Типологическая база данных : Результат запроса

NUMBER: 2041

LANGUAGE: Badaga

LOCATION: India (Tamil Nadu)

POPULATION: 125,000

CLASSIFICA: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Kannada

CONSONANTS:

SYNTAX: SOV

NUMBER: 2042

LANGUAGE: Kodagu

LOCATION: SW India (S Mysore)

POPULATION: 80,000

CLASSIFICA: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

OTHERSOURC:

Kothandaraman, P. 1969. "Kodagu Vowels," in Dravidian Linguistics: Seminar Papers, ed. by S. Agesthialingom and N. Kumaraswami, 233-47.
Emeneau, M. B. 1970. "Kodagu Vowels," JAOS 90, 145-58.
Garman, Michael. 1975. "Coorg Verbal Base Structure" in Dravidian Phonological Systems, ed. by Harold F. Schiffman and Carol M. Eastman, 322-74.
AL 8:4

CONSONANTS:

p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
v s h
m n ṇ ñ ŋ
l ḷ
r

STOPS: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: v s h

NASALS: m n ṇ ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l ḷ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

NASALVOWEL: ã ũ

SYNTAX: SOV

NUMBER: 2043

LANGUAGE: Kurumba

LOCATION: SW India (Mysore)

POPULATION: 9,000

CLASSIFICA: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

OTHERSOURC: Upadhyaya, U. P. 1972. "Kuruba - A Dravidian Language," in Third Seminar on Dravidian Linguistics, ed. by S. Agesthialingom and S. V. Shanmugam, 307-28.

CONSONANTS:

p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
v
m n ṇ ŋ
l ḷ
r

STOPS: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: v

NASALS: m n ṇ ŋ

LATERALS: l ḷ

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

NOUNNUMBER: s p

SYNTAX: SOV

NUMBER: 2044

LANGUAGE: Toda

LOCATION: S India (W Tamil Nadu)

POPULATION: 1,000

CLASSIFICA: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

GRAMMAR: Emeneau, Murray B. 1983. Toda Grammar and Texts. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society.

OTHERSOURC:

Emeneau, M. B. 1957. "Toda, a Dravidian Language," Transactions of the Philological Society, 15-66.
Agesthialingom, S. and S. Sakthivel. 1972. "Toda Nouns," IL 33, 153-7.
AL 8:4
WPF

CONSONANTS:

p b t̪ d̪ t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
t^s d^zč ɡ̌
f θ s̪ z̪ s z ṣ ẓ š ž x
m n ṇ (ŋ)
l ɬ ḷ ɬ̣
ɾ r ṛ

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ

AFFRICATES: t^s d^zč ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f θ s̪ z̪ s z ṣ ẓ š ž x

NASALS: m n ṇ (ŋ)

LATERALS: l ɬ ḷ ɬ̣

VIBRANTS: ɾ r ṛ

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y e ø

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o

LONGVOWELS: ī ȳ ǣ ↔ō ā ū ɯ̄ ō

NOUNNUMBER: s p

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfn *6

SYNTAX: SOV

NUMBER: 2045

LANGUAGE: Kota

LOCATION: S India (W Tamil Nadu)

POPULATION: 900

CLASSIFICA: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

OTHERSOURC:

Emeneau, M. B. 1944-46. Kota Texts, 4 vols. UCPL 2-3.
Eastman, Carol M. 1975. "Morphophonemics of the Positive and Negative Stems of the Kota Verb," in Dravidian Phonological Systems, ed. by Harold F. Schiffman and Carol M. Eastman, 299-321.
AL 8:4

CONSONANTS:

p^h b t̪^h d̪ t^h d ṭ^h ḍ k^h ɡ
č ɡ̌
v ṣ
m n ṇ ŋ
l ḷ
r ɾ̣

STOPS: p^h b t̪^h d̪ t^h d ṭ^h ḍ k^h ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: v ṣ

NASALS: m n ṇ ŋ

LATERALS: l ḷ

VIBRANTS: r ɾ̣

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

STRESS: initial

NOUNNUMBER: s p (pl not obligatory)

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3 *6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 2046

LANGUAGE: Irula

LOCATION: S India (S Mysore)

POPULATION: 4,000

CLASSIFICA: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

GRAMMAR: Zvelebil, Kamil V. 1973. The Irula Language. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz.

CONSONANTS:

p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ t d k ɡ
č ɡ̌
v
m n̪ ṇ
l ḷ
r̪ r ṛ

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ ṭ ḍ t d k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: v

NASALS: m n̪ ṇ

LATERALS: l ḷ

VIBRANTS: r̪ r ṛ

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ʉ ǝ ɵ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

NOUNNUMBER: s p

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3mfn 6mn
3n=6n

SYNTAX: SOV GN NUM-N POSS-N

NUMBER: 2047

LANGUAGE: Tamil

DIALECT: Yerukala

LOCATION: SE India (S Andhra Pradesh)

POPULATION: 40 million (75,000)

CLASSIFICA: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

OTHERSOURC: Srinivasavarma, G. 1969. "Phonology of Yerukala," in Dravidian Linguistics: Seminar Papers, ed. by S. Agesthialingom and N. Kumaraswami, 187-202.

CONSONANTS:

p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
v s ṣ
m n ṇ
l ḷ
r

STOPS: p b t d ṭ ḍ k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: v s ṣ

NASALS: m n ṇ

LATERALS: l ḷ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all but ɨ

NASALVOWEL:

ẽ ã ũ õ
ẽ̄ ã̄ ȭ

DIPHTHONGS: ai au

SYNTAX: SOV

COMMENTS: Speakers of the Yerukala dialect are all bilingual in Telugu.

NUMBER: 2048

LANGUAGE: Tamil

DIALECT: Tirunelveli

LOCATION: S India (S Tamil Nadu)

POPULATION: 40 million

CLASSIFICA: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

GRAMMAR: Kamatchinathan, A. 1969. The Tirunelveli Tamil Dialect. Annamalainagar: Annamalai Univ.

CONSONANTS:

p t̪ ṭ k
č
ɸ v ð š h
m n ṇ ñ ŋ
l ḷ
r ɾ̣

STOPS: p t̪ ṭ k

AFFRICATES: č

FRICATIVES: ɸ v ð š h

NASALS: m n ṇ ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l ḷ

VIBRANTS: r ɾ̣

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I e

CENTRALVOW: ɐ

BACKVOWELS: ʋ ɔ

LONGVOWELS: ī ɛ̄ ā ū ō

NASALVOWEL: ṽ v̄̃

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)(C)

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfn *6mf
+2 honorific

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 2049

LANGUAGE: Tamil

DIALECT: Sri Lanka

LOCATION: N Sri Lanka

POPULATION: 40 million (2 million)

CLASSIFICA: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

OTHERSOURC: Karunatilake, W. S. and S. Suseendirarajah. 1973. "Phonology of Sinhalese and Sri Lanka Tamil," IL 34, 180-90.

CONSONANTS:

p t̪ t ṭ k
č
v
m n ṇ
l ḷ
r

STOPS: p t̪ t ṭ k

AFFRICATES: č

FRICATIVES: v

NASALS: m n ṇ

LATERALS: l ḷ

VIBRANTS: r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e æ

CENTRALVOW: (ɨ) (ǝ) a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

SYNTAX: SOV

NUMBER: 2050

LANGUAGE: Tamil

LOCATION: SE India (Madras)

POPULATION: 40 million

CLASSIFICA: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

DICTIONARY: Visvanatha Pillai, V. 1963. A Tamil-English Dictionary. Madras: Madras School Book and Literature Society.

GRAMMAR:

Subramoniam, Vadasery Iyemperumal. 1958. A Descriptive Analysis of a Dialect of Tamil. Bloomington: India Univ Diss.
Ganesan, S. N. 1975. A Contrastive Grammar of Hindi and Tamil. Madras: Univ of Madras.

TEXTBOOKS:

Kumaraswami Raja, N. and K. Doraswamy. 1966. Conversational Tamil. Annamalainagar: Annamalai Univ.
Shanmugam Pillai, M. 1965, 1968. Spoken Tamil, 2 vols. Annamalainagar: Annamalai Univ.

OTHERSOURC: Rajaram, S. 1972. Tamil Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.

CONSONANTS:

p b t̪ d̪ t ṭ ḍ k ɡ
č ɡ̌
(f) v s ṣ ẓ š h
m n ṇ (ñ) (ŋ)
l ḷ
r ṛ

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ t ṭ ḍ k ɡ

AFFRICATES: č ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: (f) v s ṣ ẓ š h

NASALS: m n ṇ (ñ) (ŋ)

LATERALS: l ḷ

VIBRANTS: r ṛ

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

NASALVOWEL:

(ṽ)
(v̄̃)

DIPHTHONGS: ai au

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)

NOUNNUMBER: s p

GENDER: m f n

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfn *6hH
h=hum=m+f H=non-hum
honorifics for 3 & 6

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 2051

LANGUAGE: Malayalam

LOCATION: SW India (Kerela)

POPULATION: 25 million

CLASSIFICA: Dravidian: South: Tamil-Kannada: Tamil-Kodagu

DICTIONARY: Ramunni, Kalladi Thyen. 1951. Malayalam and English Vocabulary. Mangalore: Basel Mission Book Depot.

TEXTBOOKS: Peter, K. C. 1967. Malayalam for Foreigners. Ernakulam, Kerela: C.I.C.C. Book House.

OTHERSOURC:

Subramoniam,V. I. 1962. "Phonemic Outline of a Dialect of Malayalam," IL 23, 99-116.
Syamala Kumari, B. 1972. Malayalam Phonetic Reader. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
McAlpin, David. W. 1975. "The Morphophonology of the Malayalam Noun," in Dravidian Phonological Systems, ed. by Harold F. Schiffman and Carol M. Eastman, 206-223.
Subramoniam, V. I. 1962. "Phonemic Outline of a Dialect of Malayalam," IL 23, 99-116.
Sreedhar, M. V. 1972. "Phonology of the Cochin Dialect of Malayalam," IJDL 1:2, 100-25.
AL 8:4

CONSONANTS:

p (p^h) b t̪ (t̪^h) d̪ t ṭ (ṭ^h) ḍ k (k^h) ɡ
č (č^h) ɡ̌
(f) v s ṣ š h
m n̪ n ṇ ñ ŋ
l ḷ ʎ̣
ɾ r

STOPS: p (p^h) b t̪ (t̪^h) d̪ t ṭ (ṭ^h) ḍ k (k^h) ɡ

AFFRICATES: č (č^h) ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: (f) v s ṣ š h

NASALS: m n̪ n ṇ ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l ḷ ʎ̣

VIBRANTS: ɾ r

MODIFIEDCO: c̄

GLIDES: j

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: (ǝ) a

BACKVOWELS: u o

LONGVOWELS: v̄ all

DIPHTHONGS: ai au ei

SYLLABLE: (C)(C)V(C)

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
*3mfn *6mfn

SYNTAX: SOV AN GN

PREPPOST: POST

NUMBER: 2052

LANGUAGE: Proto-Sino-Tibetan

LOCATION: SE Asia

CLASSIFICA: Sino-Tibetan

OTHERSOURC: Benedict, Paul K. 1976. "Sino-Tibetan: Another Look," JAOS 96, 167-97.

CONSONANTS:

p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ (ʔ)
t̪^s d̪^z
s̪ z̪ š ž h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l
r

STOPS: p b t̪ d̪ c ɟ k ɡ (ʔ)

AFFRICATES: t̪^s d̪^z

FRICATIVES: s̪ z̪ š ž h

NASALS: m n̪ ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: r

GLIDES: j w

NUMBER: 2053

LANGUAGE: Eryuan

LOCATION: SE China (NW Yunnan)

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Bai

CONSONANTS:

NUMBER: 2054

LANGUAGE: Hoking

LOCATION: SE China (NW Yunnan)

