Типологическая база данных : Результат запроса

NUMBER: 1961

LANGUAGE: Chulym

LOCATION: SC Russia (Chulym River)

POPULATION: 48,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai

DICTIONARY: Dul'zon, A.P. 1966. "Chulymsko-tjurkskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 446-66.

CONSONANTS:

p b t d k ɡ q ʔ
t^s d^z
β s z š ž ç x ɣ
m m̥ n ŋ
l l̥ l^ɯl̥^ɯ
r r̥

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ q ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s d^z

FRICATIVES: β s z š ž ç x ɣ

NASALS: m m̥ n ŋ

LATERALS: l l̥ l^ɯl̥^ɯ

VIBRANTS: r r̥

MODIFIEDCO: c^j

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i Y e ø ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ ɵ a

BACKVOWELS: u ʋ o ɑ

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all but ǝ ɵ ʋ

DIPHTHONGS: ɑj aj oj uj ɨj ʋj ɛj ou ua uɑ uʋ ye ie

STRESS: final

NOUNNUMBER: s p

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1962

LANGUAGE: Shor

LOCATION: SC Russia (Khakas A.O.)

POPULATION: 15,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai

GRAMMAR: Babushkin, G.F. and G.I. Donidze. 1966. "Shorskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 467-81.

CONSONANTS:

p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q G
(t̪^s) č ɡ̌
(f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž (x)
m n̪ ŋ
l̪̪
r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ q G

AFFRICATES: (t̪^s) č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: (f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž (x)

NASALS: m n̪ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø

BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o ɑ

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)(C)

STRESS: final

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 4 [this/that there/that present/that absent]

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1963

LANGUAGE: Tuva

ALTERNATEN: Tuvan

LOCATION: SC Russia (Tuva ASSR)

POPULATION: 137,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai

DICTIONARY:

Pal'mbax, A.A., ed. 1953. Russko-tuvinskij slovar'. Moscow.
Pal'mbax, A.A., ed. 1955. Tuvinsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.

GRAMMAR:

GD: Krueger, John R. 1977. Tuvan Manual. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Sat, S.C. 1966. "Tuvinskij jazyk," in JNS 2, 387-402.
Isxakov, F.G. and A.A. Pal'mbax. 1961. Grammatika tuvinskogo jazyka.

CONSONANTS:

p b t̪ d̪ k (Russian sources also give p^h and t^h)
(t^s) č
(f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž ɣ χ ʁ (h)
m n̪ ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k (Russian sources also give p^h and t^h)

AFFRICATES: (t^s) č

FRICATIVES: (f) (v) s̪ z̪ š ž ɣ χ ʁ (h)

NASALS: m n̪ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y ɛ œ

BACKVOWELS: u ɯ ɔ ɑ

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

NASALVOWEL: (ṽ)

MODIFIEDVO: v̰(pharynɡealized) all

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)(C)

STRESS: final

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1964

LANGUAGE: Karagas

ALTERNATEN: Tofa

LOCATION: Russia

POPULATION: 560

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Turkic: Common Turkic: Northern: Tuva-Altai

DICTIONARY: Rassadin, V.I. 1971. Fonetika i leksika tofalarskogo jazyka. Ulan-Ude: Burjatskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.

CONSONANTS:

p b t d k ɡ q G ʔ
č ɡ̌
v s z š ž ɣ ʁ h
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ q G ʔ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: v s z š ž ɣ ʁ h

NASALS: m n ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y ɛ œ

BACKVOWELS: u ɯ ɔ ɑ

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

MODIFIEDVO: v̰ (pharynɡealized) all

DEMONSTRAT: 3

ARTICLES: indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4d 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: AN GN

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1965

LANGUAGE: Classical Mongolian

LOCATION: Mongolia

POPULATION: (+) c.1600 AD

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Mongolian

GRAMMAR:

Poppe, Nicholas. 1964. Grammar of Written Mongolian. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.
Grønbech, Kaare and John R. Krueger. 1976. An Introduction to Classical (Literary) Mongolian. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

CONSONANTS:

(p) b t d k ɡ q
č ɡ̌
(v) s š ɣ (h)
m n
l
r

STOPS: (p) b t d k ɡ q

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: (v) s š ɣ (h)

NASALS: m n

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ʉ ɵ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p [pl not as comon as in other languages]

DEMONSTRAT: 2

ARTICLES: indef

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1966

LANGUAGE: Moghol

ALTERNATEN: Moghol

DIALECT: Herat

LOCATION: Afghanistan (Herat)

POPULATION: 50,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Mongolian: Western

GRAMMAR: Weiers, Michael. 1972. Die Sprache der Moghol der Provinz Herat in Afghanistan. Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag.

