Типологическая база данных : Результат запроса

NUMBER: 1981

LANGUAGE: Solon

LOCATION: E Russia (E Siberia)

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Northern

CONSONANTS:

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1982

LANGUAGE: Manegir

LOCATION: E Russia (E Siberia)

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Northern

CONSONANTS:

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1983

LANGUAGE: Orochon

LOCATION: E Russia (E Siberia)

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Northern

CONSONANTS:

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1984

LANGUAGE: Ju-chen

LOCATION: E Russia (E Siberia)

POPULATION: extinct

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southwestern

CONSONANTS:

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1985

LANGUAGE: Manchu

LOCATION: NW China (Sinkiang)

POPULATION: 27,000 (50)

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southwestern

GRAMMAR:

Pashkov, B.K. 1963. Manchzhurskij jazyk. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo vostochnoj literatury.
Sinor, Denis. 1968. "La langue mandjoue," in Altaistik, vol 3, 257-80.

OTHERSOURC: Austin, William M. 1962. "The Phonemics and Morphophonemics of Manchu," in ASAL, 15-22.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h
č č^h
f v s̪ (z̪) š (ž) x
m n̪ ŋ
l̪
r

STOPS: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h

AFFRICATES: č č^h

FRICATIVES: f v s̪ (z̪) š (ž) x

NASALS: m n̪ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɵ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

DIPHTHONGS: aj oj ej uj

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: non-phonemic

NOUNNUMBER: s p [pl suffix only used for humans, living things, kin terms, etc]

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1986

LANGUAGE: Manchu

ALTERNATEN: Xibe

DIALECT: Sibe

LOCATION: China (Xinjiang)

POPULATION: 27,000 (27,000)

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southwestern

OTHERSOURC:

Norman, Jerry. n.d. "Swadesh List in Manchu and Sibe," Unicorn 3, 89-98. Princeton: Chinese Linguistics Project.
Norman, Jerry. 1974. "A Sketch of Sibe Morphology," Central Asiatic Journal 18, 159-74.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t t^h k k^h q
č č^h q^χ
f v s (š) x χ
m n ŋ N
l
ɾ

STOPS: p p^h t t^h k k^h q

AFFRICATES: č č^h q^χ

FRICATIVES: f v s (š) x χ

NASALS: m n ŋ N

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: ɾ

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄

DIPHTHONGS: ai au ia ua ǝi ǝu iɛ yɛ oi io ui

STRESS: penult

NOUNNUMBER: s [p] [pl generally limited to humans]

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1987

LANGUAGE: Akani

LOCATION: E Russia (E Siberia)

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj

CONSONANTS:

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1988

LANGUAGE: Birar

LOCATION: E Russia (E Siberia)

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj

CONSONANTS:

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1989

LANGUAGE: Gold

LOCATION: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai)

POPULATION: 7,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj

DICTIONARY:

Onenko, S.N. 1959. Russko-nanajskij slovar'. Leningrad.
Petrova, T.I. 1960. Nanajsko-russkij slovar'. Leningrad.

GRAMMAR:

Avrorin, V.A. 1959, 1961. Grammatika nanajskogo jazyka, 2 vols. Moscow: Academy of Sciences.
Avrorin, V.A. 1968. "Nanajskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 129-48.
Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Die Sprache der Nānaj (Goldi)," in Altaistik, vol 3, 171-246.

CONSONANTS:

p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
s x
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: s x

NASALS: m n ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i ḛ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a̰

BACKVOWELS: u o̰

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

NASALVOWEL: ṽ all

DIPHTHONGS:

iǝ iu ia io ǝu ǝi ai ao ui uǝ oi oa
iǝ̃ iũ iã iõ ǝũ ǝĩ aĩ aõ uĩ uǝ̃ oĩ oã

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: final

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1990

LANGUAGE: Kile

LOCATION: E Russia (E Siberia)

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj

CONSONANTS:

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1991

LANGUAGE: Olcha

LOCATION: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai)

POPULATION: 2,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj

GRAMMAR: Sunik, O.P. 1968. "Ul'chskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 149-71.

CONSONANTS:

p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
(f) v s x
m n ñ ŋ
l
(r)

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: (f) v s x

NASALS: m n ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: (r)

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: final

NOUNNUMBER: s [p] [pl suffix exists, but is not usually used]

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1992

LANGUAGE: Orok

LOCATION: SE Russia (Saxalin Is.)

