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\data\typol\typology
NUMBER: 1921
LANGUAGE: Ingrian
LOCATION: NW Russia
POPULATION: 350
CLASSIFICA: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
GRAMMAR: Laanest, A. 1966. "Izhorskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 102-17.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    ts č
(f) s š h
v z ž
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES: ts č
FRICATIVES: (f) v s z š ž h
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: c̄ p t k s m n l r
GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø æ
BACKVOWELS: u o ɑ
LONGVOWELS: ̄v̄ all
DIPHTHONGS: ai æi oi øi ui yi ei au ou eu iu æy øy
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)
STRESS: initial
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 3
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SVO AN DN NUM-N POSS-N N-POSS
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: PREP/POST
NUMBER: 1922
LANGUAGE: Karelian
LOCATION: NW Russia
POPULATION: 128,000
CLASSIFICA: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
GRAMMAR: Makarov, G.N. 1966. "Karel'skij jazyk," in JNS 3, 61-80
CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ t̪j k
b d̪ d̪j ɡ
 (t̪s) č
    ɡ̌
(f) s̪ s̪j š (x) h
v z̪ z̪j ž
m n̪ n̪j
    l̪ l̪j
    r rj

STOPS: p b t̪ t̪j d̪ d̪j k ɡ
AFFRICATES: (t̪s) č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: (f) v s̪ s̪j z̪ z̪j š ž (x) h
NASALS: m n̪ n̪j
LATERALS: l̪ l̪j
VIBRANTS: r rj
MODIFIEDCO: c̄ p t tj k č sj š m n nj l lj r rj
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø æ
BACKVOWELS: u o ɑ
LONGVOWELS: (v̄)
DIPHTHONGS: diphthonɡs triphthonɡs
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)
STRESS: initial
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 2+ref
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3ai 6ai

SYNTAX: AN DN NUM-N N-POSS
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: PREP/POST
NUMBER: 1923
LANGUAGE: Olonets
ALTERNATEN: Livvi
LOCATION: NW Russia
POPULATION: 80,000
CLASSIFICA: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
CONSONANTS:

   




ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 1924
LANGUAGE: Ludic
ALTERNATEN: Ludian
LOCATION: NW Russia
CLASSIFICA: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
CONSONANTS:

   




ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 1925
LANGUAGE: Vepsian
LOCATION: NW Russia (Karelian ASSR)
POPULATION: 30,000
CLASSIFICA: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
DICTIONARY: Zajtseva, M.I. and M.I. Mullonen. 1972. Slovar' vepsskogo jazyka. Leningrad: Nauka.
GRAMMAR: Xjamjaljajnen, M.M. 1966. "Vepsskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 81-101.
CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪s č
    (ɡ̌)
f s̪ š
v z̪ ž ɦ
m n̪
    l̪
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: t̪s č (ɡ̌)
FRICATIVES: f v s̪ z̪ š ž ɦ
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: l̪
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄ p t k s l m n
cj all but č š ž

GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø æ
BACKVOWELS: u o ɑ
DIPHTHONGS: ai ei ij oi ui æi øi yi au ou uw æu øu yu
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)(C)(C)
STRESS: initial
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 2
PRONOUNS:

   1 4ie*
2 5ie*
3 6ie*
*Vepsian has a special set of plural pronouns indicating membership in a group (e.g. family, home, village) (i.e. exclusive?) as opposed to the plain (inclusive?) forms.

SYNTAX: SVO/SOV AN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: PREP/POST
NUMBER: 1926
LANGUAGE: Votic
LOCATION: NW Russia
POPULATION: 100
CLASSIFICA: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
GRAMMAR:

   Adler, E. 1966. "Vodskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 118-37.
Ariste, Paul. 1968. A Grammar of the Votic Language. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    t̪s č
(ɡ̌)
(f) s̪ (š) (x) h
v z̪ (ž)
m n̪
    l̪
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: t̪s č (ɡ̌)
FRICATIVES: (f) v s̪ z̪ (š) (ž) (x) h
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: l̪
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄ p t k ts č f v s z š ž m n l r j
cj t d s z n l r

GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø æ
CENTRALVOW: (ɨ) ǝ
BACKVOWELS: u o ɑ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
DIPHTHONGS: ai oi ui ǝi æi ei øi yi au ou ǝu eu iu iæ yæ æy ey øy ua ǝa ia æu iy
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C)
STRESS: initial
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 2
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/(N-POSS)
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: PREP/POST
NUMBER: 1927
LANGUAGE: Estonian
LOCATION: Estonian
POPULATION: 1 million
CLASSIFICA: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
DICTIONARY:

   Silvet, J. 1970. Eesti-inglise sõnaraamat. Tallinn: Kirjastus Eesti Raamat.
Silvet, J. 1956. Inglise-eesti sõnaraamat. Toronto: Eesti Kirjastus Orto.