CONSONANTS:

p b t d k ɡ q (ʔ)
č ɡ̌
f s (z) š x ʁ (h)
m n ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ q (ʔ)

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f s (z) š x ʁ (h)

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j (w)

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV GN/NG DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1967

LANGUAGE: Dagur

ALTERNATEN: Daur

LOCATION: NE China

POPULATION: 50,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Dagur

OTHERSOURC: WALS

CONSONANTS:

SYNTAX: SOV

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1968

LANGUAGE: Monguor

ALTERNATEN: Mangghuer, Tu

LOCATION: China (W Kansu)

POPULATION: 60,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Monguor

GRAMMAR: Smedt, A. de and A. Mostaert. 1945. Le dialecte monguor. Peking: The Catholic Univ. [Reprinted 1964 by Indiana Univ., Bloomington]

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h q
t^s t^s^h ṭ^s ṭ^s^h č č^h
f s̪ ṣ ẓ š χ
m n ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h q

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h ṭ^s ṭ^s^h č č^h

FRICATIVES: f s̪ ṣ ẓ š χ

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ɛ æ

CENTRALVOW: ʉ ɵ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄

NASALVOWEL: ṽ: æ a o

STRESS: final

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1969

LANGUAGE: Yellow Uighur

ALTERNATEN: West Yugur

LOCATION: China (NW Gansu)

POPULATION: 4,600

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Monguor

CONSONANTS:

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1970

LANGUAGE: Pao-an

ALTERNATEN: Baonan

DIALECT: Tung-hsiang

LOCATION: China (Kansu)

POPULATION: 250,000 (160,000)

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Monguor

GRAMMAR: Todaeva, B.X. 1961. Dunsjanskij jazyk. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo Vostochnoj literatury.

CONSONANTS:

p^h b t^h d c^h ɟ ɡ q^h
č^h ɡ̌
f (v) s (z) š x h
m n ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p^h b t^h d c^h ɟ ɡ q^h

AFFRICATES: č^h ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f (v) s (z) š x h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o ɑ

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1971

LANGUAGE: Santa

LOCATION: China (SW Gansu)

POPULATION: 374,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Monguor

OTHERSOURC: WALS

CONSONANTS:

SYNTAX: SOV

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1972

LANGUAGE: Oirat

LOCATION: China

POPULATION: 518,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Oirat-Kalmyk

OTHERSOURC: WALS

CONSONANTS:

SYNTAX: SOV

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1973

LANGUAGE: Kalmyk

LOCATION: SW Russia (Kalmyk ASSR)

POPULATION: 253,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Oirat-Kalmyk

DICTIONARY:

Ramstedt, G.J. 1935. Kalmückisches Wörterbuch. Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
Ilishkin, I., ed. 1964. Russko-kalmyyskij slovar'. Moscow

GRAMMAR: Todaeva, B.X. 1968. "Kalmytskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 34-52.

OTHERSOURC:

Street, John C. 1962. "Kalmyk Shwa," in ASAL, 263-91.
Badmaev, B.B. 1966. Grammatika Kalmytskogo jazyka: morfologija. Elista: Kalmytskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.

CONSONANTS:

(p) b t d k ɡ
t^s č ɡ̌
β (f) s z š (ž) x ɣ
m n ŋ
l
r

STOPS: (p) b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: t^s č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: β (f) s z š (ž) x ɣ

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø æ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ

BACKVOWELS: u o ɑ

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all but ǝ

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1974

LANGUAGE: Buriat

LOCATION: SE Russia (Buryat ASSR)

POPULATION: 350,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Khalkha-Buriat

DICTIONARY:

Cheremisov, K.M. 1973. Burjatsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow: Sovetskaja Entsiklopedija.
Sanzheev, G.D. Grammatika burjatskogo jazyka'. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo vostochnoj literatury.

GRAMMAR:

Bosson, James E. 1962. Buriat Reader. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Bertagaev, T.A. 1968. "Burjatskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 13-33.

OTHERSOURC: Buraev, I.D., T.P. Bazheeva and E.S. Pavlova. 1975. Atlas zvukov burjatskogo jazyka. Ulan-Ude: Burjatskoe Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo.

CONSONANTS:

(p) b t d (k) ɡ
(t^s) (č)
(f) (v) s z š ž x h
m n ŋ
l
r

STOPS: (p) b t d (k) ɡ

AFFRICATES: (t^s) (č)

FRICATIVES: (f) (v) s z š ž x h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c^j ?

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I y ɛ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ

LONGVOWELS: i y ø ɛ u ɔ ɑ

DIPHTHONGS: æɛ ɔɛ ʋI yi

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: initial, or on first long vowel

NOUNNUMBER: s [p]

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1975

LANGUAGE: Khalkha

LOCATION: Mongolia

POPULATION: 1 million

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Khalkha-Buriat

DICTIONARY:

Lessing, F.D. et al. 1960. Mongolian-English Dictionary. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
Hangin, John G. 1970. A Concise English-Mongolian Dictionary. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.

GRAMMAR:

Street, John C. 1963. Khalkha Structure. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Bosson, James E. 1964. Modern Mongolian: A Primer and Reader. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Poppe, Nicholas. 1970. Mongolian Language Handbook. Washington, D.C.: CAL.

TEXTBOOKS: Hangin, John G. 1968. Basic Course in Mongolian. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.