POPULATION: 400

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj

GRAMMAR:

Petrova, T.I. 1967. Jazyk orokov (ul'ta). Leningrad: Nauka.
Petrova, T.I. 1968. "Orokskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 172-90.

OTHERSOURC: Ikegami, J. 1956. "The Substantive Inflection of Orok," Gengo Kenkyu 30.

CONSONANTS:

p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
s x
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: s x

NASALS: m n ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ t k m n l r w

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

LONGVOWELS: i e ɛ ǝ a u o ɔ

NOUNNUMBER: s [p] [pl suffix exists, but is seldom used]

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1993

LANGUAGE: Samagir

LOCATION: E Russia (E Siberia)

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Nanaj

CONSONANTS:

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1994

LANGUAGE: Oroch

LOCATION: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai)

POPULATION: 2,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Udihe

DICTIONARY: Leontovich, S. 1896. Russko-orochenskij slovar'. Vladivostok.

GRAMMAR: Avrorin, V.A. and E.P. Lebedeva. 1968. "Orochskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 172-90.

OTHERSOURC: Lopatin, I. 1957. Material on the Orochee Language. Fribourg.

CONSONANTS:

p b t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
v s x ɣ
m n ñ ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: v s x ɣ

NASALS: m n ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ p b k ɡ č m n ŋ

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u ʋ o

LONGVOWELS: i æ ǝ a u ʋ o

DIPHTHONGS: iǝ ia iu æi æa æʋ ǝi ǝu ai aʋ ui uǝ ʋi ʋa oi

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: final

NOUNNUMBER: s [p] [pl forms used extremely rarely]

DEMONSTRAT: 4?

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN/(NA) GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1995

LANGUAGE: Udihe

LOCATION: SE Russia (Xabarovskij Krai)

POPULATION: 1,400

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Tungus: Southern: Southeastern: Udihe

DICTIONARY: Shnejder, E.R. 1936. Kratkij udegejsko-russkij slovar'. Moscow.

GRAMMAR:

Sunik, O.P. 1968. "Udegejskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 210-32.
Menges, Karl H. 1968. "Die Sprache der Udihe," in Altaistik, vol 3, 129-71.

CONSONANTS:

p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ
č ɡ̌
f s x ɣ h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
(ɾ)

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f s x ɣ h

NASALS: m n̪ ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: (ɾ)

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i (y) e ø ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

STRESS: final

NOUNNUMBER: s [p] [pl suffix exists, but is not normally used]

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N/N-POSS

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1996

LANGUAGE: Korean

LOCATION: Korea

POPULATION: 55 million

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Korean-Japanese

GRAMMAR: Rogers, M.C. 1956. Outline of Korean Grammar. n.p.:n.p.

OTHERSOURC:

Olmsted, D.L. 1963. Korean Folkore Reader. Bloomington: Indiana Univ.
Han, Mieko S. 1963. Acoustic Phonetics of Korean. Los Angles: Univ. of California.
Cho, Seung-Bog. 1967. A Phonological Study of Korean. Uppsala: Almqvist & Wiksells.
Hwang, Shin Ja Joo. 1975. Korean Clause Structure. SIL 50.
AL 7:1
Martin, Samuel E. 1951. "Korean Phonemics," Lg 27, 519-33.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h p^ʔ t̪ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ ʔ
č č^h č^ʔ
s s^ʔ h
m n̪ ŋ
l

STOPS: p p^h p^ʔ t̪ t̪^h t̪^ʔ k k^h k^ʔ ʔ

AFFRICATES: č č^h č^ʔ

FRICATIVES: s s^ʔ h

NASALS: m n̪ ŋ

LATERALS: l

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i (y) e ø æ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o ɤ

LONGVOWELS: (v̄)

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

DEMONSTRAT: 3

ARTICLES: def

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3 *6
politeness: yes

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N/(N-NUM) POSS-N

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

COMMENTS:

The glottalized series of consonants is variously described as (1) long, (2) tense,
(3) accompanied by glottal tension, though the glottal catch is apparently nowhere near as pronounced as in typical Amerindian or Caucasian ejectives.

