Типологическая база данных : Результат запроса

NUMBER: 2061

LANGUAGE: Southern Min

DIALECT: Shangfeng

LOCATION: Taiwan

POPULATION: 36 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min

OTHERSOURC: Chang, Yü-hung. 1972. "Tone Systems in Shangfeng: A Southern Min Dialect," Unicorn 9, 41-54.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ
t^s t^s^h
s z h
m n ŋ

STOPS: p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h

FRICATIVES: s z h

NASALS: m n ŋ

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

NASALVOWEL: ṽ all

SYLLABLE: Nˈ

TONES: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev lo-fall lo-ris

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2 5
3 6

NUMBER: 2062

LANGUAGE: Southern Min

DIALECT: Taiwanese

LOCATION: Taiwan

POPULATION: 36 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min

OTHERSOURC: Cheng, Robert L. 1968. "Tone Sandhi in Taiwanese," Linguistics 41, 19-42.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h b t t^h k k^h ɡ (ʔ)
t^s t^s^h d^z
s h
m n ŋ
l

STOPS: p p^h b t t^h k k^h ɡ (ʔ)

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h d^z

FRICATIVES: s h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

NASALVOWEL: ṽ all

DIPHTHONGS: ia au iu ua ui ai io uǝ iau uai

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C) mˈ ŋˈ

TONES: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev lo-ris lo-fall neutral

SYNTAX: SVO AN

NUMBER: 2063

LANGUAGE: Southern Min

DIALECT: Hokkien

LOCATION: Malaysia

POPULATION: 36 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Min

OTHERSOURC: Tay, Mary W. J. 1969. "Hokkien Phonological Structure," Journal of Linguistics 6, 81-8.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h b t̪ t̪^h k k^h ɡ ʔ
t^s t^s^h d^z
s h
m n̪ ñ ŋ
l̪

STOPS: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h k k^h ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h d^z

FRICATIVES: s h

NASALS: m n̪ ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɔ

NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ã

MODIFIEDVO: nasal harmony

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

TONES: 7 tones

NUMBER: 2064

LANGUAGE: Mandarin

DIALECT: Beijing

LOCATION: N China (Hopei)

POPULATION: 680 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

GRAMMAR:

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1968. A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley: Univ of California Press.
Henne, Henry, Ole Bjørn Rongen and Lars Jul Hansen. 1977. A Handbook on Chinese Language Structure. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

TEXTBOOKS:

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1961. Mandarin Primer. Cambridge: Harvard Univ Press.
De Francis, John. 1963. Beginning Chinese. New Haven:Yale Univ Press.
Fenn, Henry C. and M. Gardner Tewksbury. 1967. Speak Mandarin. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.
Forrest, R. A. D. 1965. The Chinese Language. London: Faber & Faber.

OTHERSOURC:

Newnham, Richard. 1971. About Chinese. Baltimore: Penguin.
Howie, John Marshall. 1976. Acoustical Studies of Mandarin Vowels and Tones. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Chen, Matthew Y. 1976. "From Middle Chinese to Modern Peking," Journal of Chinese Linguistics 4, 113-277.
AL 7:4

CONSONANTS:

   p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h
    t̪^s t̪^sh ṭ^s ṭ^sh (č) (č^h)
f s̪ ṣ (š) x
m n̪ ŋ
    l̪
    ɹ̣

STOPS: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h

AFFRICATES: t̪^s t̪^s^h ṭ^s ṭ^s^h (č) (č^h)

FRICATIVES: f s̪ ṣ (š) x

NASALS: m n̪ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪

VIBRANTS: ɹ̣

GLIDES: j ɥ w

VOWELS:

    i y u
    ǝ
    a
+ apical vowel

FRONTVOWEL: apical vowel i y

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u

DIPHTHONGS:

ai au ei ou uo ua ye ie ia
iau iou uai uei

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

TONES:

hi-lev
hi-fall
mid-ris
lo-mid-fall-ris

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3 6
2 & 5 also have polite forms

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

PREPPOST: PREP/POST

NUMBER: 2065

LANGUAGE: Mandarin

DIALECT: P'ingtu

LOCATION: E China (NE Shantung)

POPULATION: 680 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

OTHERSOURC: Hsueh, F. S. 1972. "The P'ing-tu Dialect as a Variant of Mandarin," Unicorn 10, 78-96.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h
t^θ t^θ^h t^s t^s^h ṭ^s ṭ^s^h
f θ s ṣ x
m n̪ ŋ
l

STOPS: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h

AFFRICATES: t^θ t^θh t^s t^sh ṭ^s ṭ^sh

FRICATIVES: f θ s ṣ x

NASALS: m n̪ ŋ

LATERALS: l

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: apical vowel i y

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u ʌ

DIPHTHONGS:

ei ou uʌ ie ye æi ia ua ɑu
uei iou iɛi uæi iɑu

TONES: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev mid-fall

NUMBER: 2066

LANGUAGE: Mandarin

DIALECT: Lin-Ch'i

LOCATION: E China (NW Honan)