CONSONANTS:

   (p^h) t̪^h (k^h)
   b d̪ ɡ
    t^sh č^h
    d^z ɡ̌
(ɸ) s š x
β
m n̪ ŋ
    l̪ (ɬ)
    r

STOPS: (p^h) b t̪^h d̪ (k^h) ɡ

AFFRICATES: t^s^h d^z č^h ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: (ɸ) β s š x

NASALS: m n̪ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪ (ɬ)

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

i ʉ u
e ǝ ɵ o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ʉ ǝ ɵ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄: all but ǝ

DIPHTHONGS: ae oe ʉi ia io iu ui

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p [pl used less than in Western languages]

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4[ie]
2 5
*3 *6
*Politeness: pol/fam (2) [2 pol=5]

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS D+Num+A+N

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1976

LANGUAGE: Khorchin

LOCATION: China

POPULATION: 900,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Khalkha-Buriat

OTHERSOURC:

Bosson, James and B. Unensečen. 1962. "Some Notes on the Dialect of the Khorchin Mongols," in ASAL, 23-44.
E

CONSONANTS:

p^h b t̪^h d̪ ɟ ɡ

s̪ š h
m n̪ ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h d̪ ɟ ɡ

FRICATIVES: s̪ š h

NASALS: m n̪ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e ø

CENTRALVOW: ǝ ɵ

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ ɑ

LONGVOWELS: i y e ø ǝ ɵ u o ɔ ɑ

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1977

LANGUAGE: Ordos

LOCATION: China (Sui Yang)

POPULATION: 375,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Mongolian: Eastern: Oirat-Khalkha: Khalkha-Buriat

DICTIONARY: Mostaert, Antoine 1941. Dictionnaire ordos. Peking: The Catholic Univ. [Reprinted 1968 by Johnson Reprinted, New York]

GRAMMAR: Soulié, G. 1903. Éléments de grammaire mongole (dialecte ordoss). Paris: Ernest Leroux.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h b t t^h k k^h ɡ q G
t^s č č^h k^x
f s z š ž x ɣ χ ʁ
m n ŋ
l l̥
r r̥

STOPS: p p^h b t t^h k k^h ɡ q G

AFFRICATES: t^s č č^h k^x

FRICATIVES: f s z š ž x ɣ χ ʁ

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l l̥

VIBRANTS: r r̥

GLIDES: j w w̥

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø œ æ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o ɑ

LONGVOWELS: v̄

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN NUM-N POSS-N

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1978

LANGUAGE: Even

LOCATION: NE Russia (NE Yakut ASSR)

POPULATION: 9,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Northern

DICTIONARY:

Tsintsius, V.I. and L.D. Rishes. 1952. Russko-evenskij slovar'. Moscow.
GD: Benzing, J. 1955. Lamutische Grammatik mit Bibliographie, Sprachproben und Glossar. Wiesbaden.

GRAMMAR:

Novikova, K.A. 1960. Ocherki dialektov evenskogo jazyka. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Novikova K.A. 1968. "Evenskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 88-108.
Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Das Lamutische," in Altaistik, vol 3, 92-129.

CONSONANTS:

   p t k
b d ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
    s h
v
m n ñ ŋ
    l
    r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: v s h

NASALS: m n ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ t d k č n ŋ r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

i u
e ǝ o

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ i e u o

MODIFIEDVO:

ḭ æ̰
ḭ̄ ā̰ ǣ̰
a̤ ṳ o̤
ṳ̄ ō̤
(v̰ = 'hard' vowel: all vowels belong to either the hard or soft series. Compared to soft vowels, hard vowels: (1) are drawn back, (2) more tense, (3) have a lower timbre and in some dialects (4) are pharyngealized)

DIPHTHONGS: ie iæ

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: on last v̄, if no v̄, on last v

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1979

LANGUAGE: Negidal

LOCATION: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai)

POPULATION: 350

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Northern

GRAMMAR: Kolesnikova, V.D. and O.A. Konstantinova. 1968. "Negidal'skij jazyk," in JNS 5, 109-28.

CONSONANTS:

p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
(f) s x
m n ñ ŋ
l

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: (f) s x

NASALS: m n ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e æ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ ɵ

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

LONGVOWELS: i I e æ ɵ a u o ɔ

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1980

LANGUAGE: Evenki

ALTERNATEN: Khamnigan

LOCATION: E Russia (Yakut ASSR)

POPULATION: 32,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Northern

DICTIONARY:

Vasilevich, G.M. 1958. Evenkijsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.
Kolesnikova, V.D. and O.A. Konstantinova. 1960. Russko-evenkijskij slovar'. Leningrad.

GRAMMAR:

Konstantinova. O.A. 1968. "Evenkijskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 68-87.
Konstantinova, O.A. 1964. Evenkijskij jazyk. Moscow.
Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Das Ewenki," in Altaistik, vol 3, 42-92.

OTHERSOURC: Kolesnikova, V.D. 1966. Sintaksis evenkijskogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.

CONSONANTS:

p b t d k ɡ
(t^s) č ɡ̌
β (f) s (z) (š) (ž) x
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: (t^s) č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: β (f) s (z) (š) (ž) x

NASALS: m n ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i æ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: i e æ ǝ u o

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST