Emeneau, M. B. 1962. Brahui and Dravidian Comparative Grammar. UCPL 27. De Armond, Richard C. 1971. "The Grammatical Morphemes of the Brahui Verb," IL 32, 91-106. De Armond, Richard C. 1975. "Some Rules of Brahui Conjugation," in Dravidian Phonological Systems, ed. by Harold F. Schiffman and Carol M. Eastman, 242-98.
CONSONANTS:
p t̪ ṭ k ʔ b d̪ ḍ ɡ č ɡ̌ f s š x h v z ž ɣ m n l ḷ r ɾ̣
STOPS:p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:f v s z š ž x ɣ h
NASALS:m n
LATERALS:l ḷ
VIBRANTS:r ɾ̣
MODIFIEDCO:c̄
VOWELS:
i u a
FRONTVOWEL:i
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ā ō ū
SYNTAX:SOV
NUMBER:2022
LANGUAGE:Kurux
LOCATION:EC India (E Madhya Pradesh)
POPULATION:1.1 million
CLASSIFICA:Dravidian: Northeast
GRAMMAR:Hahn, F. 1911. Kurukh Grammar. Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press.
OTHERSOURC:
Pfeiffer, Martin. 1972. Elements of Kurux Historical Phonology. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Gordon, Kent H. and Kenneth L Pike. 1973. "Paired Semantic Components," in PCSD I, 313-43. Gorden, Kent H. 1973. "Clause Patterns in Dhangar-Kurux," in PCSD II, 37-121.
CONSONANTS:
p ph b b̤ t th d d̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌ s x h m n (ṇ) ŋ l r ṛ (ṛ̤)
STOPS:p ph b b̤ t th d d̤ ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍ̤ k kh ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ
AFFRICATES:č čh ɡ̌ ɡ̤̌
FRICATIVES:s x h
NASALS:m n (ṇ) ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r ṛ (ṛ̤)
MODIFIEDCO:c̄
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:ǝ a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
NASALVOWEL:
ṽ all but ǝ v̄̃ all but ǝ
DIPHTHONGS:ai au
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:masc non-masc (fem gender=neuter in the sing, = masc in the plural) (N=fem+neut)
GRAMMAR:Das, A. Sisir Kumar. 1973. Structure of Malto. Annamalainagar: Annamalai Univ.
OTHERSOURC:Mahapatra, Bijay P. 1973. "Malto Object Classifiers," IL 34, 191-9.
CONSONANTS:
p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ c j k ɡ q G
θ s̪ h m n̪ N l r ɾ̣
STOPS:p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ c ɟ k ɡ q G
FRICATIVES:θ s̪ h
NASALS:m n̪ N
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r ɾ̣
MODIFIEDCO:c̄ p b t ḍ c ɟ k q s ɾ̣ n l j
GLIDES:j w
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
SYLLABLE:(C)(C)V(C)(C)(C)(C)
STRESS:non-phonemic (on v̄)
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:masc non-masc (= f+n)
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4ie 2 5 *3mM *6mM m=masc M=non-masc
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+NUM+A+N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:2024
LANGUAGE:Kolami
LOCATION:C India (N Andhra Pradesh)
POPULATION:50,000
CLASSIFICA:Dravidian: Central: Kolami-Parji
GRAMMAR:GD: Emeneau, M. B. 1955. Kolami, A Dravidian Language. UCPL 12.
OTHERSOURC:
McNair, Norman and Helen McNair. 1973. "Clause Patterns in Kolami," in PCSD II, 123-90. AL 8:4
CONSONANTS:
p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ (ts) č ɡ̌ v s z (h) m n̪ ŋ l (ḷ) r
STOPS:p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ
AFFRICATES:(ts) č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:v s z (h)
NASALS:m n̪ ŋ
LATERALS:l (ḷ)
VIBRANTS:r
MODIFIEDCO:c̄ all but z ŋ j
GLIDES:j
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:(ǝ) a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
SYLLABLE:(C)C(N)(C)(C)(C)
STRESS:initial
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:masc non-masc
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4ie 2 5 *3mM *6mM [M=non-masc = f+n]
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:2025
LANGUAGE:Naiki
LOCATION:C India (NE Maharashtra)
POPULATION:1,500
CLASSIFICA:Dravidian: Central: Kolami-Parji
CONSONANTS:
SYNTAX:SOV
NUMBER:2026
LANGUAGE:Parji
LOCATION:EC India (SE Madhya Pradesh)
POPULATION:25,000
CLASSIFICA:Dravidian: Central: Kolami-Parji
GRAMMAR:GD: Burrow, T. and S. Bhattacharya. 1953. The Parji Language. Hertford: Stephen Austin & Sons.
OTHERSOURC:
Shanmugam, R. 1969. "Phonology and Noun Morphology of Parji," in Dravidian Linguistics: Seminar Papers, ed. by S. Agesthialingom and N. Kumaraswami, 177-86. Khrishnamurti, B. 1978. "On Diachronic and Synchronic Rules in Phonology," IL 39, 252-76. AL 8:4
CONSONANTS:
p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ č ɡ̌ v (s) (h) m n̪ ñ ŋ l r ɾ̣
STOPS:p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ
AFFRICATES:č ɡ̌
FRICATIVES:v (s) (h)
NASALS:m n̪ ñ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:r ɾ̣
MODIFIEDCO:c̄ all but b t s h ɾ̣ j
GLIDES:j
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄
NASALVOWEL:
(ṽ) (v̄̃)
SYLLABLE:(C)V(C)(C)
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:masc non-masc [=f+n]
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4ie 2 5 *3mM *6mM M=non-masc = f+n
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N
PREPPOST:POST
NUMBER:2027
LANGUAGE:Gadaba
DIALECT:Ollari
LOCATION:EC India (S Orissa)
POPULATION:8,800
CLASSIFICA:Dravidian: Central: Kolami-Parji
GRAMMAR:Bhattacharya, Sudhibhushan. 1957. Ollari: A Dravidian Speech. Delhi: Government of India.
OTHERSOURC:AL 8:4
CONSONANTS:
p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ (ts) (dz) č ɡ̌ v s z m n̪ ṇ (ñ) ŋ l r ɾ̣
DICTIONARY:Winfield, W. W. 1929. A Vocabulary of the Kui Language. Calcutta: Asiatic Society of Bengal.
GRAMMAR:Winfield, W. W. 1928. A Grammar of the Kui Language. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press.
OTHERSOURC:Watkin, K. L. 1975. "Some Phonological Rules for the Kui Verb," in Dravidian Phonological Systems, ed. by Harold F. Schiffman and Carol M. Eastman, 375-89.
OTHERSOURC:Ramakrishna Reddy, B., Susheela P. Upadhyaya and Joy Reddy. 1974. Kuvi Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
CONSONANTS:
p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ ts dz v s h m n ṇ ŋ l ɾ ɾ̣
STOPS:p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ ʔ
AFFRICATES:ts dz
FRICATIVES:v s h
NASALS:m n ṇ ŋ
LATERALS:l
VIBRANTS:ɾ ɾ̣
MODIFIEDCO:c̄
GLIDES:j
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:v̄ all
NASALVOWEL:
ṽ all v̄̃ all
SYNTAX:SOV
NUMBER:2035
LANGUAGE:Telugu
LOCATION:SC India (Andhra Pradesh)
POPULATION:50 million
CLASSIFICA:Dravidian: Central: Telugu-Kui: Telugu
GRAMMAR:DG: Polkam, D. B. 1971. Merolu Telugu. Poona: Deccan College.
TEXTBOOKS:
Lisker, Leigh. 1963. Introduction to Spoken Telugu. Poona: Deccan College. Krishnamurti, B. and P. Sivananda Sarma. 1968. A Basic Course in Modern Telugu. Hyderabad. Subrahmanyam, P. S. 1974. An Introduction to Modern Telugu. Annamalainagar: Annamalai Univ.
OTHERSOURC:
Kelley, Gerald. 1958. "Telugu Vowel Phonemes," IL 18, 146-58. Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju. 1961. Telugu Verbal Bases. UCPL 24. Murti, K. V. S. 1972. "Telugu Syntax: A Brief Description," Linguistics 81, 49-82. Venkateswara Sastry, J. 1972. Telugu Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. AL 8:4
CONSONANTS:
p (ph) b (b̤) t̪ d̪ (d̤̪) ṭ (ṭh) ḍ (ḍ̤) k (kh) ɡ (ɡ̤) č (čh) ɡ̌ (ɡ̤̌) (f) v s ṣ š h m n̪ ṇ l ḷ ɾ
STOPS:p (ph) b (b̤) t̪ d̪ (d̤̪) ṭ (ṭh) ḍ (ḍ̤) k (kh) ɡ (ɡ̤)
AFFRICATES:č (čh) ɡ̌ (ɡ̤̌)
FRICATIVES:(f) v s ṣ š h
NASALS:m n̪ ṇ
LATERALS:l ḷ
VIBRANTS:ɾ
MODIFIEDCO:c̄
VOWELS:
FRONTVOWEL:i e
CENTRALVOW:a
BACKVOWELS:u o
LONGVOWELS:ī ē ǣ ā ū ō
DIPHTHONGS:ai au ao ia
NOUNNUMBER:s p
GENDER:m f
DEMONSTRAT:2
PRONOUNS:
1 4ie 2 5 *3mfn *6hH h=m+f H=non-hum
SYNTAX:SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N
NUMBER:2036
LANGUAGE:Savara
LOCATION:S India (Andhra Pradesh)
CLASSIFICA:Dravidian: Central: Telugu-Kui: Telugu
CONSONANTS:
SYNTAX:SOV
NUMBER:2037
LANGUAGE:Tulu
LOCATION:SW India (W Mysore)
POPULATION:1 million
CLASSIFICA:Dravidian: South: Tulu
DICTIONARY:Mariappa Bhat, M. and A. Shanker Kedilaya. 1967. Tulu-English Dictionary. Madras: Univ of Madras.
GRAMMAR:Bhat, D. N. Shankara. 1967. Descriptive Analysis of Tulu. Poona: Deccan College.
OTHERSOURC:
Ayyer, L. V. Ramaswami. 1932. "Tulu Prose Texts in Two Dialects," BSOAS 6, 897-931. Aiyar, L. V. Ramaswamy. 1936. "Materials for a Sketch of Tulu Phonology," IL 6, 84-127. Kölver, Bernhard. 1969. Tulu Texts. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. Bhatt, Sooda Lakshminarayana. 1975. "Inflection in the Tulu Noun," in Dravidian Phonological Systems, ed. by Harold F. Schiffman and Carol E. Eastman, 180-96. AL 8:4
CONSONANTS:
p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ k ɡ č ɡ̌ v s̪ ṣ š h m n̪ ṇ ñ ŋ l̪ ḷ r
DICTIONARY:Kittel, Ferdinand. 1894. Kannada-English Dictionary, 4 vols. Mangalore: Basel Massion Book and Tract Depository. [Reprinted 1968 by the Univ of Madras]
GRAMMAR:
Bright, William. 1958. An Outline of Colloquial Kannada. Poona: Deccan College. Jensen, Hans. 1969. Grammatik der kanaresischen Schriftsprache. Leizig: VEB Verlag. Hiremath, R. C. 1961. THe Structure fo Kannada. Dharwar: Karnatak Univ. GD: Bhat, D. N. Shankara. 1971. An Outline Grammar of Havyaka. Poona. Deccan College.
TEXTBOOKS:
McCormack, William. 1966. Kannada. Madison: Univ of Wisconsin Press.
OTHERSOURC:
Nayak, H. M. 1967. Kannada: Literary and Colloquial. Mysore: Rao & Raghavan. Upadhyaya, U. P. 1972. Kannada Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages. Chisum, Gary L. 1975. "Systematic Phonology of the Kannada Noun," in Dravidian Phonological Systems, ed. by Harold F. Schiffman and Carol M.Eastman, 197-205. AL 8:4
CONSONANTS:
p (ph) b (b̤) t̪ (t̪h) d̪ (d̪) ṭ (ṭh) ḍ (ḍ̤) k (kh) ɡ (ɡ̤) Aspirated stops are found in literary, but not colloquial Kannada. č (čh) ɡ̌ (ɡ̤̌) (f) v s ṣ š h m n ṇ ŋ l ḷ ɾ
STOPS:p (ph) b (b̤) t̪ (t̪h) d̪ (d̪) ṭ (ṭh) ḍ (ḍ̤) k (kh) ɡ (ɡ̤) Aspirated stops are found in literary, but not colloquial Kannada.