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Bai

CONSONANTS:

NUMBER: 2055

LANGUAGE: Bai₂

LOCATION: SE China (NW Yunnan)

POPULATION: 900,000

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Bai

OTHERSOURC: WALS

CONSONANTS:

SYNTAX: SVO

NUMBER: 2056

LANGUAGE: Tali

LOCATION: SE China (NW Yunnan)

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Bai

CONSONANTS:

NUMBER: 2057

LANGUAGE: Archaic Chinese

LOCATION: China

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese

OTHERSOURC: Benedict, Paul K. 1972. Sino-Tibetan: A Conspectus. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h (b) b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ c c^h ɟ ɟ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ
t̪^s t̪^s^h d̪^z d̪̤^z ṭ^s ṭ^s^h ḍ^z
s̪ z̪ ṣ š x
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪
(ɹ̣)

STOPS: p p^h (b) b̤ t̪ t̪^h d̪ d̪̤ c c^h ɟ ɟ k k^h ɡ ɡ̤ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^s t̪^s^h d̪^z d̪̤^z ṭ^s ṭ^s^h ḍ^z

FRICATIVES: s̪ z̪ ṣ š x

NASALS: m n̪ ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: (ɹ̣)

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ ɐ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ ɑ

TONES: lev ris fall

COMMENTS: Archaic Chinese is estimated to have been spoken c. 1,000 B.C.

NUMBER: 2058

LANGUAGE: Northern Min

LOCATION: SE China (N Fukien)

POPULATION: 11 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min

TEXTBOOKS:

Chen, Leo and Jerry Norman. 1965. An Introduction to the Foochow Dialect. Washington, D.C.: Office of Education.

OTHERSOURC:

Norman, Jerry. 1972. "A Preliminary Report on the Dialects of Mintung," Unicorn 10, 20-35.
AL 7:4

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ
t^s t^s^h
s z x
m n ŋ
l

STOPS: p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h

FRICATIVES: s z x

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y ɛ œ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u ɔ

DIPHTHONGS: ei ai ɛu au ou øy uɔ yɔ ia ua ie io iu oi øi ui uei uai iei iau

SYLLABLE: CV(C)

TONES: hi-lev hi-lev-glot hi-fall mid-ris-glot mid-ris-fall lo-lev lo-rising

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+A+N

PREPPOST: PREP/POST

NUMBER: 2059

LANGUAGE: Southern Min

DIALECT: Amoy

LOCATION: SE China (S Fukien)

POPULATION: 36 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min

OTHERSOURC:

Sung, Margaret M. Y. 1973. "A Study of Literary and Colloquial Amoy Chinese," Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1, 414-36.
AL 7:4

CONSONANTS:

p p^h b t t^h k k^h ɡ ʔ
t^s t^s^h
s h
m n ŋ
l

STOPS: p p^h b t t^h k k^h ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h

FRICATIVES: s h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

NASALVOWEL: ṽ all but o

DIPHTHONGS:

ai au iu ia io iu ua ue ui
ãi ãu ĩa ĩu ũa ũi
uai iau
uãi iãu

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C) Nˈ

TONES: hi-lev hi-glot hi-fall mid-lev mid-fall-glot lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall

SYNTAX: SVO AN NUM-N

NUMBER: 2060

LANGUAGE: Southern Min

DIALECT: Ch'ao-chou

LOCATION: SE China (E Kwangtung)

POPULATION: 36 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:4

CONSONANTS:

p p^h b t t^h d k k^h ɡ ʔ
t^s t^s^h d^z
s h
m n ŋ
l

STOPS: p p^h b t t^h d k k^h ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h d^z

FRICATIVES: s h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: apical vowel i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u ɯ o

NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ẽ ã

DIPHTHONGS:

ai au ou iu ui ia io ua ue
ãi ãu õu ı̃o ũa ũe õi ɯ̃a
iou uai
uãi

SYLLABLE: mˈ ŋˈ

TONES: hi-lev hi-lev-glot hi-fall mid-lev mid-ris lo-lev lo-lev-glot lo-ris