) p

GENDER: m f

DEMONSTRAT: 3

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mf 6mf
2=intim; 5=2 polite & 2 pl

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1875

LANGUAGE: Russian

LOCATION: Russia

POPULATION: 150 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: East

DICTIONARY:

Smirnitsky, A. I. 1959. Russian-English Dictionary. New York: E. P. Dutton.
Müller, V. K. 1959. English-Russian Dictionary. New York: E. P. Dutton.

GRAMMAR:

Forbes, Nevill. 1964. Russian Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Panov, M. V. 1966. "Russkij jazyk," in JNS 1, 55-122.
Bidwell, Charles E. 1969. The Structure of Russian in Outline. Pittsburgh: Univ of Pittsburgh Press .

TEXTBOOKS:

Stilman, Galina, Leon Stilman and William E. Harkins. 1972. Introductory Russian Grammar. Lexington, Mass: Xerox.

OTHERSOURC:

Jones, Daniel and Dennis Ward. 1969. The Phonetics of Russian. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Auty, Robert and Dimitri Obolensky. 1977. An Introduction to Russian Language and Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s č
f s š x
v z ž
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: t^s č

FRICATIVES: f v s z š ž x

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c^j p b t d k f v s z m n l r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

DIPHTHONGS: ij ɨj ej aj oj uj

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)

STRESS: phonemic, but largely predictable

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6
2=intim, 5= 2pol + 2 pl

SYNTAX: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1876

LANGUAGE: Byelorussian

LOCATION: Belarus

POPULATION: 10 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: East

DICTIONARY:

Krapivy, K. K., ed. 1962. Belorussko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
Russko-belorusskij slovar'. 1953. Moscow
Birillo, N. Y., M. G. Bulaxov and M. R. Sudnik. 1966. "Belorusskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 154-93.

TEXTBOOKS: Pashkievich, V. 1974, 1978. Fundamental Byelorussian, 2 vols. Toronto.

OTHERSOURC:

Bidwell, Charles E. 1967. Outline of Bielorussian Morphology. Pittsburgh.
AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ (ɡ)
    t̪^s č
   (d^z) ɡ̌
(f) s̪ š x h
v z̪ ž
m n̪
    l̪
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k (ɡ)

AFFRICATES: t̪^s (d̪^z) č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: (f) v s̪ z̪ š ž x h

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ t^s d^z č s z š ž n l c^j all but t d t^s č ɡ̌ š ž r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6

SYNTAX: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1877

LANGUAGE: Ukrainian

LOCATION: Ukraine

POPULATION: 40 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: East

DICTIONARY:

Podvezko, M. L. and M. I. Balla. 1974. English-Ukrainian Dictionary. Kiev: Radyanska Shkola.
Andrusyshen, C. H. and J. N. Krett. 1957. Ukrainian-English Dictionary. Toronto: Univ of Toronto Press.

GRAMMAR: Beloded, I. K. and M. A. Zhovtobrjux. 1966. "Ukrainskij jazyk," in JNS 1, 123-53.

TEXTBOOKS:

Slavutych, Yar. 1969. Conversational Ukrainian. Edmonton: Gateway.

OTHERSOURC:

Bidwell, Charles E. 1971. Outline of Ukrainian Morphology. Pittsburgh: Univ Center for International Studies, Univ of Pittsburgh.
Chopyk, Dan B. 1973. "Variant Phonemic Systems of Contemporary Standard Ukrainian," Linguistics 98, 5-19.
AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s č
(d^z) ɡ̌
f s š x h
v z ž
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: t^s (d^z) č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v s z š ž x h

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c^j t d n s z t^s d^z l r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

STRESS: phonemic, but largely predictable

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6

SYNTAX: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1878

LANGUAGE: Polish

LOCATION: Poland

POPULATION: 35 million

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: West

DICTIONARY: Stanislawski, Jan. 1964. The Great English-Polish Dictionary. Warsaw: State Publishing House.

GRAMMAR: Brooks, Maria Zagorska. 1975. Polish Referece Grammar. The Hague: Mouton.

TEXTBOOKS: Schenker, Alexander M. 1973. Beginning Polish, 2 vols. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s č ć
    d̪^z ɡ̌ ɟ́
f s̪ š ś x
v z̪ ž ź
m n̪ ñ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s d̪^z č ɡ̌ ć ɟ́

FRICATIVES: f v s̪ z̪ š ž ś ź x

NASALS: m n̪ ñ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c^j p b k ɡ f v x m

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I ɛ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u ɔ

NASALVOWEL: (ɛ̃) ɔ̃

STRESS: penult

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6mM
M=non-masc

SYNTAX: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

PREPPOST: PREP

NUMBER: 1879

LANGUAGE: Kashubian

LOCATION: N Poland

POPULATION: 3,000

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: West

GRAMMAR:

GD: Perkowski, Jan Louis. 1969. A Kashubian Idiolect in the United States. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Stokhof, W. A. L. 1973. The Extinct East-Slovencian Kluki-Dialect. The Hague: Mouton.

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:8

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪^s č
    d̪^z ɡ̌
f s̪ š x
v z̪ ž
m n̪
    l
    r ř
ř is a voiced apical alveolar sibilant trill)

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s d̪^z č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f v s̪ z̪ š ž x

NASALS: m n̪

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r ř (voiced apical alveolar sibilant trill)

MODIFIEDCO: c^j p b f v m n l t d

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

NASALVOWEL: ẽ ã

STRESS: penult

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6

SYNTAX: SVO AN NG/(GN) DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: PREP

COMMENTS: all bilingual in Polish

NUMBER: 1880

LANGUAGE: Polabian

LOCATION: N Germany

POPULATION: extinct (c. 1740)

CLASSIFICA: Indo-Hittite: Indo-European: Slavic: West

DICTIONARY: Polań́ski, Kazimierz and james Allen Sehnert. 1967. Polabian-English Dictionary. The Hague: Mouton.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    t^s
    d^z
f s x
v z
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: t^s d^z

FRICATIVES: f v s z x

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c^j all but f

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø

CENTRALVOW: ǝ ɐ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɑ

NASALVOWEL: ã õ

DIPHTHONGS: ai ɑi oi au ɑu

STRESS: non-phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s d p

GENDER: m f n

ARTICLES: def

SYNTAX: SVO AN NG DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: PREP