POPULATION: 680 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

OTHERSOURC: Wang, John C. and F. S. Hsueh. 1973. "The Lin-Ch'i Dialect and Its Relation to Mandarin," JAOS 93, 136-45.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h ʔ
t^s t^s^h č̣ č̣^h
f s ṣ̌ ẓ̌ x
m n̪ ŋ
l

STOPS: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h č̣ č̣^h

FRICATIVES: f s ṣ̌ ẓ̌ x

NASALS: m n̪ ŋ

LATERALS: l

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ɨ a

BACKVOWELS: ɔ

DIPHTHONGS: diphthongs

TONES: hi-lev hi-mid-fall lo-mid-lev

NUMBER: 2067

LANGUAGE: Mandarin

DIALECT: Yangzhou

LOCATION: E China (Kiangsu)

POPULATION: 680 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

OTHERSOURC: Børdahl, Vibeke. 1977. "The Phonemes and the Phonological Structure of the Yangzhou Dialect," Acta Orientalia 38, 251-320.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t t^h k k^h (ʔ)
t^s t^s^h
f s h
m n

STOPS: p p^h t t^h k k^h (ʔ)

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h

FRICATIVES: f s h

NASALS: m n

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y e æ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɑ

LONGVOWELS: v̄

NASALVOWEL:

ṽ ?
v̄̃ ?

DIPHTHONGS: diphthongs

SYLLABLE: (C)V

TONES:

hi-lev
mid-fall
lo-mid-ris
lo-mid-fall

NUMBER: 2068

LANGUAGE: Mandarin

DIALECT: Hank'ou

LOCATION: E China (Kiangsu)

POPULATION: 680 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:4

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t t^h k k^h
t^s t^s^h č č^h
f s š x
m n ŋ
ɬ

STOPS: p p^h t t^h k k^h

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h č č^h

FRICATIVES: f s š x

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: ɬ

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: apical vowel i y

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɤ

DIPHTHONGS:

ai ei au ou ia io ie ua uɤ ye
iau iou uai uei

TONES: hi-lev hi-mid-fall mid-ris lo-mid-fall-ris

NUMBER: 2069

LANGUAGE: Mandarin

DIALECT: Szechuanese

LOCATION: SW China (Szechuan)

POPULATION: 680 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

OTHERSOURC: Scott, N. C. 1947. "The Monosyllable in Szechuanese," BSOAS 12, 197-213.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h
t^s t^s^h č č^h
f s z x
m n̪ ŋ
l

STOPS: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h č č^h

FRICATIVES: f s z x

NASALS: m n̪ ŋ

LATERALS: l

MODIFIEDCO:

c^j
cʷ

GLIDES: j ɥ w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

NASALVOWEL: ṽ ?

DIPHTHONGS: ai au ei eu

TONES: hi-lev hi-fall mid-lev lo-ris lo-fall

NUMBER: 2070

LANGUAGE: Mandarin

DIALECT: Ch'engtu

LOCATION: SW China (Szechuan)

POPULATION: 680 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:4

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t t^h k k^h
t^s t^s^h č č^h
f v s z š x
m n ñ ŋ

STOPS: p p^h t t^h k k^h

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h č č^h

FRICATIVES: f v s z š x

NASALS: m n ñ ŋ

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: apical vowel1 apical vowel2 i y e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

DIPHTHONGS:

ai ei au ou ia ie ua ue yo ye
iai iau iou uai uei

TONES: hi-fall hi-mid-lev mid-fall lo-ris

NUMBER: 2071

LANGUAGE: Mandarin

DIALECT: T'aiyüan

LOCATION: N China (Shansi)

POPULATION: 680 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:4

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ
t^s t^s^h č č^h
f v s z š x
m n ŋ
l

STOPS: p p^h t t^h k k^h ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h č č^h

FRICATIVES: f v s z š x

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: apical vowel1 apical vowel2 i y

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u

NASALVOWEL: ṽ æ ɒ only

DIPHTHONGS:

ai ei au ou ia iɛ ua uǝ yɛ
iɒ̃ uæ̃ uɒ̃
iau iou uai uei

TONES: hi-lev hi-fall-to-hi-mid hi-fall-to-mid lo-mid-lev lo-lev

NUMBER: 2072

LANGUAGE: Mandarin

DIALECT: Dungan

LOCATION: SC Russia (Kirgiz SSR)

POPULATION: 680 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

DICTIONARY: Shinlo, L. and J. Janshansin. 1958. Russko-dunganskij slover'. Frunze.

GRAMMAR: Kalimov, A. 1968. "Dunganskij jazyk," in JNS 5, 475-88.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t t^h k k^h
t^s t^s^h č č^h
f v s z š ž x
m n ŋ
l
(r)

STOPS: p p^h t t^h k k^h

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h č č^h

FRICATIVES: f v s z š ž x

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

VIBRANTS: (r)

MODIFIEDCO: c^j p p^h t t^h č č^h š m n l

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i y e

CENTRALVOW: ɨ ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C)

TONES: hi-lev hi-fall lo-ris

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4ie
2* 5
3 6
politeness: 2fam & 2pol [2pol=5]

SYNTAX: SVO/SOV AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N Num+A+N

PREPPOST: PREP/POST

NUMBER: 2073

LANGUAGE: Xiang

ALTERNATEN: Hsiang

DIALECT: Ch'ang Sha

LOCATION: SE China (Hunan)

POPULATION: 29 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:4

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t t^h k k^h
t^s t^s^h ṭ^s ṭ^s^h č č^h
f s ṣ ẓ š x
m n ñ ŋ

STOPS: p p^h t t^h k k^h

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h ṭ^s ṭ^s^h č č^h

FRICATIVES: f s ṣ ẓ š x

NASALS: m n ñ ŋ

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: (apical vowel) i y

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɤ

NASALVOWEL: ṽ o only

DIPHTHONGS:

ai ei au ɤu ia io ieua ya ye
ĩe yẽ
iai iɤu uai uei yai yei

TONES: hi-lev hi-mid-fall mid-lev lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall lo-ris

NUMBER: 2074

LANGUAGE: Xiang

ALTERNATEN: Hsiang

DIALECT: Shuang Feng

LOCATION: SE China (Hunan)

POPULATION: 29 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:4

CONSONANTS:

p p^h b t t^h d k k^h ɡ
t^s t^s^h d^z ṭ^s ṭ^s^h ḍ^z č č^h ɡ̌
f s ṣ ẓ š x ɣ
m n ñ ŋ

STOPS: p p^h b t t^h d k k^h ɡ

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h d^z ṭ^s ṭ^s^h ḍ^z č č^h ɡ̌

FRICATIVES: f s ṣ ẓ š x ɣ

NASALS: m n ñ ŋ

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: apical vowel1 apical vowel2 i y

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u ʋ o

NASALVOWEL: ı̃ ɛ̃ ã õ

DIPHTHONGS:

ǝu iɛ ie iǝ io iʋ ua uɛ ue ui uɛ yɛ
iɛ̃ iõ uã uı̃

SYLLABLE: mˈ nˈ

TONES: hi-lev mid-lev mid-ris lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall

NUMBER: 2075

LANGUAGE: Wu

DIALECT: Changchow

LOCATION: SE China (SE Kiangsu)

POPULATION: 69 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

OTHERSOURC: Chao, Yuen Ren. 1970. "The Changchow Dialect," JAOS 90, 45-56.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ k k^h ɡ ʔ
t̪^st̪^s^h d̪^z
f v s̪ z̪ h ɦ
m n̪ ŋ
l̪

STOPS: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ k k^h ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t̪^st̪^s^h d̪^z

FRICATIVES: f v s̪ z̪ h ɦ

NASALS: m n̪ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: apical vowel i y e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

NASALVOWEL: ı̃ æ̃ õ

DIPHTHONGS:

ia io ie ua uo ue ye ai ei au eu
ũæ ĩo ũo
uai iau ieu

TONES: hi-lev hi-glot hi-fall-ris hi-mid-lev lo-mid-ris lo-mid-ris-glot lo-ris

SYNTAX: SVO AN

NUMBER: 2076

LANGUAGE: Wu

DIALECT: Shanghai

LOCATION: SE China (SE Kiangsu)

POPULATION: 69 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

OTHERSOURC: Walton, Ronald. 1976. Phonological Redundancy in Shanghai. Ithaca: China-Japan Program, Cornell Univ.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ k k^h ɡ ʔ
t^s t^s^h
f v s̪ z̪ x ɦ
m n ŋ
l

STOPS: p p^h b t̪ t̪^h d̪ k k^h ɡ ʔ

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h

FRICATIVES: f v s̪ z̪ x ɦ

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: apical vowel i y e ø ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o ɒ

NASALVOWEL: ã ɒ̃

DIPHTHONGS:

iy ia ua uɛ ue iǝ iɔ
ũɒ ĩa

SYLLABLE: CV(C) Nˈ

TONES: hi-lev hi-fall mid-ris lo-lev lo-ris

NUMBER: 2077

LANGUAGE: Gan

LOCATION: SE China (Kiangsi)

POPULATION: 21 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

OTHERSOURC: AL 7:4

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t t^h k k^h
t^s t^s^h č č^h
f s š h
m ñ ŋ
l

STOPS: p p^h t t^h k k^h

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h č č^h

FRICATIVES: f s š h

NASALS: m ñ ŋ

LATERALS: l

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: apical vowel i y ɛ

CENTRALVOW: ǝ a

BACKVOWELS: u o

DIPHTHONGS:

ia iɛ ua uo yo ai ǝi au ɛu ǝu iu ui
iɛu uai uɛu

TONES: hi-lev hi-lev-short hi-mid-fall mid-fall lo-mid-ris lo-mid-fall-ris

NUMBER: 2078

LANGUAGE: Kejia

ALTERNATEN: Hakka

LOCATION: SE China (NE Kwangtung)

POPULATION: 28 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

DICTIONARY: English-Hakka Dictionary. 1958. n.p: n.p.

GRAMMAR: Hashimoto, Mantaro J. 1973. The Hakka Dialect. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.

TEXTBOOKS: Beginning Hakka. 1948. Hong Kong: Maryknoll House.

OTHERSOURC:

Henne, Henry. 1964. "An Annotated Syllabary of Sathewkok Hakka," Acta Orientalia 28, 61-127.
AL 7:4

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t t^h k k^h (ʔ)
t̪^s t̪^s^h
f s̪ h
m n ŋ
l

STOPS: p p^h t t^h k k^h (ʔ)

AFFRICATES: t̪^s t̪^s^h

FRICATIVES: f s̪ h

NASALS: m n ŋ

LATERALS: l

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i e

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u o

DIPHTHONGS: ie ia io iu eu ai au oi ui

SYLLABLE: (C)(G)V(C) Nˈ

TONES: hi-lev mid-lev lo-lev hi-ris-staccato mid-fall-legato mid-fall-staccato

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

PREPPOST: PREP/POST

NUMBER: 2079

LANGUAGE: Yue

ALTERNATEN: Cantonese

LOCATION: SE China (Kwangtung)

POPULATION: 53 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

DICTIONARY: Huang, Parker Po-fei. 1970. Cantonese Dictionary. New Haven: Yale Univ Press.

TEXTBOOKS:

Chao, Yuen Ren. 1947. Cantonese Primer. Cambridge: Harvard Univ Press. [Reprinted 1969 by Greenword Press, New York]
Lau, Sidney. 1972. Elemantary Cantonese. Hong Kong: Government Printer.

OTHERSOURC:

Kwok, Helen. 1971. A Linguistic Study of the Cantonese Verb. Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, Univ of Hong Kong.
Hashimoto, Oi-kan Yue. 1972. Phonology of Cantonese. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ Press.
Fok Chan, Yuen-Yuen. 1974. A Perceptual Study of Tones in Cantonese. Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, Univ of Hong Kong.
AL 7:4

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h kʷ k^hʷ
t^s t^s^h
f s h
m n̪ ŋ
l̪

STOPS: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h kʷ k^hʷ

AFFRICATES: t^s t^s^h

FRICATIVES: f s h

NASALS: m n̪ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: I ø

CENTRALVOW: ɐ

BACKVOWELS: ʋ

LONGVOWELS: ī ȳ ɛ̄ ↔ē ā ū ɔ̄

DIPHTHONGS: ɐi ɐu ei īu øy ɔ̄i ou ūi

SYLLABLE: (C)V(C) Nˈ

TONES: hi-lev mid-lev mid-ris lo-lev lo-ris lo-fall

DEMONSTRAT: 2

PRONOUNS:

1 4
2 5
3 6

SYNTAX: SVO AN GN DN NUM-N POSS-N D+Num+A+N

PREPPOST: PREP/POST

NUMBER: 2080

LANGUAGE: Yue

ALTERNATEN: Cantonese

DIALECT: Taishan

LOCATION: SE China (Kwangtung)

POPULATION: 53 million

CLASSIFICA: Dene-Caucasian: Sino-Tibetan: Sinitic: Chinese: Mandarin-Yue

OTHERSOURC: Cheng, Teresa M. 1973. "The Phonology of Taishan," Journal of Chinese Linguistics 1, 256-322.

CONSONANTS:

p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h kʷ k^hʷ ʔ ʔʷ
č č^h
f š h
m n̪ ŋ
l̪ ɬ̪

STOPS: p p^h t̪ t̪^h k k^h kʷ k^hʷ ʔ ʔʷ

AFFRICATES: č č^h

FRICATIVES: f š h

NASALS: m n̪ ŋ

LATERALS: l̪ ɬ̪

GLIDES: j w

VOWELS:

FRONTVOWEL: i æ

CENTRALVOW: a

BACKVOWELS: u ɔ

DIPHTHONGS: iw ew aj aw uj oj

TONES:

hi-lev
mid-lev
lo-lev
hi-fall
lo-fall

SYNTAX: SVO AN NUM-N