GRAMMAR:

   Harms, Robert T. 1962. Estonian Grammar. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Ruan, Alo and Andrus Saareste. 1965. Introduction to Estonian Linguistics. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Kask, A.X. 1966. "Estonskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 35-60.

TEXTBOOKS: Oinas, Felix J. 1966. Basic Course in Estonian. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
CONSONANTS:

   p t tj k
(f) s sj (š) h
v
m n nj
    l lj
    r

STOPS: p t tj k
FRICATIVES: (f) v s sj (š) h
NASALS: m n nj
LATERALS: l lj
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   c̄ (lonɡ) all
c̄̄ (overlonɡ) all

GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø æ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u o ɤ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ (lonɡ) all, v̄̄ (overlonɡ) all
DIPHTHONGS: diphthonɡs
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)
STRESS: initial
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 2
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2* 5
3 6
*Politeness: 2 intim & 2 pol [2 pol = 5]

SYNTAX: SVO [At an earlier period the basic word order was SOV] AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: (PREP)/POST
NUMBER: 1928
LANGUAGE: Livonian
ALTERNATEN: Liv
LOCATION: Latvia
POPULATION: 500
CLASSIFICA: Uralic: Finno-Ugric: Finnic: North Finnic: Baltic Finnic
DICTIONARY: Kettunen, Lauri. 1938. Livisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
GRAMMAR: Vjaari, E.E. 1966. "Livskij jazyk," in JNS 3, 138-54.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    ts č
    dz ɡ̌
(f) s š
v z ž
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES: ts dz č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: (f) v s z š ž
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: c̄ all but dz ɡ̌ w
GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i e æ
CENTRALVOW: ǝ ɵ
BACKVOWELS: u o ɑ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all but e o
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)(C)(C)
STRESS: initial
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 1
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SVO AN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: (PREP)/POST
NUMBER: 1929
LANGUAGE: Proto-Altaic
LOCATION: Asia
CLASSIFICA: Altaic
OTHERSOURC: Tsintsius, V.I. 1975. "On the Pre-Altaic System of Consonants," in Researches in Altaic Languages, ed. by Louis Ligeti, 299-306.
CONSONANTS:

   p ph t th k kh
b d ɡ
    č čh
    ɡ̌
    s
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p ph b t th d k kh ɡ
AFFRICATES: č čh ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: s
NASALS: m n ñ ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y ɛ œ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o
LONGVOWELS: v̄ The existance of v̄ in Altaic is a matter of dispute.
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 1930
LANGUAGE: Proto-Turkic
LOCATION: C Asia
CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Turkic
GRAMMAR: Menges, Karl H. 1968. The Turkic Languages and Peoples. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k q
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
    s̪ š
    z̪ ɣ
m n̪ ñ ŋ
    l̪ lɯ
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q
AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: s̪ z̪ š ɣ
NASALS: m n̪ ñ ŋ
LATERALS: l̪ lɯ
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j w
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y ɛ œ
CENTRALVOW: a
BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 3
PRONOUNS:

    1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: AN GN
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: /POST
NUMBER: 1931
LANGUAGE: Old Turkic
LOCATION: Mongolia
POPULATION: (+)c.700 A.D.
CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Turkic
GRAMMAR: Tekin, Talaflt. 1968. A Grammar of Orkhon Turkic. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    s̪ š
    z̪
m n̪ ñ ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: č
FRICATIVES: s̪ z̪ š
NASALS: m n̪ ñ ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: c̄
GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y (e) ø æ
BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o ɑ
LONGVOWELS: i y e ø u ɯ o ɑ
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)(C)
STRESS: final
NOUNNUMBER: [pl is usually not indicated, though pl suffixes exist and are sometimes used for humans]
DEMONSTRAT: 2
PRONOUNS:

    1 4
2 5
*3

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: /POST
COMMENTS: Old Turkic (=Orkhon Turkic) was the official language of the second East Turkic Empire (c. 680-740 AD).
NUMBER: 1932
LANGUAGE: Chuvash
LOCATION: W Russia (Chuvash SSR)
POPULATION: 1.7 million
CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Turkic: Bolgar
DICTIONARY:

   Ashmarin, N.I. 1928-50. Slovar' chuvashskogo jazyka. Kazan'.
Egorov, V.G. 1972. Russko-chuvashkij slovar'. Cheboksary.

GRAMMAR:

   Krueger, John R. 1961. Chuvash Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Andreev, I.A. 1966. "Chuvashskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 43-65.

OTHERSOURC: Krueger, John R. 1962. "Morphophonemic Change in Chuvash Verb Stems," in ASAL, 129-40.
CONSONANTS:

    p t k
(b) (d) (ɡ)
    (ts) č
(f) s š χ
v (z) (ž)
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p (b) t (d) k (ɡ)
AFFRICATES: (ts) č
FRICATIVES: (f) v s (z) š (ž) χ
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO:

   cj ?
c̄ all

GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

    i y ɯ u
e ǝ ɤ (o)
    ɑ

FRONTVOWEL: i y e
CENTRALVOW: ǝ
BACKVOWELS: u ɯ (o) ɤ ɑ
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)(C)
STRESS: final (non-reduced) vowel
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 4+ref
PRONOUNS:

    1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: /POST
NUMBER: 1933
LANGUAGE: Khalaj
LOCATION: C Iran
POPULATION: 20,000
CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
OTHERSOURC:

   Doerfer, Gerhard. 1971. Khalaj Materials. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
WALS

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    (ɡ̌)
(f) s š h
v z (ž)
m n̪
    l
    ɾ

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: č (ɡ̌)
FRICATIVES: (f) v s z š (ž) h
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: ɾ
MODIFIEDCO: c̄
GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y œ æ
BACKVOWELS: u ɔ ɑ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ œ u ɔ only
DIPHTHONGS: diphthonɡs
SYNTAX: SOV
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
NUMBER: 1934
LANGUAGE: Gagauz
LOCATION: E Rumania
POPULATION: 157,000
CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
DICTIONARY: Gajdarzhi, G.A. et al. 1973. Gagauzsko-russko-moldavskij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija.
GRAMMAR:

   Pokrovskaja, L.A. 1964. Grammatika gagauzskogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.
Pokrovskaja, L.A. 1966. "Gagauzskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 112-38.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k
b d̪ ɡ
   (t̪s) č
    ɡ̌
f s̪ š (x) h
v z̪ (ž)
m n̪
    l̪
    r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: (t̪s) č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f v s̪ z̪ š (ž) (x) h
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: l̪
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: c̄
GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø æ
BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o ɤ ɑ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
DIPHTHONGS: diphthonɡs
SYLLABLE: (C)(C)(C)V(C)(C)
STRESS: final
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: indef
PRONOUNS:

    1 4
2* 5*
*3* *6*
*Politeness: a polite/plain distinction for 2 3 5 6

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+N
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: /POST
NUMBER: 1935
LANGUAGE: Turkish
LOCATION: Turkey
POPULATION: 40 million
CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
DICTIONARY:

   Alderson, A.D. and Fahir Iz, eds. 1959. The Concise Oxford Turkish Dictionary. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

GRAMMAR:

   Swift, Lloyd B. 1963. A Reference Grammar of Modern Turkish. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Lewis, G.L. 1967. Turkish Grammar. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

TEXTBOOKS: Underhill, Robert. 1976. Turkish Grammar. Cambridge: MIT Press.
CONSONANTS:

   ph t̪h (ch) kh (ʔ)
b d̪ (ɟ) ɡ
    čh
    ɡ̌
f s š h
v z ž
m n̪
    l lɯ
    ɾ

STOPS: ph b t̪h d̪ (ch) (ɟ) kh ɡ (ʔ)
AFFRICATES: čh ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f v s z š (ž) h
NASALS: m n̪
LATERALS: l lɯ
VIBRANTS: ɾ
MODIFIEDCO: c̄
GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: I Y ɛ œ
BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o ɑ
LONGVOWELS: v̄ all
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)(C)
STRESS: usually final
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 3
ARTICLES: indef
PRONOUNS:

    1 4
2* 5
*3 *6
Politeness: 2 pol&2 intim(5 = 2 pol)

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: /POST
NUMBER: 1936
LANGUAGE: Crimean Turkish
LOCATION: Uzbekistan
CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
GRAMMAR: Sevortjan, E.V. 1966. "Krymsko-tatarskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 234-59.
CONSONANTS:

   p t k q
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s š x
v z ž ʁ
m n N
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ q
AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f v s z š ž x ʁ
NASALS: m n N
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø
BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o ɑ
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)(C)
STRESS: final
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 3+ref
ARTICLES: indef
PRONOUNS:

   1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+A+N
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: /POST
NUMBER: 1937
LANGUAGE: Turkmen
LOCATION: Turkmenistan
POPULATION: 2 million
CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
DICTIONARY: Baskakov, N.A. and M.J. Xamzaev. 1956. Russko-turkmenskij slovar'. Moscow.
GRAMMAR:

   Azimov, P., D. Amansaryev and K. Saryev. 1966. "Turkmenskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 91-111.
Baskakov, N.A., M.J. Xamzaev and B. Charyjarov, eds. 1970. Grammatika turkmenskogo jazyka. Ashxaban: Ylym.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
   (ts) č
    ɡ̌
ɸ s š h
β z ž
m n ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ
AFFRICATES: (ts) č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: ɸ β s z š ž h
NASALS: m n ŋ
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: c̄
GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø
CENTRALVOW: ɨ
BACKVOWELS: u o ɑ
LONGVOWELS: i y ø æ ɨ u o ɑ
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)(C)
STRESS: final
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: indef
PRONOUNS:

    1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: /POST
NUMBER: 1938
LANGUAGE: Turkmen
DIALECT: Chagatay
LOCATION: Turkmenistan
POPULATION: extinct
CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
GRAMMAR: GD: Eckmann, János. 1966. Chagatay Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k q ʔ
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
f s̪ š χ h
v z̪ ž ʁ
m n̪ N
    l̪ lɯ
    r̪ r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q ʔ
AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: f v s̪ z̪ š ž χ ʁ h
NASALS: m n̪ N
LATERALS: l̪ lɯ
VIBRANTS: r̪ r
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø æ
BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o ɑ
LONGVOWELS: v̄
MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)(C)
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: indef
PRONOUNS:

    1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS Num+A+N
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: (PREP)/POST
NUMBER: 1939
LANGUAGE: Azerbaijani
ALTERNATEN: Azari
LOCATION: Azerbaijan
POPULATION: 7 million
CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
DICTIONARY:

   Dzhafarov, S. 1959. Leksika sovremenogo azerbajdzhanskogo jazyka, Baku.

GRAMMAR:

   Gadzhieva, N.Z. 1966. "Azerbajdzhanskij jazyk," JNS 2, 66-90.
Shiraliev, M.S. and E.V. Sevortjan, eds. 1971. Grammatika azerbajdzhanskogo jazyka. Baku: Elm.

TEXTBOOKS: Householder, Fred W. 1965. Basic Course in Azerbaijani. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
OTHERSOURC: Alekperov, A.K. 1971. Fonematicheskaja sistema sovremennogo azerbajdzhanskogo jazyka. Baku: Elm.
CONSONANTS:

   p t c k
b d ɟ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
(f) s š χ h
v z ž ʁ
m n
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d c ɟ k ɡ
AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES: (f) v s z š ž χ ʁ h
NASALS: m n
LATERALS: l
VIBRANTS: r
MODIFIEDCO: c̄
GLIDES: j
VOWELS:

   

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø æ
BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o ɑ
LONGVOWELS: (v̄)
SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)(C)
STRESS: final
NOUNNUMBER: s p
DEMONSTRAT: 2
ARTICLES: indef?
PRONOUNS:

    1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS
ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST: /POST
NUMBER: 1940
LANGUAGE: Qashqay
LOCATION: SW Iran (Fars)
POPULATION: 1.5 million
CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Southern
CONSONANTS:

   




ERGATIVE:
PREPPOST:
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