NUMBER: 1997

LANGUAGE: Japanese

LOCATION: Japan

POPULATION: 115 million

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Korean-Japanese

DICTIONARY: Okakura, Y., ed. 1945. New English-Japenese Dictionary. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.

GRAMMAR:

Martin, Samuel E. 1975. A Reference Grammar of Japanese. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.

TEXTBOOKS: Jorden, Eleanor Harz. 1963. Beginning Japanese, 2 vols. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.

OTHERSOURC:

Harada, Tetsuo. 1966. Outlines of Modern Japanese Linguistics. Tokyo: Nihon Univ.
Kuno, Susumu. 1973. The Structure of the Japanese Language. Cambridge: MIT Press.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ k (ʔ)
b d̪ ɡ
    č
    ɡ̌
    s š h
    z
m n̪ (ŋ)
    ɾ

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ k ɡ (ʔ)

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: s z š h

NASALS: m n̪ (ŋ)

VIBRANTS: ɾ

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ p t k č s š

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

    i ɯ
   e o
    a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: ɯ o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

SYLLABLE: (C)(G)V, ŋ̟

TONES: pitch accent: hi lo

DEMONSTRAT: 3

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
*3mfn *6hH
politeness: many honorific forms

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST

NUMBER: 1998

LANGUAGE: Ryukyuan

DIALECT: Central

LOCATION: Japan (Okinawa)

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Korean-Japanese

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:1

CONSONANTS:

p b t d k ɡ ʔ
t^s
s z h
m n

r

STOPS: p b t d k ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s

FRICATIVES: s z h

NASALS: m n

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

SYLLABLE: Nˈ

SYNTAX: SOV

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 1999

LANGUAGE: Ryukyuan

ALTERNATEN: Shodon

DIALECT: Northern

LOCATION: Japan (Ryukyu Islands)

POPULATION: 900,000

CLASSIFICA: Altaic: Korean-Japanese

OTHERSOURC: Martin, Samuel E. 1970. "Shodon: A Dialect of the Northern Ryukyus," JAOS 90, 97-139.

CONSONANTS:

   p t̪ t̪^h k k^h kʷ k^hʷ ʔ ʔʷ
b d̪ ɡ ɡʷ
ɸ s̪ h
    (z̪)
m n̪
    ɾ

STOPS: p b t̪ t̪^h d̪ k k^h ɡ kʷ k^hʷ ɡʷ ʔ ʔʷ

FRICATIVES: ɸ s̪ (z̪) h

NASALS: m n̪

VIBRANTS: ɾ

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

TONES: hi mid low

DEMONSTRAT: 3

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2* 5*
3 6
politeness: honorific forms for 2 & 5

SYNTAX: SOV AN

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST:

NUMBER: 2000

LANGUAGE: Ainu

DIALECT: Hokkaido

LOCATION: N Japan (Hokkaido)

POPULATION: 15

CLASSIFICA: Eurasiatic

DICTIONARY: Hattori, Shirô, ed. 1964. An Ainu Dialect Dictionary. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.

GRAMMAR: Patrie, James. 1982. The Genetic Relationship of the Ainu Language. Honolulu: Univ Press of Hawaii.

OTHERSOURC: Pilsudski, Bronislaw. 1912. Materials for the Study of the Ainu Language and Folklore. Cracow: Academy of Sciences.
Simeon, George. 1969. "Hokkaido Ainu Phonemics," JAOS 89, 751-7
Simeon, George. 1976. "The Hokkaido Ainu Copula," Linguistics 169, 63-6.
Peng, Fred C.C. and Peter Geiser. 1977. The Ainu: The Past in the Present. Hiroshima: Bunda Hyoron.
AL 7:1

CONSONANTS:

    p t k (ʔ)
    č
    s h
m n
    ɾ

STOPS: p t k (ʔ)

AFFRICATES: č

FRICATIVES: s h

NASALS: m n

VIBRANTS: ɾ

MODIFIEDCO: c̄ p t k s m n

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

i u
e o
a

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

MODIFIEDVO: vowel harmony ?

DIPHTHONGS: wa wo we ja jo je aw ew uw iw aj oj ej uj jaj

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

TONES: hi lo (pitch accent)

STRESS: final

NOUNNUMBER: s p (usually not used)

DEMONSTRAT: 3

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6
politeness: 2 pol, 5 pol

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

ERGATIVE:

PREPPOST: /POST